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35-491: More than 40 DOE Office of Science labs and research sites are directly connected to this network. The ESnet network also connects research and commercial networks, allowing DOE researchers to collaborate with scientists around the world. The Energy Sciences Network (ESnet) is the Office of Science's network user facility, delivering data transport capabilities for the requirements of large-scale science. Formed in 1986, combining

70-584: A longtime Energy Department scientist; Deputy Director for Science Programs Dr. Harriet Kung ; and Deputy Director for Field Operations Juston Fontaine, a longtime Energy Department manager. United States Department of Energy National Laboratories The United States Department of Energy National Laboratories and Technology Centers is a system of laboratories overseen by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) for scientific and technological research . The primary mission of

105-593: A range of research areas across the USA and, since December 2014, Europe with a view to enhancing collaboration. According to ESnet's own figures, during the period 1990 to 2019, average traffic volumes have grown by a factor of 10 every 47 months. In 2009, ESnet received $ 62 million in American Research and Recovery Act (ARRA) funding from the DOE Office of Science to invest in its infrastructure to provide

140-681: A single integrated communications network that became the basis for the commercial Internet . The Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER) supports research and scientific user facilities in the biological and environmental sciences to support DOE's missions in energy, environment, and basic research. BER initiated the Human Genome Project in 1986 and has continued to support activity in genomics -based systems biology and initiatives related to biotechnology applications. The Joint Genome Institute , formed in 1997, initially conducted sequencing of human DNA in support of

175-1049: Is performed by the national laboratories. Although the national laboratories form an integrated system, each of them has its individual mission, capabilities, and structure. The chart shows the nature of the research done at each laboratory. All 17 of the laboratories are listed below, along with the location, establishment date, and the organization that currently operates each. UT–Battelle (since April 2000) Brookhaven Science Associates (since 1998) Triad National Security, LLC (Since 2018) Honeywell International (since 2017) Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (since 2007) Battelle Savannah River Alliance (Since 2021) Battelle Memorial Institute (since 2005) The DOE Office of Science operates an extensive network of 28 national scientific user facilities. A total of over 30,000 scientific users from universities, national laboratories, and technology companies use these facilities to advance their research and development. The staff of experts at each facility who build and operate

210-406: Is provided for research activities in the national laboratories and universities. The office is the principal (or the single largest) source of U.S. federal government support for research in high-energy physics, nuclear physics, fusion energy, materials science, and chemical sciences. The Office of Science is estimated to provide 40 percent of the funding for basic research in the physical sciences in

245-422: Is serving the entire DOE national laboratory system, its supercomputing centers, and its major scientific instruments at speeds 10 times faster than ESnet's previous generation network. ESnet partnered with Internet2, the network that connects America's universities and research institutions, to deploy its 100 Gbit/s network over a new, highly scalable optical infrastructure that the two organizations share for

280-548: The Energy Policy Act of 2005 . DOE lists 76 Nobel Prize winners as having been associated with Office of Science programs or facilities under DOE and its predecessor agencies. The Office of Science is led by a Presidentially-nominated, Senate-confirmed Director and three senior career federal Deputy Directors. The current acting director of the Office of Science is Harriet Kung . The current deputy directors are Principal Deputy Director Dr. J. Stephen Binkley,

315-479: The Energy Sciences Network (ESnet), which interconnects more than 40 DOE sites at speeds up to 100 gigabits per second. ESnet is a successor to a network that the Office of Science created in 1974 to connect geographically dispersed researchers through a single network. In the 1980s the Office of Science collaborated with DARPA , NSF and NASA to convert the agencies' separate networks into

350-959: The National Defense Research Committee , and later the Office of Scientific Research and Development , organized and administered by Vannevar Bush . During the Second World War, centralized sites such as the Radiation Laboratory at MIT and Ernest O. Lawrence 's laboratory at Berkeley and the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago allowed for a large number of expert scientists to collaborate towards defined goals as never before, and with government resources of unprecedented scale at their disposal. In

