Philosophers
62-520: Works A queen mother is a former queen, often a queen dowager , who is the mother of the reigning monarch . The term has been used in English since the early 1560s. It arises in hereditary monarchies in Europe and is also used to describe a number of similar yet distinct monarchical concepts in non-European cultures around the world. The rank does not go to all mothers of monarchs though. A mother of
124-710: A rajamata - literally, mother of the king/monarch. In Eswatini , the queen mother, or Ndlovukati , reigns alongside her son. She serves as a ceremonial figurehead, while her son serves as the administrative head of state. He has absolute power. She is important at festivals such as the annual reed dance ceremony. In Lesotho, Queen Mamohato Bereng Seeiso became Queen mother when her son King Letsie III became King. She served as Queen Mother until her death. There are many other queen mothers in Africa's tribal monarchies, most of whom have served as regents to their sons. In many matrilineal societies of West Africa , such as
186-415: A blood relative of the reigning monarch. She could be a female individual of any age who is vested with the ritual essence of the departed queens in a ceremonial sense, and who is practically regarded as the monarch's mother as a result. A good example of this is Oloye Erelu Kuti I of Lagos , who has been seen as the iya oba or queen mother of every succeeding king of that realm, due to the activities of
248-495: A copula, are pre-accenting: Copular suffixes are also pre-accenting when added to the following participles: future ( -ecek/-acak ), aorist ( -er/-ir ), and obligation ( -meli ): Often at the end of a sentence the verb is unaccented, with all the syllables on the same pitch. Suffixes such as -di and -se/-sa are not pre-accenting if they are added directly to the verb stem: This accentual pattern can disambiguate homographic words containing possessive suffixes or
310-549: A diphthong in the donor language (e.g. the [aw] in Arabic نَوْبَة [naw.ba(t)] ) is replaced by a monophthong (for the example, the [œ] in nöbet [nœ.bet] ). In some other words, the diphthong becomes a two-syllable form with a semivocalic /j/ in between. With some exceptions, native Turkish words follow a system of vowel harmony , meaning that they incorporate either exclusively back vowels ( /a, ɯ, o, u/ ) or exclusively front vowels ( /e, i, œ, y/ ), as, for example, in
372-664: A few native Turkish words that do not have vowel harmony such as anne ('mother'). In such words, suffixes harmonize with the final vowel as in anne dir ('she is a mother'). Also suffixes added to foreign borrowings and proper nouns usually harmonize their vowel with the syllable immediately preceding the suffix: Amsterdam'da ('in Amsterdam'), Paris'te ('in Paris'). In most words, consonants are neutral or transparent and have no effect on vowel harmony. In borrowed vocabulary, however, back vowel harmony can be interrupted by
434-403: A n sonra ↑ ('after that,...'), for example, is often pronounced with a rising boundary tone on the last syllable (indicated here by an arrow). Another intonational tone, heard in yes–no questions, is a high tone or intonational pitch-accent on the syllable before the particle mi/mu , e.g. Bu elmalar taz e mi? ('Are these apples fresh?'). This tone tends to be much higher in pitch than
496-413: A nmamak ('not to dip'), the accented syllable is higher in pitch than the following ones; it may also have slightly greater intensity (i.e. be louder) than an unaccented syllable in the same position. In longer words, such as sinirl e nmeyecektiniz ('you would not get angry'), the syllables preceding the accent can also be high pitched. When the accent is final, as in banm a k ('to dip'), there
558-503: A ruling monarch may only be referred to as queen mother if she was a queen consort as opposed to a princess consort . " The Queen Mother" usually, in English, refers to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (queen consort, 1936–1952; queen mother, 1952–2002), who was the mother of Queen Elizabeth II and one of the few people to use the term as an official style. However, it is also used as an official title in Thailand where Sirikit ,
620-481: A vowel after the first consonant. Although some loanwords add a written vowel in front of them to reflect this breaking of complex onsets (for example the French station was borrowed as istasyon to Turkish), epenthetic vowels in loan words are not usually reflected in spelling. This differs from orthographic conventions of the early 20th century that did reflect this epenthesis. Rural dialects regularize many of
