78-408: An envelope is a common packaging item, usually made of thin, flat material. It is designed to contain a flat object, such as a letter or card . Traditional envelopes are made from sheets of paper cut to one of three shapes: a rhombus , a short-arm cross or a kite . These shapes allow the envelope structure to be made by folding the sheet sides around a central rectangular area. In this manner,
156-526: A MaxiCode 2-D code for parcel tracking. RFID labels for shipping containers are also increasingly used. A Wal-Mart division, Sam's Club , has also moved in this direction and is putting pressure on its suppliers to comply. Shipments of hazardous materials or dangerous goods have special information and symbols (labels, placards, etc.) as required by UN, country, and specific carrier requirements. On transport packages, standardized symbols are also used to communicate handling needs. Some are defined in
234-419: A UFI . Technologies related to shipping containers are identification codes, bar codes , and electronic data interchange ( EDI ). These three core technologies serve to enable the business functions in the process of shipping containers throughout the distribution channel. Each has an essential function: identification codes either relate product information or serve as keys to other data, bar codes allow for
312-503: A life cycle assessment which considers the material and energy inputs and outputs to the package, the packaged product (contents), the packaging process, the logistics system, waste management , etc. It is necessary to know the relevant regulatory requirements for point of manufacture, sale, and use. The traditional "three R's" of reduce, reuse, and recycle are part of a waste hierarchy which may be considered in product and package development. Development of sustainable packaging
390-563: A resin identification code ), and the "Green Dot" . Food packaging may show food contact material symbols. In the European Union , products of animal origin which are intended to be consumed by humans have to carry standard, oval-shaped EC identification and health marks for food safety and quality insurance reasons. Bar codes , Universal Product Codes , and RFID labels are common to allow automated information management in logistics and retailing . Country-of-origin labeling
468-445: A flurry of lawsuits involving Pitney Bowes among others. The advent of e-mail in the late 1990s appeared to offer a substantial threat to the postal service. By 2008 letter-post service operators were reporting significantly smaller volumes of letter-post, specifically stamped envelopes, which they attributed mainly to e-mail. Although a corresponding reduction in the volume of envelopes required would have been expected, no such decrease
546-529: A frank on an envelope. If fewer envelopes are required; fewer stamps are required; fewer franking machines are required and fewer addressing machines are required. For example, the advent of information-based indicia (IBI) (commonly referred to as digitally-encoded electronic stamps or digital indicia) by the US Postal Service in 1998 caused widespread consternation in the franking machine industry, as their machines were rendered obsolete, and resulted in
624-474: A longer time frame. A package designed for one mode of shipment may not be suited to another. With some types of products, the design process involves detailed regulatory requirements for the packaging. For example, any package components that may contact foods are designated food contact materials . Toxicologists and food scientists need to verify that such packaging materials are allowed by applicable regulations. Packaging engineers need to verify that
702-519: A patterned tint printed on the inside, which makes it difficult to read the contents. Various patterns exist. Some envelopes are available for full-size documents or for other items. Some carriers have large mailing envelopes for their express services. Other similar envelopes are available at stationery supply locations. These mailers usually have an opening on an end with a flap that can be attached by gummed adhesive, integral pressure-sensitive adhesive , adhesive tape , or security tape . Construction
780-427: A rectangle-faced enclosure is formed with an arrangement of four flaps on the reverse side. A folding sequence such that the last flap closed is on a short side is referred to in commercial envelope manufacture as a pocket – a format frequently employed in the packaging of small quantities of seeds. Although in principle the flaps can be held in place by securing the topmost flap at a single point (for example with
858-464: A result of an accident: as a Brooklyn printer and paper-bag maker during the 1870s, he was once printing an order of seed bags, and the metal ruler, commonly used to crease bags, shifted in position and cut them. Gair discovered that by cutting and creasing in one operation he could make prefabricated paperboard boxes. Commercial paper bags were first manufactured in Bristol , England , in 1844, and
