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74-642: The English-only movement , also known as the Official English movement , is a political movement that advocates for the exclusive use of the English language in official United States government communication through the establishment of English as the only official language in the United States . The United States has never had an official national language. However, at some times and places, there have been various moves to promote or require

148-607: A condition of statehood. In 2015 during a debate, then Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump said, "This is a country where we speak English, not Spanish." On February 6, 2019, the 116th Congress introduced a bill in House establishing English as the official language of the United States. The House of Representatives named it the English Language Unity Act of 2019. Within this bill, there

222-410: A national of a state, in the sense of being its citizen , without subjectively or emotionally feeling a part of that state, for example a migrant may identify with their ancestral and/or religious background rather than with the state of which they are citizens. Conversely, a person may feel that he belongs to one state without having any legal relationship to it. For example, children who were brought to

296-522: A national of one state required rejecting the previous state. Dual nationality was considered a problem that caused a conflict between states and sometimes imposed mutually exclusive requirements on affected people, such as simultaneously serving in two countries' military forces. Through the middle of the 20th century, many international agreements were focused on reducing the possibility of dual nationality. Since then, many accords recognizing and regulating dual nationality have been formed. Statelessness

370-405: A number of bases. Usually, nationality based on circumstances of birth is automatic, but an application may be required. The following instruments address the right to a nationality: Nationals normally have the right to enter or return to the country they belong to. Passports are issued to nationals of a state, rather than only to citizens, because a passport is a travel document used to enter

444-411: A particular nation , defined as a group of people organized in one country, under one legal jurisdiction, or as a group of people who are united on the basis of culture. In international law , nationality is a legal identification establishing the person as a subject, a national , of a sovereign state . It affords the state jurisdiction over the person and affords the person the protection of

518-525: A political party, a political organization seeks to influence or control government policy through conventional methods, usually by nominating their candidates and seating candidates in politics and governmental offices. However, political parties and movements both aim to influence government in one way or another and both are often related to a certain ideology. Parties also participate in electoral campaigns and educational outreach or protest actions aiming to convince citizens or governments to take action on

592-519: A replay of the 2006 actions, on June 6, 2007 the US Senate again voted on two separate amendments to a subsequent immigration reform bill that closely resembled the amendments to the 2006 Senate bill. Ultimately, neither the 2006 nor 2007 immigration reform bill has become law. On January 22, 2009, voters in Nashville , Tennessee rejected a proposal under a referendum election to make "Nashville

666-744: A similar distinction as well before 1983, where all nationals with a connection to the UK or one of the colonies were classified as Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies , but their rights were different depending on the connection under different laws, which was formalised into different classes of nationalities under the British Nationality Act 1981 . Nationality is sometimes used simply as an alternative word for ethnicity or national origin, just as some people assume that citizenship and nationality are identical. In some countries,

740-552: A teacher claimed to be enforcing English immersion policies when she allegedly slapped students for speaking Spanish in class. In 2005 in Kansas City , a student was suspended for speaking Spanish in the school hallways. The written discipline referral explaining the decision of the school to suspend the student for one and a half days, noted: "This is not the first time we have [asked the student] and others to not speak Spanish at school." One study both of laws requiring English as

814-403: Is a framework for implementation. They strive to enforce English as the only language by testing it during the naturalization process. This bill has yet to be passed. In 2023 then U.S. senator and future U.S. Vice President JD Vance introduced a bill that would have established English as the official language of the United States. The modern English-only movement has met with rejection from

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888-405: Is also employed as a term for national identity , with some cases of identity politics and nationalism conflating the legal nationality as well as ethnicity with a national identity. Nationality is the status that allows a nation to grant rights to the subject and to impose obligations upon the subject. In most cases, no rights or obligations are automatically attached to this status, although

962-454: Is another group founded by Tanton that advocates Official English. In 2018, a Rasmussen poll found that 81% of American adults thought that English should be the official language of the United States, while 12% did not. In 2021, a Rasmussen poll found that 73% of Americans thought that English should be the official language, only 18% disagreed. In 1980, Miami-Dade County, Florida voters approved an "anti-bilingual ordinance". However, this

