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55-453: The development of the standard was a community-driven effort that was formally published into a paper of the same name in 2018 and is accredited to William Entriken and co-authors Dieter Shirley, Jacob Evans, and Nastassia Sachs. ERC stands for "Ethereum Request for Comments," and is a part of the Ethereum community's peer-review process in which new proposals are considered for publication;

110-503: A "destructive" path. According to the New Scientist , he expressed the need at one point for the Ethereum blockchain to switch to a consensus protocol that is much less energy demanding, known as " Proof of stake " and stated that " Proof of work should be illegal" considering its significant energy consumption. Entriken has publicly insisted that NFT use-cases ought to pivot more towards identity and healthcare. He has hosted

165-460: A balanced and comprehensive picture of living art in twentieth-century Britain.’ Critics such as David Sylvester and John Berger , cut their teeth in its pages during the 1950s, as it covered the growing trend of abstract art , and the lively debates provoked by the arrival of American Abstract Expressionism , while Lawrence Alloway and Reyner Banham celebrated new attitude towards art that embraced science, industry and mass culture, elaborating

220-554: A blockchain project prior, and he entered the ERC process during a time where there was significant lack of consensus and competing solutions for how non-fungible tokens should be standardized on Ethereum. He believed having separate solutions instead of a unified one early on would set a weak foundation not conducive for adoption. Thus, upon beginning his work to improve the standard, he brokered consensus between different competing parties to coordinate solely on ERC-721 and become nominated as

275-474: A conference called Chain76 that aims to align NFT use-cases and solutions to the pharmaceutical industry. In 2021, Entriken self-published Nineteen Eighty-Five which is a modernized translation of the classic 1984 dystopian novel. Instead of authoring the rendition of the novel directly, Entriken authored a Perl script program to automatically replace certain keywords in the original novel with his choice of relevant modern substitutions in order to parallel

330-455: A consultant for Big Four's Ernest & Young , and a cybersecurity specialist collaborating with Apple and protecting retail investors' accounts with FINRA, SEC and the FBI. Civic hackers are persons who essentially utilize or improve on technologies for public good, whether at local, municipal, national or international scales. Entriken has been noted for his contributions as a civic hacker in

385-511: A fortnightly broadsheet in February 1949 by a retired country medical practitioner, Dr Richard Gainsborough, and the first edition was designed by his wife, the artist Eileen Mayo , Arts News and Review set out to champion contemporary art in Britain, providing its readers with commentary, news and reviews. At the outset its focus was set firmly on the artist – its regular cover ‘Portrait of

440-403: A guide to the 100 most powerful figures in contemporary art. The list is compiled up an anonymous international committee of art world professionals. The magazine claims that the list is judged according to a person's ability to influence the type of art that is being produced today, play a role in shaping the public perspective of art, they have to have been active in the previous 12 months before

495-501: A public speaker, he has taken the stage at conferences such as NFT.nyc, NFT Tallinn and Chain76 (which he hosted). When the United Kingdom announced plans of introducing NFTs a year prior, in response Entriken publicly offered commentary around the tax considerations involved. In regards to environmental concerns, Entriken has advocated for the cryptocurrency industry to address its carbon footprint issues to avert going down

550-492: A vote among the stakeholders where different words were considered including deed, title and asset, but ultimately "NFT" was chosen for the standard's final publication. Use of the term's popularity grew through CryptoKitties , the blockchain game featuring digital cats NFT utilizing ERC-721. The blockchain game CryptoKitties by Dapper Labs of which the CTO Dieter Shirley is a fellow co-author of ERC-721,

605-512: A web application to simplify the appeals process for such charges and made it publicly available for others to use. The application fills in the necessary appeal forms automatically. "It's one line of code that works on Safari and Chrome. It took me a half hour to write. It fills in the entire five pages" he was quoted as saying in the PhillyVoice . Entriken also filed Freedom of Information Act requests to analyze V-tolls over several years but

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660-590: Is also a fellow co-author of the published paper. His contributions as a civic hacker local to his community in Philadelphia has earned him recognition including from an open source project supporting the SEPTA train system. As a cybersecurity professional, he has actively collaborated with Apple , FINRA , SEC and the FBI and currently holds an active Department of Defense Security Clearance . William Entriken