682-417: Is a queen regnant ). A queen mother is a former queen consort, often a dowager queen, who is the mother of the reigning monarch. As of 2024, there are four queens dowager: Kesang Choden of Bhutan (who is the only living queen grandmother worldwide), Norodom Monineath of Cambodia (who is also queen mother), Lisa Najeeb Halaby (Noor Al'Hussein) of Jordan , and Sirikit Kitiyakara of Thailand (who
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#1732791145163744-473: Is a former queen, often a queen dowager, who is the mother of the current monarch. Not every queen mother is a queen dowager, such as Queen Paola of Belgium , who became the queen mother of her son Philippe after her husband Albert II abdicated the throne but retained the title of king. Not all queens dowager are the queen mother; they may have a relation other than mother to the reigning monarch, such as aunt or grandmother. For example, Mary, Queen of Scots ,
806-539: Is a front consonant: e.g. harfi ('letter' acc.), harp/harbi ('war', nom. and acc.). Some combinations of consonants give rise to vowel insertion, and in these cases the epenthetic vowel may also be front vowel: e.g. vakit ('time') and vakti ('time' acc.) from وقت waqt ; fikir ('idea') and fikri (acc.) from فِكْر fikr . There is a tendency to eliminate these exceptional consonantal effects and to apply vowel harmony more regularly, especially for frequent words and those whose foreign origin
868-525: Is a possibility. In the Ottoman Empire , valide sultan ( Ottoman Turkish : والده سلطان ) or sultana mother was the title held by the mother of a ruling Sultan . The title was first used in the 16th century for Hafsa Sultan , consort of Selim I and mother of Suleiman the Magnificent , superseding the previous title of mehd-i ülya ("cradle of the great"). The Turkish pronunciation of
930-421: Is a title or status generally held by the widow of a king. In the case of the widow of an emperor , the title of empress dowager is used. Its full meaning is clear from the two words from which it is composed: queen indicates someone who served as queen consort (i.e. wife of a king), while dowager indicates a woman who continues to hold the title from her deceased husband (a queen who reigns in her own right
992-423: Is also queen mother). A queen dowager has an important royal position (whether or not she is the mother of the reigning sovereign) but does not normally have any rights to succeed a king as monarch on his death unless she happens to be next in line to the throne (one possibility would be if the king and queen were also cousins and childless, the king had no other siblings, and she in her other position as his cousin
1054-432: Is disallowed, V.V split is only found in rare specific occurrences. Turkish only allows complex onsets in a few recent English, French and Italian loanwords, making them CCVC(C)(C), such as Fransa , plan , program , propaganda , strateji , stres , steril and tren . Even in these words, the complex onsets are only pronounced as such in very careful speech. Otherwise, speakers often epenthesize
1116-484: Is final, it is often slightly higher in pitch than the preceding syllable; but in some contexts or with some speakers there is no rise in pitch. In addition to the accent on words, intonational tones can also be heard in Turkish. One of these is a rising boundary tone , which is a sharp rise in pitch frequently heard at the end of a phrase, especially on the last syllable of the topic of a sentence. The phrase ond
1178-419: Is generally caused by the addition of certain suffixes to the word. Some of these (always of two syllables, such as - i yor ) are accented themselves; others put an accent on the syllable which precedes them. These include the following: Note that since a focus word frequently precedes a verb (see below), causing any following accent to be neutralised, these accents on verbs can often not be heard. Among
1240-400: Is generally pronounced with a relatively high pitch followed by a fall in pitch on the following syllable. The syllables preceding the accent may either be slightly lower than the accented syllable or on a plateau with it. In words like sözc ü kle ('with a word'), where the first and third syllable are louder than the second, it is nonetheless the second syllable which is considered to have
1302-420: Is not 'stress', but is formally a boundary tone ." According to this analysis therefore, only words with non-final accent are accented, and all other words are accentless. However, not all researchers agree with this conclusion. Kabak (2016) writes: "Finally stressed words do not behave like accentless words and there is no unequivocal evidence that the language has a pitch-accent system." A non-final accent