1036-424: Is awarded based on two well-known principles: jus sanguinis and jus soli . Jus sanguinis translated from Latin means "right of blood". According to this principle, nationality is awarded if the parent(s) of the person are nationals of that country. Jus soli is referred to as "birthright citizenship". It means, anyone born in the territory of the country is awarded nationality of that country. Statelessness

1110-505: Is defined by the 1954 Statelessness Convention as "a person who is not considered a national by any State under operation of its law.” A person can become stateless because of administrative reasons. For example, "A person may be at risk of statelessness if she is born in a State that applies jus sanguinis while her parents were born in a State that applies jus soli , leaving the person ineligible for citizenship in both States due to conflicting laws." Moreover, there are countries in which if

1184-492: Is far from under threat in the United States, saying "making English the official language of the United States of America is about as urgently called for as making hotdogs the official food at baseball games." Rachele Lawton, applying critical discourse analysis , argues that English-only's rhetoric suggests that the "real motivation is discrimination and disenfranchisement." The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) has stated that English-only laws are inconsistent with both

1258-539: Is not defined by political borders or passport ownership and includes nations that lack an independent state (such as the Arameans , Scots , Welsh , English , Andalusians , Basques , Catalans , Kurds , Kabyles , Baluchs , Pashtuns , Berbers , Bosniaks , Palestinians , Hmong , Inuit , Copts , Māori , Wakhis , Xhosas and Zulus , among others). National identity is person's subjective sense of belonging to one state or to one nation. A person may be

1332-528: Is often used as translation of the Russian nacional'nost' and Serbo-Croatian narodnost , which were the terms used in those countries for ethnic groups and local affiliations within the member states of the federation . In the Soviet Union, more than 100 such groups were formally recognized. Membership in these groups was identified on Soviet internal passports , and recorded in censuses in both

1406-546: Is one class (having the right of abode in the United Kingdom, along with some " British subjects "). Similarly, in the Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , the status of national without household registration applies to people who have the Republic of China nationality , but do not have an automatic entitlement to enter or reside in the Taiwan Area , and do not qualify for civic rights and duties there. Under

1480-436: Is that citizens have the right to participate in the political life of the state, such as by voting or standing for election . However, in most modern countries all nationals are citizens of the state, and full citizens are always nationals of the state. In international law , a " stateless person " is someone who is "not considered as a national by any state under the operation of its law". To address this, Article 15 of

1554-449: Is the condition in which an individual has no formal or protective relationship with any state. There are various reasons why a person can become stateless. This might occur, for example, if a person's parents are nationals of separate countries, and the mother's country rejects all offspring of mothers married to foreign fathers, but the father's country rejects all offspring born to foreign mothers. People in this situation may not legally be

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1628-601: The Basque Country as " nationalities " ( nacionalidades ). In 2013, the Supreme Court of Israel unanimously affirmed the position that "citizenship" (e.g. Israeli) is separate from le'om ( Hebrew : לאום ; "nationality" or "ethnic affiliation"; e.g. Jewish , Arab , Druze , Circassian ), and that the existence of a unique "Israeli" le'om has not been proven. Israel recognizes more than 130 le'umim in total. The older ethnicity meaning of "nationality"

1702-871: The California constitution recognized Spanish language rights. French language rights were abolished after the American Civil War . In 1868, the Indian Peace Commission recommended English-only schooling for the Native Americans . In 1878–79, the California constitution was rewritten to state that "[a]ll laws of the State of California , and all official writings, and the executive, legislative, and judicial proceedings shall be conducted, preserved, and published in no other than

1776-501: The European Convention on Nationality . The process of acquiring nationality is called naturalization . Each state determines in its nationality law the conditions ( statute ) under which it will recognize persons as its nationals, and the conditions under which that status will be withdrawn . Some countries permit their nationals to have multiple nationalities , while others insist on exclusive allegiance . Due to

1850-526: The Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR), an immigration reductionist group.) In 1986, Tanton wrote a memo containing remarks about Hispanics claimed by critics to be derogatory, which appeared in the Arizona Republic newspaper, leading to the resignations from U.S. English board member Walter Cronkite and executive director Linda Chavez ; Tanton would also sever his ties to

