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27-652: ECUARUNARI (in Kichwa : Ecuador Runakunapak Rikcharimuy , "Movement of the indigenous people of Ecuador"), also known as Confederation of Peoples of Kichwa Nationality ( Ecuador Kichwa Llaktakunapak Jatun Tantanakuy , in Spanish Confederación de Pueblos de la Nacionalidad Kichwa del Ecuador ) is the organization of indigenous peoples of Kichwa nationality in the Ecuadorian central mountain region, founded in 1972. Twelve ethnic groups of

54-413: A given situation is often predictable from the phonetic context, with such allophones being called positional variants , but some allophones occur in free variation . Replacing a sound by another allophone of the same phoneme usually does not change the meaning of a word, but the result may sound non-native or even unintelligible. Native speakers of a given language perceive one phoneme in the language as

81-610: A man). A woman reading "Ñuka wawki Pedromi kan" would read aloud Ñuka turi Pedromi kan (if she referred to her brother). If Pedro has a brother Manuel and the sisters Sisa and Elena, their mother could refer to Pedro as Manuelpak wawki or Sisapaj turi . And to Sisa as Manuelpak pani or as Elenapak ñaña . The missionary organization FEDEPI (2006) lists eight dialects of Quechua in Ecuador, which it illustrates with "The men will come in two days." Ethnologue 16 (2009) lists nine, distinguishing Cañar from Loja Highland Quechua. Below are

108-497: A phoneme must be pronounced using a specific allophone in a specific situation or whether the speaker has the unconscious freedom to choose the allophone that is used. If a specific allophone from a set of allophones that correspond to a phoneme must be selected in a given context, and using a different allophone for a phoneme would cause confusion or make the speaker sound non-native, the allophones are said to be complementary . The allophones then complement each other, and one of them

135-525: A single distinctive sound and are "both unaware of and even shocked by" the allophone variations that are used to pronounce single phonemes. The term "allophone" was coined by Benjamin Lee Whorf circa 1929. In doing so, he is thought to have placed a cornerstone in consolidating early phoneme theory. The term was popularized by George L. Trager and Bernard Bloch in a 1941 paper on English phonology and went on to become part of standard usage within

162-452: A single phoneme. These descriptions are more sequentially broken down in the next section. Peter Ladefoged , a renowned phonetician , clearly explains the consonant allophones of English in a precise list of statements to illustrate the language behavior. Some of these rules apply to all the consonants of English; the first item on the list deals with consonant length, items 2 through 18 apply to only selected groups of consonants, and

189-747: Is assimilation , in which a phoneme is to sound more like another phoneme. One example of assimilation is consonant voicing and devoicing , in which voiceless consonants are voiced before and after voiced consonants, and voiced consonants are devoiced before and after voiceless consonants. An allotone is a tonic allophone, such as the neutral tone in Standard Mandarin . There are many allophonic processes in English: lack of plosion, nasal plosion, partial devoicing of sonorants, complete devoicing of sonorants, partial devoicing of obstruents, lengthening and shortening vowels, and retraction. Because

216-449: Is not used in a situation in which the usage of another is standard. For complementary allophones, each allophone is used in a specific phonetic context and may be involved in a phonological process. In other cases, the speaker can freely select from free-variant allophones on personal habit or preference, but free-variant allophones are still selected in the specific context, not the other way around. Another example of an allophone

243-599: Is similar to Chimborazo but lacks some of the phonological peculiarities of that dialect. The earliest grammatical description of Kichwa was written in the 17th century by Jesuit priest Hernando de Alcocer. According to linguist Arturo Muyulema, the first steps to teach Kichwa in public schools dates to the 1940s, when Dolores Cacuango founded several indigenous schools in Cayambe . Later, indigenous organizations initiated self-governed schools to provide education in Kichwa in

270-519: The Greek ἄλλος , állos , 'other' and φωνή , phōnē , 'voice, sound') is one of multiple possible spoken sounds – or phones  – used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language. For example, in English, the voiceless plosive [ t ] (as in stop [ˈstɒp] ) and the aspirated form [ tʰ ] (as in top [ˈtʰɒp] ) are allophones for

297-553: The allophones of the vowels /i/ and /u/ near /q/ , do not exist. Kiru can mean both "tooth" ( kiru in Southern Quechua ) and "wood" ( qiru [qero] in Southern Quechua), and killa can mean both "moon" ( killa ) and "lazy" ( qilla [qeʎa] ). Additionally, Kichwa in both Ecuador and Colombia has lost possessive and bidirectional suffixes (verbal suffixes indicating both subject and object), as well as

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324-769: The 1970s and 1980s (Muyulema 2011:234). Muyulema says that the creation of literary works such as Caimi Ñucanchic Shimuyu-Panca , Ñucanchic Llactapac Shimi , Ñucanchic Causaimanta Yachaicuna , and Antisuyu-Punasuyu provided the catalysts for the standardization of Kichwa. This was initiated by DINEIB (National Board of Intercultural Bilingual Education). Afterward a new alphabet was created by ALKI (Kichwan Language Academy). It comprises 21 characters; including three vowels (a, i, u); two semi-vowels (w, y); and 16 consonants (ch, h, k, l, ll, m, n, ñ, p, r, s, sh, t, ts, z, zh), according to Muyulema's article "Presente y Futuro de la lengua Quichua desde la perspectiva de la experiencia vasca (Kichwa sisariy ñan)" (Muyulema 2011:234). Later,

351-485: The American structuralist tradition. Whenever a user's speech is vocalized for a given phoneme, it is slightly different from other utterances, even for the same speaker. That has led to some debate over how real and how universal phonemes really are (see phoneme for details). Only some of the variation is significant, by being detectable or perceivable, to speakers. There are two types of allophones, based on whether