715-486: Is also a member of Mensa and is fluent in Mandarin with an HSK level 4 certification. Entriken is currently the general manager at Pacific Medical Training which provides online medical training. His diverse career spans various roles across business, finance and technology including work as a solutions architect, a software developer at Google , a financial analyst for CDI Corp completing Mergers & Acquisitions,

770-563: Is also among only two other authors including Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin to have successfully published an EIP in the "Informational" category via EIP-2228 and EIP-2982, respectively. Through EIP-2228, Entriken proposed a formalization of the term "Mainnet" in regards to Ethereum's "network ID 1 and chain ID 1" that had been referred to inconsistently by other names such main chain , main-net , main net and Ethereum's Main Network . As

825-499: Is assigned a contract address upon deployment to the blockchain . Also, a mechanism to implement a URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) to the contract, is defined in the standard, providing functionality to assign each NFT unique metadata . Though not required, most NFTs implementing ERC-721 will also implement the OpenSea Metadata Standard . Trackable ownership is the key feature which adds non-fungibility to

880-510: Is recognized as the earliest pioneering and popular instance of the ERC-721 standard. It utilized an early version of ERC-721 that was not fully compliant with the standard published in 2018. CryptoKitties is regarded as among the first NFT applications to achieve widespread adoption, earning millions of dollars initially and taking up to 70% of Ethereum's usage capacity at its height in some moments. Launched in 2018 by Entriken and inspired by

935-586: Is recognized for formalizing the NFT concept that had been explored in prior use cases but never in a standardized format. The general purpose of NFT's in the paper centers around ownership of both physical and digital things. NFTs can represent ownership over digital or physical assets. Non-fungibility's uniqueness aspect is emphasized and illustrated for its importance around the property of effective ownership. In general, all houses are distinct and no two kittens are alike. NFTs are distinguishable and you must track

990-467: Is regarded as a foundational and pioneering work that formally introduced the NFT concept , the word "Non-fungible Token" and catalyzed the multi-billion dollar digital collectibles eco-system. "ERC" stands for Ethereum Request for Comment and is part of a series of peer-reviewed papers published by the Ethereum community; "721" is an arbitrary numbered assigned to this particular ERC. For clarification regarding

1045-498: The CryptoPunks NFT project on Ethereum using ERC-20 (a fungible token standard). CryptoPunks served as a direct inspiration for ERC-721’s initial drafting. The term "non-fungible token" (NFT) is not known to have been used to refer to NFT projects prior to ERC-721. ERC-721: Non-Fungible Token Standard is credited with formalizing and defining the term NFT. During the standard's drafting phase, lead author Entriken held

1100-632: The Million Dollar Homepage , this NFT project is the first fully compliant demonstration of the ERC-721 NFT standard. In 2017, one of the earliest and most successful NFT marketplaces, OpenSea , was launched by co-founders Alex Atallah and Devin Finzer who intended to capitalize off of the emergence of ERC-721 NFTs on Ethereum. They initially focused on capturing the market activity around the blockchain NFT game CryptoKitties , which

1155-533: The "721" is a unique identifier, each proposal is assigned one arbitrarily after an editor approves it in the draft phase. The blockchain game featuring digital cat artworks known as CryptoKitties is credited with pioneering ERC-721 when it achieved mainstream attention shortly after its launch in 2017. The concept of non-fungible digital assets that could be owned on a blockchain predated ERC-721, with projects like Colored Coins on Bitcoin in 2012. In 2017, just prior to ERC-721’s publication, Larva Labs launched

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1210-603: The ERC-721 standard. Each NFT is assigned a token identification number, and linked to its owner through the "ownerOf" function. Through the optional "ERC-721 Enumerable" extension, functionality for full ownership tracking is implemented. This differs from the ERC-20 token standard, which only tracks an owners token balance though ERC-721 also tracks it as well. The ERC-721 standard defines both safe and unsafe transfer functions, offering different levels of security for various implementations. These functions allow transfers initiated by

1265-570: The Greater Philadelphia area, focusing on projects that aim to enhance public access to data and improve government accountability. In 2008, Entriken developed a web application that compared the actual arrival times of SEPTA trains in Montgomery County to their scheduled times. He was quoted by NBC Philadelphia News as saying that the trains’ lateness was "every day and usually by 15 minutes or more". The application