1924-547: The First Amendment right to communicate with or petition the government, as well as free speech and the right to equality, because they bar government employees from providing non-English language assistance and services. Disputes between citizens and immigrants over English have been waged since the 1750s, when street signs were changed in Pennsylvania to include both English and German languages to accommodate

1998-437: The First Amendment right to communicate with or petition the government, as well as free speech and the right to equality, because they bar government employees from providing non-English language assistance and services. On August 11, 2000, President Bill Clinton signed Executive Order 13166 , "Improving Access to Services for Persons with Limited English Proficiency." The Executive Order requires Federal agencies to examine

2072-578: The Linguistic Society of America , which passed a resolution in 1986–87 opposing "'English only' measures on the grounds that they are based on misconceptions about the role of a common language in establishing political unity, and that they are inconsistent with basic American traditions of linguistic tolerance." Linguist Geoffrey Pullum , in an essay entitled "Here come the linguistic fascists", charges English First with "hatred and suspicion of aliens and immigrants" and points out that English

2146-596: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that "Everyone has the right to a nationality", and "No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality", even though, by international custom and conventions, it is the right of each state to determine who its nationals are. Such determinations are part of nationality law . In some cases, determinations of nationality are also governed by public international law —for example, by treaties on statelessness or

2220-695: The animal rights movement , or the inclusive human rights movement. Some have represented class interests, such as the labour movement , socialism , and communism , while others have expressed national aspirations, including both anticolonialist movements, such as Rātana and Sinn Féin , as well as colonialist movements such as Manifest destiny . Political movements can also involve struggles to decentralize or centralize state control, as in anarchism , fascism , and Nazism . Famous recent social movements can be classified as political movements as they have influenced policy changes at all levels of government. Political movements that have recently emerged within

2294-482: The cognate word for nationality in local language may be understood as a synonym of ethnicity or as an identifier of cultural and family-based self-determination , rather than on relations with a state or current government. For example, some Kurds say that they have Kurdish nationality, even though there is no Kurdish sovereign state at this time in history. In the context of former Soviet Union and former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , "nationality"

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2368-463: The conflict of laws . Within the broad limits imposed by a few treaties and international law, states may freely define who are and are not their nationals. However, since the Nottebohm case , other states are only required to respect the claim(s) by a state to protect an alleged national if the nationality is based on a true social bond. In the case of dual nationality, the states may determine

2442-407: The ecology movement , alter-globalization and the anti-globalization movement . With globalization , global citizens movements may have also emerged. Many political movements have aimed to establish or broaden the rights of subordinate groups, such as abolitionism , the women's suffrage movement, the civil rights movement , feminism , gay rights movement , the disability rights movement ,

2516-596: The English language." In the late 1880s, Wisconsin and Illinois passed English-only instruction laws for both public and parochial schools. In 1896, under the Republic of Hawaii government, English became the primary medium of public schooling for Hawaiian children. After the Spanish–American War , English was declared "the official language of the school room" in Puerto Rico . In the same way, English

2590-492: The Frankfurt School and Theodor Adorno, ultimately leading to a major American study of the authoritarian personality (1950), as a basis for xenophobia and anti-Semitism. Another early theme was the relationship between masses and elites, both outside and within such movements (Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto, Robert Michels, Moisey Ostrogorski). Nationality Nationality is the legal status of belonging to

2664-809: The US are the Black Lives Matter Movement , and the Me Too Movement . While political movements that have happened in recent years within the Middle East is the Arab Spring . While in some cases these political movements remained movements, in others they escalated into revolutions and changed the state of government. Movements may also be named by outsiders, as with the Levellers political movement in 17th century England, which

2738-434: The US illegally when quite young and grew up there while having little contact with their native country and their culture often have a national identity of feeling American, despite legally being nationals of a different country. Dual nationality is when a single person has a formal relationship with two separate, sovereign states. This might occur, for example, if a person's parents are nationals of separate countries, and

2812-468: The USSR and Yugoslavia. In the early years of the Soviet Union's existence, ethnicity was usually determined by the person's native language, and sometimes through religion or cultural factors, such as clothing. Children born after the revolution were categorized according to their parents' recorded ethnicities. Many of these ethnic groups are still recognized by modern Russia and other countries. Similarly,