385-524: The Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility . The Office is currently led by Acting Director Dr. Harriet Kung . The Office of Science includes six interdisciplinary science program offices: The Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR) supports research and development in applied mathematics , computer science , and integrated network environments. The programs it supports represent

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420-551: The 17 United States Department of Energy National Laboratories . The office is the predominant U.S. federal government sponsor for research in the physical sciences , including physics , chemistry , computer science , applied mathematics , materials science , nanoscience , and engineering , as well as systems biology and environmental sciences . The Office of Science makes extensive use of peer review and federal advisory committees to develop general directions for research investments, to identify priorities, and to determine

455-477: The DOE national laboratories is to conduct research and development (R&D) addressing national priorities: energy and climate , the environment, national security , and health . Sixteen of the seventeen DOE national laboratories are federally funded research and development centers administered, managed, operated and staffed by private-sector organizations under management and operating (M&O) contracts with

490-550: The DOE. The National Laboratory system was established in the wake of World War II, during which the United States had quickly set-up and pursued advanced scientific research in the sprawling Manhattan Project . The DOE is the nation's largest sponsor of research in the physical sciences and engineering, and is second to the Department of Defense in supporting computer sciences and mathematics. Most of that research

525-475: The Human Genome Project. Its current focus is on sequencing the genomes of microbes , microbial communities , fungi , plants , and other organisms. Environmental efforts include research on the global carbon cycle and possible mitigation of the impacts of climate change . When it started in 1978, BER's Climate Change Research Program was the first U.S. research program to investigate

560-554: The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and other research sites in Europe. ESnet's transatlantic extension delivers a total capacity of 340 gigabits per second (Gbit/s) and serves scientific collaborations. To maximize the resiliency of the new infrastructure, ESnet equipment in Europe will be interconnected by dedicated 100 Gbit/s links from the pan-European networking organization GÉANT. The new trans-Atlantic links build on

595-424: The U.S. ITER Project Office, a partnership of Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. More than 90 percent of the Office of Science budget is allocated to research and scientific facilities. The fundamental research areas in which the Office of Science has programs include physics and other basic energy sciences, biological and environmental sciences, and computational science. Support

630-554: The United States. It is also a major source of funding for government-supported research in climate change, geophysics, genomics, life sciences, and science education. In constant dollars , Office of Science annual budgets for Basic Energy Science and Advanced Scientific Computing nearly doubled between fiscal years 1996 and 2009. Budgets for High Energy Physics and Biological and Energy Research remained relatively constant through that 14-year period. Nuclear Physics and Fusion Energy Sciences budgets were relatively static through most of

665-485: The ability to rapidly invent, test, and deploy new innovations. The design is said to include: ESnet research and development programs have included: Office of Science The Office of Science is a component of the United States Department of Energy (DOE). The Office of Science is the lead federal agency supporting fundamental scientific research for energy and the Nation’s largest supporter of basic research in

700-530: The associated instruments and work with visiting scientists to mount experiments with them. This access and support is provided without charge to qualified scientific groups, with priority based on recommendations by expert review panels. All six research offices support scientific user facilities at national laboratories. Facility for atmospheric observations Facility for environmental molecular sciences Facility for integrative genomic science The system of national laboratories started with

735-707: The benefit of their respective communities. The project was funded in 2009 by $ 62 million in American Recovery and Reinvestment Act funds. Called the Advanced Networking Initiative, the Gbit/s network was a project to handle the expanding data needs between DOE supercomputing facilities. In December 2014, ESnet extended its reach by deploying four new high-speed transatlantic links, giving researchers at America's national laboratories and universities ultra-fast access to scientific data from

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770-527: The course of the war, the Allied nuclear effort, the Manhattan Project , created several secret sites for the purpose of bomb research and material development, including a laboratory in the mountains of New Mexico directed by Robert Oppenheimer ( Los Alamos ), and sites at Hanford, Washington and Oak Ridge, Tennessee . Hanford and Oak Ridge were administered by private companies, and Los Alamos