1320-627: The US, but also in Asia, Latin America and Africa. Artists featured on the cover have included Yayoi Kusama , Subodh Gupta , Liam Gillick , Ai Weiwei , Thomas Hirschhorn , Keren Cytter , Steve McQueen , Yael Bartana , Phyllida Barlow , Dóra Maurer , Tacita Dean , Danh Vo , Sarah Lucas , Fernanda Gomes , Ragnar Kjartansson , Geta Brătescu . In 2012 ArtReview published a special supplement on Brazilian art history, and has since expanded its coverage of

1375-460: The artist’ introduced its readership to emerging artists as well as reconnecting with the past masters of modernism from before the war. Cover artists included Édouard Manet , Henry Moore , Barbara Hepworth and Lucian Freud . As its editorial would declare in 1954, Art News and Review's purpose was ‘to stimulate the criticism of contemporary art, to give to both painters and writers space they would never find elsewhere, and to endeavour to present

1430-1109: The country's art scene. In 2018 it produced an issue looking at the legacy of the Situationists . In June 2019, the magazine announced that Modern Media Holdings had acquired a majority stake in its publisher ArtReview Ltd. Lawrence Alloway , J. G. Ballard , Reyner Banham , Cecil Beaton , Sister Wendy Beckett , John Berger , Nicolas Bourriaud , Michael Bracewell , Anita Brookner , Jan Carew , Matthew Collings , Maurice Collis , John Coplans , Richard Cork , Janet Daley , Marie Darrieussecq , Geoff Dyer , Kenneth Frampton , Peter Fuller , Patrick Heron , Anthony Hill , Stewart Home , Siri Hustvedt , Liam Gillick , Frederick Joss , David Lee , Henri Matisse , Eileen Mayo , Rosie Millard , Eric Newton , Victor Pasmore , Nikolaus Pevsner , Heather Phillipson , Herbert Read , Bryan Robertson , Arundhati Roy , Jasia Reichardt , Brian Sewell , David Sylvester , Marina Vaizey , Christian Viveros-Fauné , and Max Wykes-Joyce . Since 2002 ArtReview has published its annual Power 100 list,

1485-459: The cover have included Lee Kit , Carsten Nicolai , Lee Bul , Ming Wong , Eko Nugroho, Cao Fei and Nalini Malani . Contributors include literary theorist Sung Ge, artist Heman Chong , novelist Prabda Yoon and novelist Charu Nivedita , who writes a regular column. In 2016 and 2017 ArtReview Asia collaborated with the Shanghai art fair West Bund Art & Design to curate 'Xiàn Chǎng',

1540-412: The final standard or published paper. (3) The codified standard itself: the actual set of rules and instructions, like a recipe, that explain how smart contracts should work to effectively create NFTs, which to written in the published paper. (4) NFTs compliant with the ERC-721 standard: Any non-fungible tokens that are made to be compliant with the ERC-721 standard. Actual use of the word "NFT"

1595-413: The firm did not address the vulnerability despite him reporting the issue. Entriken has participated in the authorship of five papers known as EIP's (Ethereum Improvement Proposals), also called "ERCs" (Ethereum Request for Comment). He is most notably the lead author of ERC-721: Non-Fungible Token Standard that pioneered the foundation of NFTs and catalyzed the digital collectibles eco-system. Entriken

1650-583: The first draft of ERC-721. Everyone kept talking about ERC-20 and like ‘how do we make the CryptoKitties ERC-20 compatible’. I'm like ‘you guys are crazy, they're non-fungible, we can't make them work with the ERC-20’. And then I wrote ERC-721 first draft … then ultimately it was a community product when it was finalized, According to Dieter, the ERC process for the standard began with very little fanfare and had limited interest initially, but after

1705-478: The foundation of the digital collectibles eco-system by establishing a programming standard called " ERC-721 " to create NFTs (a type of digital "deed" to prove ownership of assets) via smart contracts on Ethereum. It also first formalized and defined the term Non-Fungible Token (NFT) into blockchain nomenclature which was made popular by the blockchain game CryptoKitties ; the CTO of that game, Dieter Shirley,

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1760-478: The landscape of digital collectibles and the use cases within the broader NFT eco-system. ERC-721 was awarded rank #1 in ArtReview's Power 100 in 2021 indicating it as "the most powerful art entity in the world" and being the first non-human entity to be ranked as such. Several months after ERC-721: Non-Fungible Token Standard was published, a semi-fungible token standard was introduced, called ERC-1155, that