2886-802: The Union , Louisiana included in its constitution a provision, which was later repealed, that required all official documents be published in the language "in which the Constitution of the United States is written". Today, Louisiana has no law stating that English is the official language of the State. After the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), the United States acquired about 75,000 Spanish speakers in addition to several indigenous language -speaking populations. An 1847 law authorized Anglo-French instruction in public schools in Louisiana. In 1849,

2960-534: The United States' national language that would have made "American" the national language in order to differentiate the United States's language from that of England. This bill did not pass in Congress despite significant support—especially from Irish immigrants who were resentful of British influence. U.S. English is an organization that advocates for Official English, founded in the 1980s by former United States Senator S. I. Hayakawa and John Tanton . ProEnglish

3034-462: The country. However, nationals may not have the right of abode (the right to live permanently) in the countries that granted them passports. Conceptually citizenship and nationality are different dimensions of state membership. Citizenship is focused on the internal political life of the state and nationality is the dimension of state membership in international law . Article 15 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that everyone has

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3108-767: The creation of mass movements as a means to overthrow a government and create their own government, the mass movement then being used afterwards to protect the government from being overthrown itself; whereas liberals seek mass participation in the system of representative democracy. The social scientific study of mass movements focuses on such elements as charisma, leadership, active minorities, cults and sects, followers, mass man and mass society, alienation, brainwashing and indoctrination, authoritarianism and totalitarianism. The field emerged from crowd or mass psychology (Le Bon, Tarde a.o.), which had gradually widened its scope from mobs to social movements and opinion currents, and then to mass and media society. One influential early text

3182-467: The current era, persons native to Taiwan who hold passports of Republic of China are one example. Some countries (like Kuwait, the UAE, and Saudi Arabia) can also remove one's citizenship; the reasons for removal can be fraud and/or security issues. There are also people who are abandoned at birth and the parents' whereabouts are not known. Nationality law defines nationality and statelessness. Nationality

3256-710: The established parties may have neglected this issue in the past. Political scientists Santos and Mercea argue that, in recent years, "the rise of movement parties across Europe has disrupted traditional notions of party politics and opened up new avenues for citizen engagement and political mobilisation. Movement parties are the reflection of a wider socio-political transformation of increasing interconnection between electoral and non-electoral politics". They identify four types of movement parties: green / left-libertarian , far-right , eclectic , and centrist . For groups seeking to influence policy, social movements can provide an alternative to formal electoral politics. For example,

3330-447: The establishment in order to fully develop. Thus, at the beginning and core of a political movement there lies a strategic mobilization of individuals. Political movements are different from political parties since movements are usually focused on a single issue and they have no interest in attaining office in government. A political movement is generally an informal organization and uses unconventional methods to achieve their goals. In

3404-416: The etymology of nationality , in older texts or other languages the word "nationality", rather than "ethnicity", is often used to refer to an ethnic group (a group of people who share a common ethnic identity, language, culture, lineage, history, and so forth). Individuals may also be considered nationals of groups with autonomous status that have ceded some power to a larger sovereign state. Nationality

3478-428: The help of English-only laws. The United States federal government does not specify an official language; however, all official documents in the U.S. are written in English, though some are also published in other languages. Political movement An organization in a political movement that is led by a communist party is termed a mass organization by the party and a "Communist front" by detractors. Some of

3552-635: The issues and concerns which are the focus of the movement. Some political movements have turned into or launched political parties. For example, the 15-M Movement against austerity in Spain led to the creation of the populist party Podemos and the labor movements in Brazil helped form the Brazilian Workers' Party . These types of movement parties serve to raise awareness on the main issue of their initial political movement in government, since

3626-496: The language of instruction and compulsory schooling laws during the Americanization period (1910–1930) found that the policies moderately increased the literacy of some foreign-born children but had no impact on immigrants' eventual labor market outcomes or measures of social integration. The authors concluded that the "very moderate impacts" of the laws were probably because foreign languages were declining naturally, without