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#1732802502253936-430: A sheet of 12, with cutting the purchaser's task. Known as Mulready stationery , because the illustration was created by the respected artist William Mulready , the envelopes were withdrawn when the illustration was ridiculed and lampooned. Nevertheless, the public apparently saw the convenience of the wrappers being available ready-shaped, and it must have been obvious that with the stamp available totally plain versions of
1014-459: A sheet of paper around a folded letter or an invitation and sealing the edges, it is a tidy and ostensibly paper-efficient way of producing a rectangular-faced envelope. Where the claim to be paper-efficient fails is a consequence of paper manufacturers normally making paper available in rectangular sheets, because the largest size of envelope that can be realised by cutting out a diamond or any other shape which yields an envelope with symmetrical flaps
1092-526: A similar list of envelope formats. DL comes from the DIN Lang (German: "Long") size envelope which originated in the 1920s. There are dozens of sizes of envelopes available in the United States. The designations such as "A2" do not correspond to ISO paper sizes. Sometimes, North American paper jobbers and printers will insert a hyphen to distinguish from ISO sizes, thus: A-2. The No. 10 envelope
1170-438: A single wax seal at the apex of the topmost flap. (That the flaps of an envelope can be held together by applying a seal at a single point is a classic design feature of an envelope.) Nearly 50 years passed before a commercially successful machine for producing pre-gummed envelopes, like those in use today, appeared. The origin of the use of the diamond shape for envelopes is debated. However, as an alternative to simply wrapping
1248-400: A wax seal), generally they are pasted or gummed together at the overlaps. They are most commonly used for enclosing and sending mail ( letters ) through a prepaid-postage postal system . Window envelopes have a hole cut in the front side that allows the paper within to be seen. They are generally arranged so that the receiving address printed on the letter is visible, saving duplication of
1326-468: Is a long- and well-established international industry, and blanks are produced with a short-arm-cross shape and a kite shape as well as diamond shape. (The short-arm-cross style is mostly encountered in "pocket" envelopes i.e. envelopes with the closing flap on a short side. The more common style, with the closing flap on a long side, are sometimes referred to as "standard" or "wallet" style for purposes of differentiation.) The most famous paper-making machine
1404-460: Is affected by other factors is its relationship to logistics . When the distribution system includes individual shipments by a small parcel carrier, the sorting, handling, and mixed stacking make severe demands on the strength and protective ability of the transport package. If the logistics system consists of uniform palletized unit loads , the structural design of the package can be designed to meet those specific needs, such as vertical stacking for
1482-621: Is an area of considerable interest to standards organizations , governments, consumers, packagers, and retailers. Sustainability is the fastest-growing driver for packaging development, particularly for packaging manufacturers that work with the world's leading brands, as their CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) targets often exceed those of the EU Directive. Choosing packaging machinery includes an assessment of technical capabilities, labor requirements, worker safety, maintainability , serviceability, reliability , ability to integrate into
1560-447: Is expected to have a major impact on the market. Packaging and package labeling have several objectives Packaging may be of several different types. For example, a transport package or distribution package can be the shipping container used to ship, store, and handle the product or inner packages. Some identify a consumer package as one which is directed toward a consumer or household. Packaging may be described in relation to
1638-477: Is fully integrated into government, business, institutional, industrial, and for personal use. Package labeling ( American English ) or labelling ( British English ) is any written, electronic, or graphic communication on the package or on a separate but associated label . Many countries or regions have regulations governing the content of package labels. Merchandising, branding, and persuasive graphics are not covered in this article. The first packages used
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#17328025022531716-642: Is no longer listed on the United States Office of Personnel Management website list of standard forms. Packaging Packaging is the science , art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. Packaging also refers to the process of designing, evaluating, and producing packages. Packaging can be described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport, warehousing, logistics , sale, and end use. Packaging contains, protects, preserves, transports, informs, and sells. In many countries it