378-497: The Andes ( Coordinadora Andina de Organizaciones Indígenas , CAOI). The current president of ECUARUNARI is Alberto Ainawano from Kichwa-chibuleo . A notable member is Carmen Tiupul who is a member of Ecuador's National Assembly . This Ecuador -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kichwa The most widely spoken dialects are Chimborazo, Imbabura and Cañar Highland Quechua, with most of

405-419: The allophones is simple to transcribe, in the sense of not requiring diacritics, that representation is chosen for the phoneme. However, there may be several such allophones, or the linguist may prefer greater precision than that allows. In such cases, a common convention is to use the "elsewhere condition" to decide the allophone that stands for the phoneme. The "elsewhere" allophone is the one that remains once

432-464: The bigger and much more comprehensive dictionary Kichwa Yachakukkunapa Shimiyuk Kamu was published in 2009 by the linguist Fabián Potosí, together with other scholars sponsored by the Ministry of Education of Ecuador. In contrast to other regional varieties of Quechua, Kichwa does not distinguish between the original (Proto-Quechuan) /k/ and /q/ , which are both pronounced [k] . [e] and [o] ,

459-452: The choice among allophones is seldom under conscious control, few people realize their existence. English-speakers may be unaware of differences between a number of (dialect-dependent) allophones of the phoneme /t/ : In addition, the following allophones of /t/ are found in (at least) some dialects of American(ised) English; However, speakers may become aware of the differences if – for example – they contrast

486-804: The comparisons, along with Standard (Ecuadorian) Kichwa and Standard (Southern) Quechua : Chai tʃay jaricunaca xarikunaka ishcai iʃkay punllapillami punʒapiʒami shamunga. ʃamuŋga Chai jaricunaca ishcai punllapillami shamunga. tʃay xarikunaka iʃkay punʒapiʒami ʃamuŋga Chai tʃay jaricunaca xarikunaka ishcai iʃkay punllapillami punʒapiʒami shamunga. ʃamuŋga Chai jaricunaca ishcai punllapillami shamunga. tʃay xarikunaka iʃkay punʒapiʒami ʃamuŋga Chi tʃi c'arigunaga kʰarigunaga ishqui iʃki p'unllallabimi pʰunʒaʒabimi shamunga. ʃamuŋga Chi c'arigunaga ishqui p'unllallabimi shamunga. Allophone In phonology , an allophone ( / ˈ æ l ə f oʊ n / ; from

513-497: The conditions for the others are described by phonological rules. For example, English has both oral and nasal allophones of its vowels. The pattern is that vowels are nasal only before a nasal consonant in the same syllable; elsewhere, they are oral. Therefore, by the "elsewhere" convention, the oral allophones are considered basic, and nasal vowels in English are considered to be allophones of oral phonemes. In other cases, an allophone may be chosen to represent its phoneme because it

540-406: The distinction between the exclusive and inclusive first person plural: On the other hand, other particularities of Quechua have been preserved. As in all Quechuan languages, the words for 'brother' and 'sister' differ depending on to whom they refer. There are four different words for siblings: ñaña (sister of a woman), turi (brother of a woman), pani (sister of a man), and wawki (brother of

567-426: The distinction. One may notice the (dialect-dependent) allophones of English /l/ such as the (palatal) alveolar "light" [l] of leaf [ˈliːf] as opposed to the velar alveolar "dark" [ɫ] in feel [ˈfiːɫ] found in the U.S. and Southern England. The difference is much more obvious to a Turkish -speaker, for whom /l/ and /ɫ/ are separate phonemes, than to an English speaker, for whom they are allophones of

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594-401: The last item deals with the quality of a consonant. These descriptive rules are as follows: There are many examples for allophones in languages other than English. Typically, languages with a small phoneme inventory allow for quite a lot of allophonic variation: examples are Hawaiian and Pirahã . Here are some examples (the links of language names go to the specific article or subsection on

621-399: The phenomenon): Since phonemes are abstractions of speech sounds, not the sounds themselves, they have no direct phonetic transcription . When they are realized without much allophonic variation, a simple broad transcription is used. However, when there are complementary allophones of a phoneme, the allophony becomes significant and things then become more complicated. Often, if only one of

648-497: The phoneme /t/ , while these two are considered to be different phonemes in some languages such as Central Thai . Similarly, in Spanish , [ d ] (as in dolor [doˈloɾ] ) and [ ð ] (as in nada [ˈnaða] ) are allophones for the phoneme /d/ , while these two are considered to be different phonemes in English (as in the difference between dare and there ). The specific allophone selected in

675-461: The pronunciations of the following words: A flame that is held in front of the lips while those words are spoken flickers more for the aspirated nitrate than for the unaspirated night rate. The difference can also be felt by holding the hand in front of the lips. For a Mandarin -speaker, for whom /t/ and /tʰ/ are separate phonemes, the English distinction is much more obvious than for an English-speaker, who has learned since childhood to ignore

702-655: The region— Natabuela , Otavalos , Karanki (Caranqui) , Kayampi (Cayambi) , Kitu Kara (Quitu) , Panzaleo , Salasaca , Chibuleo , Puruhá , Guranga , Kañari and Saraguros —are represented politically by the Confederation. ECUARUNARI is one of three major regional groupings that constitute the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE). It is also member of the Andean indigenous organization, Coordination of Indigenous Organizations of

729-485: The speakers. Kichwa belongs to the Northern Quechua group of Quechua II , according to linguist Alfredo Torero . Kichwa syntax has undergone some grammatical simplification compared to Southern Quechua , perhaps because of partial creolization with the pre-Inca languages of Ecuador. A standardized language, with a unified orthography ( Kichwa Unificado , Shukyachiska Kichwa ), has been developed. It

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