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#17327911451631364-441: Is not apparent. For example, the words rahat ('comfort') and sanat ('art') take back-vowel suffixes, even though they derive from Arabic tāʼ marbūṭah . Turkish phonotactics is almost completely regular. The maximal syllable structure is (C)V(C)(C). Although Turkish words can take multiple final consonants, the possibilities are limited. Multi-syllable words are syllabified to have C.CV or V.CV syllable splits, C.V split
1426-572: Is often a slight rise in pitch, but with some speakers there is no appreciable rise in pitch. The final syllable is also often more intense (louder) than the preceding one. Some scholars consider such words to be unaccented. Although most treatments of Turkish refer to the word-accent as "stress", some scholars consider it a kind of pitch accent . Underhill (1986) writes that stress in Turkish "is actually pitch accent rather than dynamic stress." An acoustic study, Levi (2005) , agrees with this assessment, concluding that though duration and intensity of
1488-430: Is specifically derived that way. Vowel harmony does not usually apply to loanword roots and some invariant suffixes, such as and -ken ('while ...-ing'). In the suffix -e bil ('may' or 'can'), only the first vowel undergoes vowel harmony. The suffix -ki ('belonging to ...') is mostly invariant, except in the words bugünkü ('today's') dünkü ('yesterday's'), and çünkü ( 'because that'). There are
1550-591: Is the mother of the current monarch would be the queen mother. In many countries, such as the United Kingdom, a monarch loses the title of king or queen after abdication. For example, Juliana of the Netherlands , who abdicated in favor of her daughter Beatrix , was sometimes colloquially referred to as the queen mother despite declining the title and having reverted to being a princess. Queen Paola of Belgium , whose husband Albert II abdicated but retained
1612-499: Is the princess dowager of the principality of Genovia. In the films, where Genovia is portrayed as a kingdom, Clarisse is portrayed as a dowager queen. In the fantasy novel series A Song of Ice and Fire , and later the HBO series Game of Thrones , the character Cersei Lannister became the queen mother to King Joffrey Baratheon after her husband Robert Baratheon was killed in a hunting accident, although she managed to strong-arm
1674-464: Is unusual to indicate a former queen-consort as a dowager. In Sweden, there has also been another title for a dowager queen, called Riksänkedrottning , which means Queen Dowager of the Realm . This title was used in the 16th and 17th centuries. The last time the title queen dowager was used was in 1913. In the novel series The Princess Diaries , the character Princess Clarisse Marie Grimaldi Renaldo
1736-691: The Ashanti , the queen mother is the one through whom royal descent is reckoned and thus wields considerable power. One of the greatest leaders of Ashanti was Nana Yaa Asantewaa (1840–1921), who led her subjects against the British Empire during the War of the Golden Stool in 1900. In more symbolically driven societies such as the kingdoms of the Yoruba peoples , the queen mother may not even be
1798-602: The Commonwealth realms in the period between the accession of Queen Elizabeth II on 6 February 1952 and the death of her paternal grandmother on 24 March 1953, when, for slightly over a year, there were three queens alive: There were several former queens consort of England, Scotland, and later the United Kingdom, who were never queen mothers. The following queens were dowagers between the given dates, whether queen mothers or not: Of England : Of England and Ireland Of Scotland Of England, Ireland and Scotland Of
1860-403: The Arabic feminine plural ending -āt or from devoicing of Arabic dāl take the expected back-vowel suffixes: e.g. edebiyat-ı ('literature' acc. from أدبيّات adabiyyāt ), maksat , maksadı ('purpose', nom. and acc. from مقصد maqṣad ). Front-vowel suffixes are also used with many Arabic monosyllables containing ⟨a⟩ followed by two consonants, the second of which
1922-1122: The Garter , Lady of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle , Lady of the Imperial Order of the Crown of India , Grand Master and Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order upon whom had been conferred the Royal Victorian Chain , Dame Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire , Dame Grand Cross of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John , Relict of His Majesty King George