1794-416: Is often used. Some products might use QR codes or similar matrix barcodes . Packaging may have visible registration marks and other printing calibration and troubleshooting cues. The labelling of medical devices includes many symbols, many of them covered by international standards, foremost ISO 15223-1. Several aspects of consumer package labeling are subject to regulation. One of the most important
1872-401: Is required for all but the simplest package design and development programs. An effective quality management system and Verification and Validation protocols are mandatory for some types of packaging and recommended for all. Package development involves considerations of sustainability , environmental responsibility, and applicable environmental and recycling regulations. It may involve
1950-405: Is smaller than the largest that can be made from that sheet simply by folding. The folded diamond-shaped sheet (or "blank") was in use at the beginning of the 19th century as a novelty wrapper for invitations and letters among the proportion of the population that had the time to sit and cut them out and were affluent enough not to bother about the waste offcuts. Their use first became widespread in
2028-415: Is somewhat visible what the envelope contains. Other colloquial names for this envelope include "Holey Joe" and "Shotgun" envelope due to the holey nature of the envelope. Address method is unique in that these envelopes are re-usable and the previous address is crossed out thoroughly and the new addressee (name, building, room, and mailstop) is written in the next available box. Although still in use, SF-65
2106-404: Is the standard business envelope size in the United States. PWG 5101.1 also lists the following even inch sizes for envelopes: 6 × 9 , 7 × 9 , 9 × 11 , 9 × 12 , 10 × 13 , 10 × 14 and 10 × 15 . Envelopes accepted by the U.S. Postal Service for mailing at the price of a letter must be: Japanese traditional rectangular (角形, kakugata , K) and long (長形, nagagata , N) envelopes open on
2184-625: Is to accurately state the quantity (weight, volume, count) of the package contents. Consumers expect that the label accurately reflects the actual contents. Manufacturers and packagers must have effective quality assurance procedures and accurate equipment; even so, there is inherent variability in all processes . Regulations attempt to handle both sides of this. In the US, the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act provides requirements for many types of products. Also, NIST has Handbook 133, Checking
2262-469: Is usually: Shipping envelopes can have padding to provide stiffness and some degree of cushioning . The padding can be ground newsprint , plastic foam sheets, or bubble packing. Various U.S. Federal Government offices use Standard Form (SF) 65 Government Messenger Envelopes for inter-office mail delivery. These envelopes are typically light brown in color and un-sealed with string-tied closure method and an array of holes throughout both sides such that it
2340-511: The ASTM D5445 "Standard Practice for Pictorial Markings for Handling of Goods", ISO 780 "Pictorial marking for handling of goods", and GHS hazard pictograms . Package design and development are often thought of as an integral part of the new product development process. Alternatively, the development of a package (or component) can be a separate process but must be linked closely with the product to be packaged. Package design starts with
2418-630: The Chinese to wrap foods as early as the first or second century BC. The usage of paper-like material in Europe was when the Romans used low grade and recycled papyrus for the packaging of incense . The earliest recorded use of paper for packaging dates back to 1035, when a Persian traveller visiting markets in Cairo , Arab Egypt , noted that vegetables, spices and hardware were wrapped in paper for
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2496-495: The FCC and TÜV marks), trademarks , proof of purchase , etc. Some requirements and symbols exist to communicate aspects of consumer rights and safety, for example the CE marking or the estimated sign that notes conformance to EU weights and measures accuracy regulations. Examples of environmental and recycling symbols include the recycling symbol , the recycling code (which could be
2574-464: The Royal Navy . The progressive improvement in canning stimulated the 1855 invention of the can opener . Robert Yeates, a cutlery and surgical instrument maker of Trafalgar Place West, Hackney Road, Middlesex , UK, devised a claw-ended can opener with a hand-operated tool that haggled its way around the top of metal cans. In 1858, another lever-type opener of a more complex shape was patented in
2652-822: The Southern Song dynasty, the Chinese imperial court used paper envelopes to distribute monetary gifts to government officials. In Western history, from the time flexible writing material became more readily available in the 13th century until the mid-19th century, correspondence was typically secured by a process of folding and sealing the letter itself, sometimes including elaborate letterlocking techniques to indicate tampering or prove authenticity. Some of these letter techniques, which could involve stitching or wax seals, were also employed to secure hand-made envelopes. Prior to 1840, all envelopes were handmade, including those for commercial use. In 1840 George Wilson of London