3700-484: The largest city in the United States to prohibit the government from using languages other than English, with exceptions allowed for issues of health and safety." The initiative failed by a vote of 57% to 43%. In March 2012, Republican presidential candidate Rick Santorum was criticized by some Republican delegates from Puerto Rico when he publicly took the position that Puerto Rico, a Spanish-speaking territory, should be required to make English its primary language as

3774-595: The many German immigrants. The German-English debate continued until World War I when international hostility resulted in the rejection of all things German, including the prohibition of the German language and German-language materials, particularly books. In 1803, as a result of the Louisiana Purchase , the United States acquired French -speaking populations in Louisiana . As a condition to admittance to

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3848-447: The most effective nationality for the person, to determine which state's laws are the most relevant. There are also limits on removing a person's status as a national. Article 15 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that "Everyone has the right to a nationality," and "No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality." A person can be recognized or granted nationality on

3922-411: The most significant difference between a national and a citizen is that the citizen has the right to vote for elected officials, and the right to be elected. This distinction between full citizenship and other, lesser relationships goes back to antiquity. Until the 19th and 20th centuries, it was typical for only a certain percentage of people who belonged to the state to be considered as full citizens. In

3996-406: The mother's country claims all offspring of the mother's as their own nationals, but the father's country claims all offspring of the father's. Nationality, with its historical origins in allegiance to a sovereign monarch, was seen originally as a permanent, inherent, unchangeable condition, and later, when a change of allegiance was permitted, as a strictly exclusive relationship, so that becoming

4070-549: The national of any state despite possession of an emotional national identity. Another stateless situation arises when a person holds a travel document (passport) which recognizes the bearer as having the nationality of a "state" which is not internationally recognized, has no entry into the International Organization for Standardization's country list, is not a member of the United Nations, etc. In

4144-763: The nationality laws of Mexico , Colombia , and some other Latin American countries, nationals do not become citizens until they turn the age of majority. List of nationalities which do not have full citizenship rights Even if the nationality law classifies people with the same nationality on paper ( de jure ), the right conferred can be different according to the place of birth or residence, creating different de facto classes of nationality, sometimes with different passports as well. For example, although Chinese nationality law operates uniformly in China , including Hong Kong and Macau SARs, with all Chinese nationals classified

4218-497: The organization as a result. That same year, 1986, Larry Pratt founded English First, while Lou Zaeske, an engineer from Bryan , Texas , established the American Ethnic Coalition. Mauro Mujica , a Chilean immigrant, was later named Chairman and CEO in 1993. In 1994, John Tanton and other former U.S. English associates founded ProEnglish specifically to defend Arizona 's English-only law. ProEnglish rejects

4292-477: The past, a number of people were excluded from citizenship on the basis of sex, socioeconomic class, ethnicity, religion, and other factors. However, they held a legal relationship with their government akin to the modern concept of nationality. United States nationality law defines some persons born in some of the US outlying possessions as US nationals but not citizens. British nationality law defines six classes of British national, among which "British citizen"

4366-419: The political scientist S. Laurel Weldon has shown that women's movements and women's policy agencies have tended to be more effective in reducing violence against women than the presence of women in the legislatures. High barriers to entry to the political competition can disenfranchise political movements. Some political movements have aimed to change government policy, such as the anti-war movement ,

4440-416: The political system, structure or by other developments in the political sphere and they are the driving force for political movements to be established. The resource mobilization theory states that political movements are the result of careful planning, organizing and fundraising rather than spontaneous uprisings or societal grievances . This theory postulates that movements rely on resources and contact to

4514-415: The right to nationality. As such nationality in international law can be called and understood as citizenship, or more generally as subject or belonging to a sovereign state , and not as ethnicity. This notwithstanding, around 10 million people are stateless . Today, the concept of full citizenship encompasses not only active political rights, but full civil rights and social rights . Historically,

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4588-510: The same under the nationality law, in reality local laws, in mainland and also in the SARs, govern the right of Chinese nationals in their respective territories which give vastly different rights, including different passports, to Chinese nationals according to their birthplace or residence place, effectively making a distinction between Chinese national of mainland China, Hong Kong or Macau, both domestically and internationally. The United Kingdom had