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1984-696: The Sixth and Mother of Her Most Excellent Majesty Elizabeth The Second by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth , Defender of the Faith , Sovereign of the Most Noble Order of the Garter , whom may God preserve and bless with long life, health and honour and all worldly happiness. A queen mother
2046-462: The Turkish language are, in their alphabetical order, ⟨a⟩ , ⟨e⟩ , ⟨ı⟩ , ⟨i⟩ , ⟨o⟩ , ⟨ö⟩ , ⟨u⟩ , ⟨ü⟩ . There are no phonemic diphthongs in Turkish and when two vowels are adjacent in the spelling of a word, which only occurs in some loanwords , each vowel retains its individual sound (e.g. aile [a.i.le] , laik [la.ic] ). In some words,
2108-407: The United Kingdom of the styles and titles of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother at her funeral on 9 April 2002 illustrates her dual status as a queen dowager and a queen mother: Thus it hath pleased Almighty God to take out of this transitory life unto His Divine Mercy the late Most High, Most Mighty and Most Excellent Princess Elizabeth, Queen Dowager and Queen Mother, Lady of the Most Noble Order of
2170-474: The United Kingdom: If the current queen consort, Queen Camilla , outlives the incumbent king, King Charles III , she will become a queen dowager, while King Charles’s son and daughter in law become the new king and queen consort respectively. She would not be known as a queen mother, as she is not the biological parent of Prince William. Note that in some of the countries mentioned below it
2232-416: The accent, because it is higher in pitch, and followed by a fall in pitch. However, the accent can disappear in certain circumstances; for example, when the word is the second part of a compound, e.g. çob a n salatası ('shepherd salad'), from sal a ta , or Litv a nya lokantası ('Lithuania(n) restaurant'), from lok a nta . In this case only the first word is accented. If the accented vowel
2294-404: The accented syllable are significant, the most reliable cue to accent-location is the pitch of the vowel. In its word-accent, therefore, Turkish "bears a great similarity with other pitch-accent languages such as Japanese, Basque, and Serbo-Croatian". Similarly, Özcelik (2016) , noting the difference in phonetic realisation between final and non-final accent, proposes that "Final accent in Turkish
2356-646: The character "Rajamatha Shivagami Devi". In most Indian languages, the word 'rajamata' means 'Queen-Mother'. In the video game Long Live the Queen , after the queen regnant of the kingdom of Nova is assassinated, her widower is referred to as the king-dowager. In the 2023 Netflix series Queen Charlotte: A Bridgerton Story , actress Michelle Fairley portrays Augusta, Dowager Princess of Wales, King George's mother. Turkish phonology The phonology of Turkish deals with current phonology and phonetics , particularly of Istanbul Turkish . A notable feature of
2418-508: The court and her own rooms (always adjacent to her son's) and state staff. In particular during the 17th century, in a period known as the " Sultanate of Women ", a series of incompetent or child sultans raised the role of the valide sultan to new heights. In India, a queen (usually styled rani , or in the Muslim tradition, begum ) who becomes queen-mother was known in Sanskrit and Hindi as
2480-427: The exceptions described above. Turkish words are said to have an accent on one syllable of the word. In most words the accent comes on the last syllable of the word, but there are some words, such as place names, foreign borrowings, words containing certain suffixes, and certain adverbs, where the accent comes earlier in the word. A phonetic study by Levi (2005) shows that when a word has non-final accent, e.g. b
2542-401: The mother of the present king , is officially styled "The Queen Mother". A queen mother is often a queen dowager , a widow of a king, who is simultaneously a former queen consort and the mother of the current monarch. As there is only one monarch, there can only be one queen mother. It is unclear if a queen consort whose husband abdicates the throne, or a queen regnant who abdicates, and
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2604-430: The new king or queen. Such a situation has never occurred. Since the title "queen mother" derives from the woman's previous title of "queen", it would also be incongruous to call such a father of a monarch the "king father", as the husbands of queens regnant are not given the title "king", but rather titled as a prince. The exact title such a person would assume has not been clarified by royal lineage experts. "Prince father"