2730-605: The American Francis Wolle patented a machine for automated bag-making in 1852. Packaging advancements in the early 20th century included Bakelite closures on bottles , transparent cellophane overwraps and panels on cartons . These innovations increased processing efficiency and improved food safety . As additional materials such as aluminum and several types of plastic were developed, they were incorporated into packages to improve performance and functionality. In 1952, Michigan State University became
2808-523: The Assay Office in Birmingham and then at a Birmingham brass-rolling mill where he became the manager. In 1819 he married Anne Bucknall and they had ten children. In 1827 he moved to Tottenham , London, where he managed a branch of the family school business while Rowland taught. In 1840 Hill became the first British Controller of Stamps and he remained in that position until 1872. Hill
2886-545: The Hill/De La Rue machine were not like those used today. They were flat diamond, lozenge (or rhombus )-shaped sheets or "blanks" that had been precut to shape before being fed to the machine for creasing and made ready for folding to form a rectangular enclosure. The edges of the overlapping flaps treated with a paste or adhesive and the method of securing the envelope or wrapper was a user choice. The symmetrical flap arrangement meant that it could be held together with
2964-611: The Mulready stationery – and which was printed in this way – are used extensively for direct mail . In this respect, direct mail envelopes have a shared history with propaganda envelopes (or " covers ") as they are called by philatelists. In 1998, the U.S. Postal Service became the first postal authority to approve a system of printing digital stamps. With this innovative alternative to an adhesive-backed postage stamp , businesses could more easily produce envelopes in-house, address them, and customize them with advertising information on
3042-567: The Net Contents of Packaged Goods. This is a procedural guide for compliance testing of net contents and is referenced by several other regulatory agencies. Other regions and countries have their own regulatory requirements. For example, the UK has its Weights and Measures (Packaged Goods) Regulations as well as several other regulations . In the EEA , products with hazardous formulas need to have
3120-698: The UK when the British government took monopoly control of postal services and tasked Rowland Hill with its introduction. The new service was launched in May 1840 with a postage-paid machine-printed illustrated (or pictorial) version of the wrapper and the much-celebrated first adhesive postage stamp, the Penny Black , for the production of which the Jacob Perkins printing process was used to deter counterfeiting and forgery. The wrappers were printed and sold as
3198-567: The United States by Ezra Warner of Waterbury, Connecticut . Set-up boxes were first used in the 16th century and modern folding cartons date back to 1839. The first corrugated box was produced commercially in 1817 in England. Corrugated (also called pleated) paper received a British patent in 1856 and was used as a liner for tall hats. Scottish-born Robert Gair invented the pre-cut paperboard box in 1890—flat pieces manufactured in bulk that folded into boxes. Gair's invention came about as
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3276-437: The address on the envelope itself. The window is normally covered with a transparent or translucent film to protect the letter inside, as was first designed by Americus F. Callahan in 1901 and patented the following year. In some cases, shortages of materials or the need to economize resulted in envelopes that had no film covering the window. One innovative process, invented in Europe about 1905, involved using hot oil to saturate
3354-452: The ancient Middle East. Hollow clay spheres were molded around financial tokens and used in private transactions. The two people who discovered these first envelopes were Jacques de Morgan , in 1901, and Roland de Mecquenem , in 1907. Paper envelopes were developed in China, where paper was invented by 2nd century BC. Paper envelopes, known as chih poh , were used to store gifts of money. In
3432-540: The appropriate shape out of an individual rectangular sheet. In that year George Wilson in the United Kingdom patented the method of tessellating (tiling) a number of envelope patterns across and down a large sheet, thereby reducing the overall amount of waste produced per envelope when they were cut out. In 1845 Edwin Hill and Warren de la Rue obtained a patent for a steam -driven machine that not only cut out
3510-406: The area of the envelope where the address would appear. The treated area became sufficiently translucent for the address to be readable. As of 2009 there is no international standard for window envelopes, but some countries, including Germany and the United Kingdom , have national standards. An aerogram is related to a letter sheet , both being designed to have writing on the inside to minimize