4662-670: The services they provide, identify any need for services to those with limited English proficiency (LEP), and develop and implement a system to provide those services so LEP persons can have meaningful access to them. While the judicial system has noted that state English-only laws are largely symbolic and non-prohibitive, supervisors and managers often interpret them to mean English is the mandatory language of daily life. In one instance, an elementary school bus driver prohibited students from speaking Spanish on their way to school after Colorado passed its legislation. In 2004 in Scottsdale ,

4736-485: The state against other states. The rights and duties of nationals vary from state to state, and are often complemented by citizenship law, in some contexts to the point where citizenship is synonymous with nationality. However, nationality differs technically and legally from citizenship, which is a different legal relationship between a person and a country. The noun "national" can include both citizens and non-citizens. The most common distinguishing feature of citizenship

4810-409: The status is a necessary precondition for any rights and obligations created by the state. In European law, nationality is the status or relationship that gives the nation the right to protect a person from other nations. Diplomatic and consular protection are dependent upon this relationship between the person and the state. A person's status as being the national of a country is used to resolve

4884-513: The term nationalities of China refers to ethnic and cultural groups in China. Spain is one nation, made up of nationalities , which are not politically recognized as nations (state), but can be considered smaller nations within the Spanish nation. Spanish law recognizes the autonomous communities of Andalusia , Aragon , Balearic Islands , Canary Islands , Catalonia , Valencia , Galicia and

4958-453: The term "English-only movement" and asks its supporters to refer to the movement instead as "Official English". The U.S. Senate voted on two separate changes to an immigration bill in May 2006. The amended bill recognized English as a "common and unifying language" and gave contradictory instructions to government agencies on their obligations for non-English publications. In what was essentially

5032-444: The theories behind social movements have also been applied to the emergence of political movements in specific, like the political opportunity theory and the resource mobilization theory. The political opportunity theory asserts that political movements occur through chance or certain opportunities and have little to do with resources, connections or grievances in society. Political opportunities can be created by possible changes in

5106-644: The use of English, such as in Native American boarding schools . Support for the English-only movement began in 1907, under US President Theodore Roosevelt , and continues today as studies prove high percentage in approval ratings. Republican candidates have supported this movement during elections. The English-only movement has received criticism and rejection within societies and educational systems. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) has stated that English-only laws are inconsistent with both

5180-612: Was a widespread campaign against the use of the German language in the US; this included removing books in the German language from libraries. (A related action took place in South Australia as well with the Nomenclature Act of 1917. The legislation renamed 69 towns, suburbs, or areas that had German names.) In 1923, a bill drafted by Congressman Washington J. McCormick became the first proposed legislation regarding

5254-539: Was declared the official language in the Philippines , after the Philippine–American War . In 1907, US President Theodore Roosevelt wrote, "We have room for but one language in this country, and that is the English language, for we intend to see that the crucible turns our people out as Americans, of American nationality , and not as dwellers in a polyglot boarding house." During World War I , there

5328-477: Was named so as a term of disparagement . Yet admirers of the movement and its aims later came to use the term, and it is this term by which they are most known to history. A mass movement denotes a political party or movement which is supported by large segments of a population. Political movements that typically advocate the creation of a mass movement include the ideologies of communism , fascism , and liberalism . Both communists and fascists typically support

5402-507: Was repealed by the county commission in 1993, after "racially orientated redistricting" led to a change in government. In 1981, English was declared the official language in the commonwealth of Virginia . In 1983, John Tanton and U.S. Senator S. I. Hayakawa founded a political lobbying organization, U.S. English . (Tanton was a former head of the Sierra Club 's population committee and of Zero Population Growth , and founder of

5476-588: Was the double essay on the herd instinct (1908) by British surgeon Wilfred Trotter. It also influenced the key concepts of the superego and identification in Massenpsychologie (1921) by Sigmund Freud, misleadingly translated as Group psychology. They are linked to ideas on sexual repression leading to rigid personalities, in the original Mass psychology of fascism (1933) by Freudo-Marxist Wilhelm Reich (not to be confused with its totally revised 1946 American version). This then rejoined ideas formulated by

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