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27-644: Duke Charles may refer to: Charles IX of Sweden Charles XIII of Sweden Charles, Duke of Burgundy Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Duke Charles . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke_Charles&oldid=999916971 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Title and name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

54-664: A fictitious history of Sweden . He was actually the third Swedish king called Charles. He came into the throne by championing the Protestant cause during the increasingly tense times of religious strife between competing sects of Christianity . Just under a decade after his death, these would re-ignite in the Thirty Years' War of 1618–1648. These conflicts had already caused the dynastic squabble rooted in religious freedom that deposed Charles' nephew (Sigismund III) and brought Charles to rule as king of Sweden. His reign marked

81-543: A great Protestant state; he prepared the way for the erection of the Protestant empire of Gustavus Adolphus . He married, firstly, Anna Marie of Palatinate-Simmern (1561–1589), daughter of Louis VI , Elector Palatine (1539–1583) and Elisabeth of Hesse (1539–1584). Their children were: In 1592 he married his second wife Christina of Holstein-Gottorp (1573–1625), daughter of Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp (1526–1586) and Christine of Hesse (1543–1604), and first cousin of his previous wife. Their children were: He also had

108-523: A quasi-official representation of the Swedish nobility until 2003. Although the Nobility remains as a legal entity it is no longer an entity of public law but merely a private association. All Noble privileges have been abolished. However, a number of entailed properties ( fidekomisser ) remain to be commuted (that is, turned into limited liability companies). The modern Centre Party , which grew out of

135-684: A son with his mistress, Karin Nilsdotter : Riksdag of the Estates The inclusion of a fourth estate, Bondeståndet , is a peculiarity of the Swedish realm, with few parallels in Europe. The English word peasant is however an inexact translation, as it did not include the entire peasantry, as it is usually defined in an English context. It did not include unlanded or semi-landed groups such as crofters, lodgers and seasonal labourers and of

162-449: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Charles IX of Sweden Charles IX , also Carl ( Swedish : Karl IX ; 4 October 1550 – 30 October 1611), reigned as King of Sweden from 1604 until his death. He was the youngest son of King Gustav I ( r.  1523–1560 ) and of his second wife, Margaret Leijonhufvud , the brother of King Eric XIV and of King John III , and

189-649: Is usually considered to be the first Riksdag, but there is no indication that the fourth estate, the farmers, were represented there. The constitution of 1809 divided the powers of government between the monarch and the Riksdag of the Estates, and after 1866 between the monarch and the new Riksdag . In 1866 all the Estates voted in favor of dissolution and at the same time to constitute a new assembly, Sveriges Riksdag . The four former estates were abolished. The House of Nobility ( Swedish : Riddarhuset ) remained as

216-513: The 1576 Plot . He had no sympathy with John's High-Church tendencies on the one hand, and he sturdily resisted all the king's endeavours to restrict his authority as Duke of Södermanland on the other. The nobility and the majority of the Riksdag of the Estates supported John. However, in his endeavours to unify the realm, and Charles had consequently (1587) to resign his pretensions to autonomy within his duchy. But, steadfast Lutheran as he was, on

243-554: The Swedish privy council ruled in Sigismund's name. After various preliminaries, the Riksdag of the Estates forced Sigismund to abdicate the throne to Charles IX in 1595. This eventually kicked off nearly seven decades of sporadic warfare as the two lines of the divided House of Vasa both continued to attempt to remake the union between the Polish and Swedish thrones with opposing counter-claims and dynastic wars. Quite likely,

270-647: The Commonwealth's legislature to pursue the matters dividing his Swedish subjects, and invaded with a mercenary army . In April 1597, after having subdued the Cudgel War and preparing to resist the expected invasion of Charles, Fleming died and was succeeded as governor by Arvid Stålarm the Younger . In August 1597, Charles and his army invaded Österland, took Åland , which was the fief of her sister Queen Dowager Catherine, and besieged Turku Castle . Fleming

297-482: The Estates assumed under his regency government a power and an importance which it had never possessed before. In 1595, the Riksdag of Söderköping elected Charles regent, and his attempt to force Klas Fleming , governor of Finland , to submit to his authority, rather than to that of the king, provoked a civil war. Charles sought to increase his power and the king attempted to manage the situation by diplomacy over several years, until fed up, Sigismund got permission from

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324-435: The Estates in 1599 served as both a natural vindication of Charles's actions and a retroactive legitimization of his claim to power. In the same session, the Riksdag named Charles as regent. Finally, the Riksdag at Linköping, 24 February 1604 declared that Sigismund abdicated the Swedish throne, that duke Charles was recognized as the sovereign. He was declared king as Karl IX (anglicized as Charles IX). Charles's short reign

351-726: The Swedish farmers' movement, could be construed as a modern representation with a traditional bond to the Estate of the Farmers. Following the Finnish War in 1809, Sweden ceded its eastmost provinces to the Russian Empire . Comprising much of present-day Finland, these became a Grand Duchy under the Emperor , but the political institutions were kept practically intact. The Finnish estates assembled in 1809 at Porvoo to confirm