3588-653: The automated input of identification codes and other data, and EDI moves data between trading partners within the distribution channel. Elements of these core technologies include UPC and EAN item identification codes, the SCC-14 (UPC shipping container code), the SSCC-18 (Serial Shipping Container Codes), Interleaved 2-of-5 and UCC/EAN-128 (newly designated GS1-128 ) bar code symbologies , and ANSI ASC X12 and UN/EDIFACT EDI standards. Small parcel carriers often have their own formats. For example, United Parcel Service has
3666-482: The combined weight did not exceed half an ounce (14 grams). This was a legacy of the previous system of calculating postage, which partly depended on the number of sheets of paper used. During the U.S. Civil War those in the Confederate States Army occasionally used envelopes made from wallpaper, due to financial hardship. A "return envelope" is a pre-addressed, smaller envelope included as
3744-410: The completed package will keep the product safe for its intended shelf life with normal usage. Packaging processes, labeling, distribution, and sale need to be validated to assure that they comply with regulations that have the well being of the consumer in mind. Sometimes the objectives of package development seem contradictory. For example, regulations for an over-the-counter drug might require
3822-459: The contents of a larger envelope and can be used for courtesy reply mail, metered reply mail , or freepost (business reply mail). Some envelopes are designed to be reused as the return envelope, saving the expense of including a return envelope in the contents of the original envelope. The direct mail industry makes extensive use of return envelopes as a response mechanism. Up until 1840, all envelopes were handmade, each being individually cut to
3900-572: The customers after they were sold. The use of tinplate for packaging dates back to the 18th century. The manufacturing of tinplate was the monopoly of Bohemia for a long time; in 1667 Andrew Yarranton , an English engineer , and Ambrose Crowley brought the method to England where it was improved by ironmasters including Philip Foley . By 1697, John Hanbury had a rolling mill at Pontypool for making "Pontypoole Plates". The method pioneered there of rolling iron plates by means of cylinders enabled more uniform black plates to be produced than
3978-436: The envelope shapes but creased and folded them as well. (Mechanised gumming had yet to be devised.) The convenience of the sheets ready cut to shape popularized the use of machine-made envelopes, and the economic significance of the factories that had produced handmade envelopes gradually diminished. As envelopes are made of paper, they are intrinsically amenable to embellishment with additional graphics and text over and above
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#17328025022534056-432: The face. The fortunes of the commercial envelope manufacturing industry and the postal service go hand in hand, and both link to the printing industry and the mechanized envelope processing industry producing equipment such as franking and addressing machines. Technological developments affecting one ricochet through the others: addressing machines print addresses, postage stamps are a print product, franking machines imprint
4134-489: The first university in the world to offer a degree in Packaging Engineering . In-plant recycling has long been typical for producing packaging materials. Post-consumer recycling of aluminum and paper-based products has been economical for many years: since the 1980s, post-consumer recycling has increased due to curbside recycling , consumer awareness, and regulatory pressure. Many prominent innovations in
4212-501: The following general types: Edwin Hill (U.K.) Edwin Hill (25 November 1793 - 6 November 1876) was a Victorian postal official, the older brother of Rowland Hill , who invented a mechanical system to make envelopes and who campaigned for legal and political change. Hill was born in Birmingham , Warwickshire and educated at a school run by his father Thomas Wright Hill where he also taught when older. Later he worked at
4290-533: The identification of all the requirements: structural design, marketing , shelf life , quality assurance , logistics , legal, regulatory, graphic design , end-use, environmental, etc. The design criteria, performance (specified by package testing ), completion time targets, resources, and cost constraints need to be established and agreed upon. Package design processes often employ rapid prototyping , computer-aided design , computer-aided manufacturing and document automation . An example of how package design
4368-645: The meantime, including the typewriter (which was used up to the 1990s for addressing envelopes), have been primarily designed to process rectangular sheets. Hence the large sheets are in turn guillotined down to the sizes of rectangular sheet commonly used in the commercial printing industry, and nowadays to the sizes commonly used as feed-stock in office-grade computer printers, copiers and duplicators (mainly ISO, A4 and US Letter). Using any mechanical printing equipment to print on envelopes, which although rectangular, are in fact folded sheets with differing thicknesses across their surfaces, calls for skill and attention on