2666-464: The normal word-accent. A raised pitch is also used in Turkish to indicate focus (the word containing the important information being conveyed to the listener). "Intonation ... may override lexical pitch in Turkish". As stated above, word-final accent is the usual pattern in Turkish: When a non-preaccenting suffix is added, the accent moves to the suffix: Non-final accent in Turkish words
2728-439: The origin is kāf , but back-vowel suffixes if the origin is qāf : e.g. idrak-i ('perception' acc. from إدراك idrāk ) vs. fevk-ı ('top' acc. from ← فوق fawq ). Loanwords ending in ⟨at⟩ derived from Arabic tāʼ marbūṭah take front-vowel suffixes: e.g. saat-e ('hour' dat. from ساعة sāʿa ), seyahat-e ('trip' dat. from سياحة siyāḥa ). Words ending in ⟨at⟩ derived from
2790-412: The phonology of Turkish is a system of vowel harmony that causes vowels in most words to be either front or back and either rounded or unrounded. Velar stop consonants have palatal allophones before front vowels. Phonetic notes: Because of assimilation , an initial voiced consonant of a suffix is devoiced when the word it is attached to ends in a voiceless consonant. For example, The vowels of
2852-562: The plural suffix: Compound nouns are usually accented on the first element only. Any accent on the second element is lost: The same is true of compound and intensive adjectives: Some compounds, however, are accented on the final, for example those of the form verb-verb or subject-verb: Remaining compounds have Sezer-type accent on whole word. Compound numerals are accented like one word or separately depending on speaker. Certain adverbs take initial accent: Certain adverbs ending in -en/-an have penultimate accent unless they end in
2914-461: The position of regent as well, and was thus known as the "queen regent". In the episode " High Sparrow ", the new queen consort, Margaery Tyrell , mocks Cersei's loss of power by asking her to clarify whether she should be addressed as queen mother or dowager queen. In the 2015 Indian movie Baahubali-The Beginning and its sequel Baahubali-the Conclusion , actress Ramya Krishnan portrays
2976-481: The pre-accenting suffixes are: The following, though written separately, are pronounced as if pre-accenting suffixes, and the stress on the final syllable of the preceding word is more pronounced than usual: Less commonly found pre-accenting suffixes are -leyin (during) and -sizin (without), e.g. akş a mleyin (in the evening), gelm e ksizin (without coming). Suffixes meaning 'is' or 'was' added to nouns, adjectives or participles, and which act like
3038-477: The presence of a "front" (i.e. coronal or labial) consonant, and in rarer cases, front vowel harmony can be reversed by the presence of a "back" consonant. For example, Arabic and French loanwords containing back vowels may nevertheless end in a clear [l] instead of a velarized [ɫ] . Harmonizing suffixes added to such words contain front vowels. The table above gives some examples. Arabic loanwords ending in ⟨k⟩ usually take front-vowel suffixes if
3100-453: The reigning sovereign. Thus, upon the death of her husband, King George V , Queen Mary became queen mother, retaining the status throughout the reigns of her sons, Edward VIII and George VI . The title also distinguishes former queens consort from those who are simply the mother of the current monarch. For example, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld was "the queen's mother" when her daughter Victoria became queen regnant, but she
3162-417: The table. Vowel harmony of grammatical suffixes is realized through "a chameleon-like quality", meaning that the vowels of suffixes change to harmonize with the vowel of the preceding syllable. According to the changeable vowel, there are two patterns: The vowel /œ/ does not occur in grammatical suffixes. In the isolated case of /o/ in the verbal progressive suffix -i yor it is immutable, breaking
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#17327911451633224-400: The three successors to her noble title that have reigned since her demise. These mothers of monarchs, and others, albeit not always officially so titled have also been considered equal to queen mothers: The male equivalent of a queen mother, being a male former monarch or consort who is the father of the reigning monarch, is sometimes known as the "king father" or another variation based on