1815-460: The launch of CryptoKitties to widespread acclaim in 2017, it began sparking significantly more attention, including ones critical of it. Entriken says he reached out to Dieter Shirley to discuss ERC-721 when he learned about it online while working on his own project Su Squares , but he was occupied with CryptoKitties as it was experiencing immense growth, He [Dieter] started this project and he had two things going on. He had CryptoKitties and

1870-458: The lead author. Ultimately, the results of the collaborative efforts to iterate and improve the standard with community consensus lead to the publication of ERC-721: Non-Fungible Token Standard in 2018. ArtReview ArtReview is an international contemporary art magazine based in London, founded in 1948. Its sister publication, ArtReview Asia , was established in 2013. Launched as

1925-496: The list is published and have to have an international rather than exclusively domestic influence. In October 2011, the magazine was criticised by the Chinese government for placing Ai Weiwei at number one of that year's Power 100. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Liu Weimin responded "China has many artists who have sufficient ability. We feel that a selection that is based purely on a political bias and perspective has violated

1980-445: The monthly magazine Art Review . Sensing a new, more youthful and irreverent mood taking shape in contemporary art, it put Gilbert & George on the cover, and drew a growing readership to the work of the ' Young British Artists ’, towards the internationalising art world of the 2000s. By 2006 ArtReview had reinvented itself once more, to grapple with the artistic product of an artworld now thriving not only in Britain, Europe and

2035-447: The objectives of the magazine". ArtReview Asia was launched in 2013 as a quarterly magazine. Along with a quarterly Chinese edition of ArtReview, introduced in 2022 in collaboration with Yishu Shijie, ArtReview Asia offers an eclectic mix of content. This includes criticism, reviews, commentary, and analysis, complemented by commissioned projects from artists, informative guides, and a range of special supplements. Artists featured on

2090-406: The online moniker Fulldecent , is a solutions architect , cybersecurity specialist , financial analyst , general manager , and civic hacker best known for his contributions in blockchain technology and open sourced solutions. He is recognized as the lead author of the landmark Ethereum paper ERC-721: Non-Fungible Token Standard , published in 2018. This paper is recognized for pioneering

2145-405: The ownership of each one separately. Alongside the conceptual underpinnings, the technical specification of non-fungibility in the ERC-721 standard is recognized as being defined through a token ID and contract address. Dieter Shirley, the CTO of Dapper Labs responsible for the blockchain game CryptoKitties , in 2017 initiated the creation of ERC-721 through a first draft proposal. He posted

2200-506: The problem of tracking non-fungibles along with a solution serving as an alternative standard to ERC-20 (a fungible token standard and the primary one used at the time). He has stated that his efforts were directly inspired of the ERC-20 token and generative art project CryptoPunks . Conversations about non-fungibility and the token standard issue emerged internally within Dapper Labs that motivated Shirley's initial efforts to create

2255-496: The recession-hit 1970s, a period marked by a conservative backlash against contemporary art. Arts Review weathered the economic turmoil of a changing art market into the 1980s, widening its attention to the resurgent markets and cultures of craft and design, while following the turn towards the new figurative painting and sculpture that characterised art in Britain during the Thatcher decade. By 1993 Arts Review had relaunched as

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2310-437: The specification [paper] of telling other people how to make NFTs. And these are both cool projects and one of them kind of got a lot of attention and required a lot of work, quickly. That was CryptoKitties, it basically blocked Ethereum network... just so many people were using it, it literally just took down Ethereum... so that kind of became his focus and ERC-721 was not. According to Entriken, he himself had not participated in

2365-426: The standard ERC721 and must be created and arranged; such features include the following options: token creation, token deletion, contract access control, and others. Arcenegui et al. points out possible deficits regarding the user in the ERC-721 basic smart contracts and proposes properties to improve and expand its functionality. William Entriken William " Will " Entriken (/ˈɛn.trə.kɪn/) also known by

2420-403: The storyline with contemporary references. The book is available internationally, however, it is not available in the US due to copyright reasons. ERC-721 : Non-Fungible Token Standard is a paper codifying a standard for non-fungible tokens, referred to as "ERC-721" on Ethereum , published in 2018 by lead author William Entriken and co-authors Dieter Shirley, Jacob Evans, Nastassia Sachs. It