4446-438: The natural materials available at the time: baskets of reeds, wineskins ( bota bags ), wooden boxes , pottery vases , ceramic amphorae , wooden barrels , woven bags, etc. Processed materials were used to form packages as they were developed: first glass and bronze vessels. The study of old packages is an essential aspect of archaeology . The first usage of paper for packaging was sheets of treated mulberry bark used by
4524-621: The necessary postal markings. This is a feature that the direct mail industry has long taken advantage of—and more recently the Mail Art movement. Custom printed envelopes has also become an increasingly popular marketing method for small business . Most of the over 400 billion envelopes of all sizes made worldwide are machine-made. International standard ISO 269 (withdrawn in 2009 without replacement) defined several standard envelope sizes, which are designed for use with ISO 216 standard paper sizes : The German standard DIN 678 defines
4602-571: The package to be tamper-evident and child resistant : These intentionally make the package difficult to open. The intended consumer, however, might be disabled or elderly and unable to readily open the package. Meeting all goals is a challenge. Package design may take place within a company or with various degrees of external packaging engineering : independent contractors , consultants , vendor evaluations, independent laboratories, contract packagers, total outsourcing , etc. Some sort of formal project planning and project management methodology
4680-478: The packaging industry were developed first for military use. Some military supplies are packaged in the same commercial packaging used for general industry. Other military packaging must transport materiel , supplies, foods, etc. under severe distribution and storage conditions. Packaging problems encountered in World War II led to Military Standard or "mil spec" regulations being applied to packaging, which
4758-460: The packaging line, capital cost, floorspace, flexibility (change-over, materials, multiple products, etc.), energy requirements, quality of outgoing packages, qualifications (for food, pharmaceuticals, etc.), throughput, efficiency, productivity, ergonomics , return on investment , etc. Packaging machinery can be: Efforts at packaging line automation increasingly use programmable logic controllers and robotics . Packaging machines may be of
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#17328025022534836-411: The packaging sector accounted for about two percent of the gross national product in developed countries . About half of this market was related to food packaging . In 2019 the global food packaging market size was estimated at USD 303.26 billion, exhibiting a CAGR of 5.2% over the forecast period. Growing demand for packaged food by consumers owing to quickening pace of life and changing eating habits
4914-426: The part of the operator. In commercial printing the task of printing on machine-made envelopes is referred to as "overprinting" and is usually confined to the front of the envelope. If printing is required on all four flaps as well as the front, the process is referred to as "printing on the flat". Eye-catching illustrated envelopes or pictorial envelopes , the origins of which as an artistic genre can be attributed to
4992-552: The sheet in an elaborate way that prevents the letter from being opened without creating obvious damage to the letter/envelope. The "envelope" used to launch the Penny Post component of the British postal reforms of 1840 by Sir Rowland Hill and the invention of the postage stamp , was a lozenge-shaped lettersheet known as a Mulready . If desired, a separate letter could be enclosed with postage remaining at one penny provided
5070-441: The short side, while Western-style (洋形, yōgata , Y) envelopes open on the long side. The Japanese standard JIS S 5502 was first published in 1964. Some traditional sizes were not kept and some sizes have been removed until its latest edition in 2014, leaving behind gaps in the numeric sequence of designations. The first known envelope was nothing like the paper envelope of today. It can be dated back to around 3500 to 3200 BC in
5148-464: The stamps and the operation and control of the service (which is a communications medium) in government hands the British model spread around the world and the diamond-shaped wrapper went with it. Hill also installed his brother Edwin as The Controller of Stamps, and it was he with his partner Warren De La Rue who patented the machine for mass-producing the diamond-shaped sheets for conversion to envelopes in 1845. Today, envelope-making machine manufacture
5226-468: The success of the new postage scheme". Hill was one of the signatories to the notice calling a meeting on 22 January 1817 to petition for parliamentary reform and he campaigned for changes to the law relating to the handling of stolen property. Hill died at home in London on 6 November 1876 and is buried at Highgate Cemetery . This article about an engineer, inventor or industrial designer from