805-467: The effects of greenhouse gases on climate and environment. The Office of Science climate change research program is now the third largest in the U.S. The Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) organization supports efforts to expand the fundamental understanding of plasma physics and the knowledge needed to develop a fusion energy source. This organization supports U.S. participation in the ITER project through

840-793: The largest and most active computer science research effort within the U.S. federal government. Supercomputer facilities supported by ASCR include the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California, and the Leadership Computing Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee and Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois. The ASCR supports

875-524: The massive scientific endeavors of World War II , in which several new technologies, especially the atomic bomb , proved decisive for the Allied victory. Though the United States government had begun seriously investing in scientific research for national security in World War I , it was only in this wartime period that significant resources were committed to scientific problems, under the auspices first of

910-657: The national labs serve as an exemplar for Big Science . The national laboratory system, administered first by the Atomic Energy Commission, then the Energy Research and Development Administration , and currently the Department of Energy , is one of the largest (if not the largest) scientific research systems in the world. The DOE provides about a third of the total national funding for physics , chemistry , materials science , and other areas of

945-456: The necessary support for research discovery in this new era of data-intensive science. ESnet5– ESnet's fifth-generation network – launched in November 2012, providing increased bandwidth to DOE research sites. ESnet is currently working on its next-generation upgrade named ESnet6. In October 2011, ESnet rolled out its 100 Gbit/s backbone network, known internally as ESnet 5. The network

980-664: The operations of earlier DOE networking projects known as HEPnet (for high-energy physics ) and MFEnet (for magnetic fusion energy research), ESnet is stewarded by the Scientific Computing Research Program, managed and operated by the Scientific Networking Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and is used to enable the DOE science mission. ESnet interconnects the DOE's national laboratory system, dozens of other DOE sites, research and commercial networks around

1015-523: The period, but had substantial increases in fiscal 2009. The increase in the Fusion budget reinstated the U.S. contribution to ITER, which was reduced significantly in the previous year. DOE's Office of Energy Research was a predecessor to the Office of Science. In 2006, the Office of Science was placed under the oversight of the Under Secretary of Energy for Science , a new position created by

1050-632: The physical sciences. The Office of Science portfolio has two principal thrusts: direct support of scientific research and direct support of the development, construction, and operation of unique, open-access scientific user facilities that are made available for use by external researchers. The Office of Science manages this research portfolio through six interdisciplinary scientific program offices: Advanced Scientific Computing Research, Basic Energy Sciences, Biological and Environmental Research, Fusion Energy Sciences, High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics. The Office of Science also has responsibility for 10 of

1085-499: The success of the US LHCNet, a collaboration between Caltech and CERN, led by Harvey Newman of Caltech. ESnet's next-generation network, ESnet6, is designed to help the DOE research community navigate increasing data volumes by giving them more bandwidth, greater flexibility, and faster data transfer capabilities. With a projected early finish in 2023, ESnet6 will purportedly feature a new software-driven network design that enhances

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1120-424: The very best scientific proposals to support. The 10 Office of Science national laboratories are: Ames Laboratory , Argonne National Laboratory , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , and

1155-687: The wartime laboratories, extending their lives indefinitely (they were originally thought of as temporary creations). Funding and infrastructure were secured to sponsor other "national laboratories" for both classified and basic research, especially in physics , with each national laboratory centered around one or many expensive machines (such as particle accelerators or nuclear reactors ). Most national laboratories maintained staffs of local researchers as well as allowing for visiting researchers to use their equipment, though priority to local or visiting researchers often varied from lab to lab. With their centralization of resources (both monetary and intellectual),

1190-428: The world, enabling scientists at DOE laboratories and academic institutions across the country to transfer data streams and access remote research resources in real time. ESnet provides the networking infrastructure and services required by the national laboratories, large science collaborations, and the DOE research community. ESnet services aim to provide bandwidth connections to enable scientists to collaborate across

1225-463: Was administered by a public university (the University of California ). Additional success was had at the University of Chicago in reactor research, leading to the creation of Argonne National Laboratory outside Chicago, and at other academic institutions spread across the country. After the war and its scientific successes, the newly created Atomic Energy Commission took over the future of

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