2475-521: The terminology, the term "ERC-721" may have (4) common references when used: (1) The published paper: The peer-reviewed published paper from 2018 whose full title is ERC-721: Non-Fungible Token Standard . (2) The GitHub thread: The conversational threads on GitHub during the ERC drafting process prior to the paper's publication, which are still viewable today. It's important to note that, similarly to early drafts of literary works, these threads may contain ideas and discussions that did not make it into

2530-471: The terms of what became known as ‘Pop’ art. In 1954 Henri Matisse wrote for the magazine. Renaming itself Arts Review in March 1961, the magazine charted the advent of Pop art and the sharper look of ‘New Generation’ sculpture and hard-edge painting , while young critics like Brian Sewell balanced the merits of non-figurative art against socialist realism , and Jasia Reichardt , the assistant editor of

2585-404: The title, looked towards art's growing involvement with technology. By the end of the 1960s Arts Review was pondering the ‘unparalleled fragmentation’ in art, remarking that art ‘has still to find the power to draw communities together, and heal’. Socially-minded young critics such as Richard Cork , Peter Fuller and Janet Daley would bring their voices to the complexities of conceptual art in

2640-457: The token owner, or an approved operator of their individual tokens. Further, developers can implement custom logic to these transfer functions, providing the functionality for NFT protocols to operate. For example, marketplaces like OpenSea , make use of approved operators to facilitate the sale of NFTs. The influence of the paper ERC-721: Non-Fungible Token Standard that Entriken lead authorship of spans across various sectors, profoundly shaping

2695-888: Was born in the Greater Philadelphia area where he resides today. He is married to Su Entriken, and together they run a boudoir photography studio in the Philadelphia area. Entriken earned a BS in Computer Science with Dean’s List honors from Villanova University . At Villanova he was the top scorer in the William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition and worked in an apprenticeship where he programmed control modules for U.S. Navy Warships. He later continued his education at Drexel University , earning an M.S. in Finance and an MBA in Investment Management in 2008. He

2750-595: Was intended to expand on the functionality and flexibility of ERC-721's purpose. The same ERC-721 standard is utilized on the Polygon blockchain. The basic version of the ERC-721 standard, as published in ERC-721: Non-Fungible Token Standard , has been criticized by Omar et al for offering limited functionality for the execution of smart contracts associated with NFTs. Certain NFT use cases demand some features that are not offered by

2805-452: Was not known prior to ERC-721 for NFT-related projects. The decision to formally include the word choice of NFT / Non-fungible Token in the final publication was made after Entriken held a vote among the stakeholders involved for the possible words they believed would be best to use in reference to the concept. The word deed was considered among other alternatives such as distinguishable asset, title, token, asset, equity, ticket. ERC-721

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2860-403: Was one of the first use cases of ERC-721, and ultimately planned to scale the platform for other emerging projects utilizing it. With the introduction of ERC-721, it felt like such an idea was possible for the first time. The NFT marketplace SuperRare also emerged in 2018 to enable trading of tokens of this standard. ERC-721 implementation requires "name" and "symbol" identifiers, and the token

2915-509: Was provided a quote of $ 11,200 by Xerox , the firm responsible for managing the court's data, as the cost to develop a program that could scan and identify all relevant cases within the database. In an attempt to cover this expense, Entriken initiated a Kickstarter campaign , but it ultimately fell short of its financial target. After incurring $ 300 in "V-toll" charges from the Pennsylvania Turnpike in 2019, Entriken developed

2970-453: Was ultimately denied access to the data. In 2020, Inc Magazine reported that William Entriken broke a non-disclosure agreement to bring attention to a cybersecurity vulnerability he allegedly discovered in 2008 at stock-trading firm Zecco (now TradeKing). Entriken claimed unauthorized trades could be initiated from accounts without the proper credentials via certain URLs . He publicly stated

3025-511: Was updated in 2012 to collect real-time data for 13 SEPTA regional rail lines. While SEPTA's Chief Control Center Officer acknowledged the app as "a nice little tool", he also cautioned how tracking real-time train times was "a very delicate balancing act". Another official at SEPTA was also quoted as saying "it's good for guidance, but that it should not be your only source for train information". In 2014, Entriken sought to investigate Philadelphia traffic court cases concerning "3111 violations". He

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