5304-423: The tin canning process was patented by British merchant Peter Durand in 1810. After receiving the patent, Durand did not himself follow up with canning food. He sold his patent in 1812 to two other Englishmen, Bryan Donkin and John Hall, who refined the process and product and set up the world's first commercial canning factory on Southwark Park Road, London. By 1813, they were producing the first canned goods for
5382-407: The type of product being packaged: medical device packaging, bulk chemical packaging, over-the-counter drug packaging, retail food packaging , military materiel packaging, pharmaceutical packaging, etc. It is sometimes convenient to categorize packages by layer or function: primary , secondary , tertiary ,etc. These broad categories can be somewhat arbitrary. For example, depending on
5460-593: The use, a shrink wrap can be primary packaging when applied directly to the product, secondary packaging when used to combine smaller packages, or tertiary packaging when used to facilitate some types of distribution, such as to affix a number of cartons on a pallet. Packaging can also have categories based on the package form. For example, thermoform packaging and flexible packaging describe broad usage areas. Many types of symbols for package labeling are nationally and internationally standardized. For consumer packaging, symbols exist for product certifications (such as
5538-399: The weight. Any handmade envelope is effectively a letter sheet because prior to the folding stage it offers the opportunity for writing a message on that area of the sheet that after folding becomes the inside of the face of the envelope. For document security, the letter sheet can be sealed with wax. Another secure form of letter sheet is a locked letter , that is formed by cutting and folding
5616-411: The wrapper could be produced and postage prepaid by purchasing a stamp and affixing it to the wrapper once folded and secured. In this way although the postage-prepaid printed pictorial version died ignominiously, the diamond-shaped wrapper acquired de facto official status and became readily available to the public notwithstanding the time taken to cut them out and the waste generated. With the issuing of
5694-466: Was an inveterate inventor of equipment to help the stamp department. He invented a mechanical system to make envelopes which was shown at the Great Exhibition of 1851, the patent for which was bought by Warren de la Rue to whom the machine was attributed. On his retirement a Treasury minute praised Hill's "...resourcefulness and considerable mechanical ability which had contributed so much to
5772-430: Was granted a patent for an envelope-cutting machine (patent: "an improved paper-cutting machine"); these machine-cut envelopes still needed to be folded by hand. There is a picture of the front and backside of an envelope stamped in 1841 here on this page. It seems to be machine cut. In 1845, Edwin Hill and Warren De La Rue were granted a British patent for the first envelope-folding machine. The "envelopes" produced by
5850-534: Was possible with the former practice of hammering . Tinplate boxes first began to be sold from ports in the Bristol Channel in 1725. The tinplate was shipped from Newport, Monmouthshire . By 1805, 80,000 boxes were made and 50,000 exported. Tobacconists in London began packaging snuff in metal-plated canisters from the 1760s onwards. With the discovery of the importance of airtight containers for food preservation by French inventor Nicholas Appert ,
5928-428: Was reported as widely as the reduction in letter-post volumes. A windowed envelope is an envelope with a plastic or glassine window in it. The plastic in these envelopes creates problems in paper recycling . Security envelopes have special tamper-resistant and tamper-evident features. They are used for high value products and documents as well as for evidence for legal proceedings. Some security envelopes have
6006-501: Was the Fourdrinier machine . The process involves taking processed pulp stock and converting it to a continuous web which is gathered as a reel. Subsequently, the reel is guillotined edge to edge to create a large number of properly rectangular sheets because ever since the invention of Gutenberg's press paper has been closely associated with printing. To this day, all other mechanical printing and duplicating equipments devised in
6084-586: Was then designated "military specification packaging". As a prominent concept in the military, mil spec packaging officially came into being around 1941, due to operations in Iceland experiencing critical losses, ultimately attributed to bad packaging. In most cases, mil spec packaging solutions (such as barrier materials, field rations , antistatic bags , and various shipping crates ) are similar to commercial grade packaging materials, but subject to more stringent performance and quality requirements. As of 2003 ,
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