3286-470: The title of " Dowager Princess of Wales " (a precedent was Henry VII of England 's mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort , titled "My Lady the King's Mother"); Srinagarindra meanwhile received the designation "Princess Mother". As there is only one monarch, there can only be one queen mother. It is possible for there to be a queen mother and one or more queens dowager alive at any one time. This situation occurred in
3348-406: The title of king, has generally been referred to as the queen mother of Philippe despite not being a queen dowager. A former queen consort who is the grandmother of the reigning monarch is sometimes called the queen grandmother. Savang Vadhana of Thailand was known by this style. The title "queen mother" evolved to distinguish a queen dowager from all other queens when she is also the mother of
3410-453: The title of the monarch or consort. If a king abdicates and passes the throne to his child, or if a reigning queen abdicates or dies and is survived by her husband, he might acquire a substantive title. The following individuals hold a similar role as mothers or fathers of their country's reigning monarchs: Queen dowager Philosophers Works A queen dowager or dowager queen (compare: princess dowager or dowager princess )
3472-485: The vowel harmony such as in yürüyor ('[he/she/it] is walking'). -iyor stuck because it derived from a former compounding "-i yorı". Some examples illustrating the use of vowel harmony in Turkish with the copula -dir ('[he/she/it] is'): Compound words do not undergo vowel harmony in their constituent words as in bugün ('today'; from bu , 'this', and gün , 'day') and başkent ('capital'; from baş , 'prime', and kent , 'city') unless it
3534-464: The word Valide is [vaː.liˈde] . The second position the most important position in the Ottoman Empire after the sultan himself and being more powerful in the hierarchy than Haseki sultan . As the mother to the sultan, by Islamic tradition ("A mother's right is God's right"), the valide sultan would have a significant influence on the affairs of the empire. She had great power in
3596-576: The words karanlıktaydılar ('they were in the dark') and düşünceliliklerinden ('due to their thoughtfulness'). /o œ/ only occur in the initial syllable. Native Turkish grammar books call the backness harmony major vowel harmony , and the combined backness and lip harmony minor vowel harmony . The Turkish vowel system can be considered as being three-dimensional, where vowels are characterised by three features: front/back , rounded/unrounded , and high/low , resulting in eight possible combinations, each corresponding to one Turkish vowel, as shown in
3658-469: Was not "queen mother" as her husband was never a king. The title in British usage is purely a courtesy title . While the wife of a king is called "queen", there is no constitutional or statutory recognition of "queen mother" as a title. There is no male equivalent to a queen mother (i.e. "king father"). This would occur only if the husband of a queen regnant outlived the queen and was thereafter father to
3720-544: Was also his heiress presumptive ). A queen dowager continues to enjoy the title, style , and precedence of a queen, but is no longer referred to as the queen. A new reigning king would have (at accession or eventually) a wife who would be the new queen consort and therefore the queen; a queen regnant would also be called the queen. Many former queens consort do not formally use the word "dowager" as part of their titles. There may be more than one queen dowager at any given time. The Garter King of Arms 's proclamation in
3782-411: Was neither a queen dowager nor the queen mother because her husband, Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent , had never been king. Similarly, whilst being the mothers of monarchs, both Augusta of Saxe-Gotha and Srinagarindra of Thailand were not styled queen dowager because their respective husbands, Frederick, Prince of Wales and Mahidol Adulyadej, Prince of Songkla , were never kings. Instead, Augusta held
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#17327911451633844-410: Was queen dowager of France after the death of her husband Francis II , to whom she bore no children. Similarly, Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen was queen dowager after her husband William IV was succeeded by his niece Victoria . Not every mother of a reigning monarch is the queen mother or a queen dowager. For example, the mother of Queen Victoria of United Kingdom , Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld ,
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