378-563: The change in their allegiance. This Diet of Finland followed the forms of the Swedish Riksdag, being the legislative body of the new autonomous region. However, during the reigns of Alexander I and Nicholas I it was not assembled and no new legislation was enacted. The diet was next assembled by tsar Alexander II in 1863, due to the need to modernize the laws. After this the Diet met regularly until 1905, when it passed an act forming

405-477: The decisive Battle of Stångebro and was captured. He was then forced to surrender several Swedish noblemen, whom Charles and the Riksdag of the Estates had named traitors. These noblemen were later executed in what became known as the Linköping Bloodbath . With Sigismund defeated and exiled—seen as both an outsider and a heretic by most of the Swedish nation—his formal deposition by the Riksdag of

432-655: The defender of the Vasa dynasty against foreign interference. It was due entirely to him that Sigismund as king-elect was forced to confirm the resolutions at the Uppsala Synod in 1593, thereby recognizing the fact that Sweden was essentially a Lutheran Protestant state. Under the agreement, Charles and the Swedish Privy Council shared power and ruled in Sigismund's place since he resided in Poland. In

459-637: The dynastic outcome between the Swedish and Polish representatives of the House of Vasa exacerbated and radicalized the later actions of Europe's Catholic princes in the German states such as the Edict of Restitution of 1629. In fact, it worsened European politics to the abandonment or prevention of settling events by diplomacy and compromise during the vast bloodletting of the Thirty Years' War. In 1568, he

486-406: The ensuing years 1593–1595, Charles's task was extraordinarily difficult. He had steadily to oppose Sigismund's reactionary tendencies and directives; he had also to curb the nobility which sought to increase their power at the expense of the absent king, which he did with cruel rigor. Necessity compelled him to work with the clergy and people rather than the gentry; hence it was that the Riksdag of

513-420: The fact that he and his forces had to oppose superior generals (e.g. Jan Karol Chodkiewicz and Christian IV of Denmark ) and partly to sheer ill-luck. Compared with his foreign policy, the domestic policy of Charles IX was comparatively unimportant. It aimed at confirming and supplementing what had already been done during his regency. He did not officially become king until 22 March 1604. The first deed in which

540-542: The religious question he was immovable. The matter came to a crisis on the death of John III in 1592. The heir to the throne was John's eldest son, Sigismund III Vasa , already king of Poland and a devoted Catholic . The fear that Sigismund might re-catholicize the land alarmed the Protestant majority in Sweden—particularly the commoners and lower nobility, and Charles came forward as their champion, and also as

567-778: The start of the final chapter (dated 1648 by some) both of the Reformation and of the Counter-Reformation . With the death of his brother John III of Sweden in November 1592, the Swedish throne went to his nephew, the Habsburg ally Sigismund of Poland and Sweden. During these tense political times, Charles viewed the inheritance of the throne of Protestant Sweden by his devout Catholic nephew with alarm. Several years of religious controversy and discord followed. While King Sigismund resided in Poland, Charles and

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594-569: The three categories of Swedish bönder , that is peasants, it included only two. Those were the skattebönder ("tax peasants"), yeomen who owned their own land and were taxed, as well as the kronobönder ("Crown farmers" or "farmers of the Crown"), who farmed land owned by the Crown. The third group, the frälsebönder ("farmers of the nobility/gentry"), who farmed land owned by the nobility, were not represented, as they were considered to be represented by their landowners. The meeting at Arboga in 1435

621-409: The title appears is dated 20 March 1604; but he was not crowned until 15 March 1607. Four and a half years later Charles IX died at Nyköping , 30 October 1611 when he was succeeded by his seventeen-year-old son Gustavus Adolphus , who had participated in the wars. As a ruler, Charles is the link between his great father and his still greater son. He consolidated the work of Gustav I, the creation of

648-522: The uncle of Sigismund , who became king both of Sweden and of Poland . By his father's will Charles received, by way of appanage , the Duchy of Södermanland , which included the provinces of Närke and Värmland ; but he did not come into actual possession of them till after the fall of Eric and the succession to the throne of John in 1569. Both Charles and one of his predecessors, Eric XIV ( r.  1560–1569 ), took their regnal numbers according to

675-541: Was one of uninterrupted warfare. The hostility of Poland and the breakup of Russia involved him in overseas contests for the possession of Livonia and Ingria , the Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) and the Ingrian War , while his pretensions to claim Lappland brought upon him a war with Denmark-Norway in the last year of his reign. In all these struggles, he was more or less unsuccessful, owing partly to

702-461: Was still not buried, and, according to legend , Charles had the coffin opened to reassure himself that Fleming was indeed dead. After having identified the face of Fleming, he was to have pulled Fleming's beard with the words, "If you had been alive, your head would not have been safe", upon which Fleming's wife Ebba Stenbock replied, "If my late husband was alive, Your Grace would never have been here." Despite some initial successes, Sigismund lost

729-461: Was the real leader of the rebellion against Eric XIV. However, he took no part in the designs of his brother John III against the unhappy king after his deposition. Charles's relations with John were always more or less strained. He was at least suspected of being implicated in the Mornay Plot to depose John III in 1574, and was one of the alternative regents suggested by the conspirators of

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