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51-438: The Bull Terrier's most recognizable feature is its head, described as 'egg-shaped', when viewed from the front; the top of the skull and face is almost flat. The profile curves gently downwards from the top of the skull to the tip of the nose, which is black and bent downwards at the tip, with well-developed nostrils. The lower jaw is deep and strong. The unique, triangular eyes are small, dark, and deep-set. Bull Terriers are one of

102-403: A felony from owning them. Another point of view is that comprehensive "dog bite" legislation, coupled with better consumer education and legally mandating responsible pet keeping practices, is a better solution than breed-specific legislation to the problem of dangerous dogs. A third point of view is that breed-specific legislation should not ban breeds entirely, but should strictly regulate

153-522: A legal presumption that a pit bull–type dog is prima facie a legally "dangerous" or "vicious" dog. In response, 16 states in the U.S. prohibited or restricted the ability of municipal governments within those states to enact BSL, though these restrictions do not affect military installations located within the states. A study by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2000 concluded that fatal attacks on humans appeared to be

204-473: A statutory instrument made under this Act, designated two more types as "appearing to be bred for fighting or to have the characteristics of types bred for that purpose": The Act was further extended in 2023 to include the XL Bully . The Act also covers cross-breeds of the above five types of dog. Dangerous dogs are classified by "type", not by breed label. This means that whether a dog is prohibited under

255-627: A 2014 literature review, the American Veterinary Medical Association stated that "controlled studies have not identified this breed group as disproportionately dangerous", and that "it has not been demonstrated that introducing a breed-specific ban will reduce the rate or severity of bite injuries occurring in the community". In 2012, the American Bar Association passed a resolution urging the repeal of breed-specific legislation, stating that it

306-421: A better status and as a hobby had the breeding of ornamental birds, wild mice. With his bulldog "Old Madman" he started raising dogs, and his social position and comforts for his family improved. In 1858 a fourth son was born, Alfred, and in 1864 the family already had eight children in total, it was not until the sixties that Hinks appeared registered in the address book as a breeder of birds and dogs. Hinks died at

357-692: A breed-specific problem (pit bull–type dogs and Rottweilers accounted for half of all fatal dog attacks on humans between 1979 and 1998). However, they also concluded that fatal attacks represent a small proportion of dog bite injuries to humans and suggested that there may be better alternatives for prevention of dog bites than breed-specific ordinances. Given many media sources reported that this study suggested that pit bull–type dogs and Rottweilers are disproportionately more dangerous than other dog breeds( Fatal dog attacks in USA & Canada 1982 – 2019 ).The American Veterinary Medical Association , whose journal published

408-520: A court. The dogs have to be muzzled and kept on a lead in public, they must be registered and insured, neutered, tattooed and receive microchip implants . The Act also bans the breeding , sale and exchange of these dogs, even if they are on the 'Index of Exempted Dogs'. Two types of dogs are specifically identified by the Act: In addition, the Dangerous Dogs (Designated Types) Order 1991,

459-1127: A dog is a pit bull is evidence of that fact. As of 2018 there is some level of breed-specific legislation in 37 states and over 1,000 cities. Though the Federal Government of the United States has not enacted breed-specific legislation, four of the five branches of the United States Armed Forces have restricted certain breeds at almost 300 installations (mostly with respect to on-base housing and privatized housing). Over 20 American Indian Reservations have also enacted BSL. The following 17 states prohibit their municipalities from passing breed-specific laws: Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Maine, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, Massachusetts, Nevada, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Utah and South Dakota. California prohibits most breed-specific laws, but allows breed-specific spay/neuter. There have been at least 60 municipality BSL repeals in

510-435: A doubt it was his dog Old Madman, who being raised for exhibitions and not for fights played a determining role in the birth of the new race. As part of the folklore of the race, it is said that the dog of Hinks, called "Puss", after an exhibition or during it, fought against a bitch bull and terrier owned by Mr. Tupper and after half an hour, Puss returned triumphantly with small marks on his snout. Between 1855 and 1868 Hinks

561-485: A generalised allergic response of hives, rash, and itching. A UK breed survey puts their median lifespan at 10 years and their mean at 9 years (1 s.f. , RSE = 13.87% 2 d. p. ), with a good number of dogs living to 10–15 years. Lethal acrodermatitis , also known as Acrodermatitis of the Bull Terrier is a rare genodermatosis monogenic autosomal inherited disease found exclusively in white Bull Terriers (including

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612-429: A leash no more than 1.8 meters long when in public or not on enclosed property, and they must be spayed or neutered unless a veterinarian certifies the dog is physically unfit to be anesthetized. If it is alleged in a proceeding that a dog is a pit bull, the onus of proving that the dog is not a pit bull lies on the owner of the dog. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, a veterinarian's certificate attesting that

663-411: A life expectancy of 12 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds . Deafness occurs in 20.4% of pure white Bull Terriers and 1.3% of colored Bull Terriers, often being difficult to notice at a young age. Many Bull Terriers have a tendency to develop skin allergies . Insect bites, such as those from fleas , and sometimes mosquitoes and mites , can produce

714-427: A permit from local authorities. Permit is requested by breeder or owner. Permit can be withdrawn whenever the dog is kept in a way that it creates danger for people or other animals. Owners can have these breeds but they have to have them muzzled when outdoors, registered and sterilized. They also have to submit your own criminal record when they register the dog. In Ukraine capital, Kyiv , as per law adapted at 1998,

765-406: A post. Many breeders began to breed bulldogs with terriers, arguing that such a mixture enhances the quality of fighting. Despite the fact that a cross between a bulldog and a terrier was of high value, very little or nothing was done to preserve the breed in its original form. Due to the lack of breed standards—breeding was for performance, not appearance—the "bull and terrier" eventually divided into

816-580: A sampling of the restrictions in force. "Pit bull" includes a pit bull terrier, a Staffordshire bull terrier, an American Staffordshire terrier, an American pit bull terrier, or a dog that has an appearance and physical characteristics that are substantially similar to those. Pit bulls were grandfathered (called "restricted pit bulls") if they were owned by an Ontario resident on August 29, 2005, or born in Ontario within 90 days afterwards. Such dogs are subject to restrictions: they must be muzzled and kept on

867-542: A strong, short lead (less than 2 metres / 6′ 7″) by a person over 16 years of age who is capable of controlling them. The dogs must be securely muzzled and wear a collar with the name and address of the owner. In the United Kingdom the main piece of breed-specific legislation is the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991, which makes it illegal to own any 'Specially Controlled Dogs' without specific exemption from

918-726: Is "ineffective at improving public safety". In 2013, researchers in Canada found no difference in incidence of dog bites between municipalities with breed-specific legislation and those without it, and in 2008, the Dutch government repealed a 15 year ban on pit bulls, concluding the law was ineffective. A 2017 study examining dog-bite characteristics in Ireland has suggested that targeting specific dog breeds can have significant negative outcomes. The study found that no significant difference existed between legislated and non-legislated dog breeds for

969-546: Is a type of law that prohibits or restricts particular breeds or types of dog. Such laws range from outright bans on the possession of these dogs, to restrictions and conditions on ownership, and often establishes a legal presumption that such dogs are dangerous or vicious to prevent dog attacks. Some jurisdictions have enacted breed-specific legislation in response to a number of fatalities or maulings involving pit bull–type dogs or other dog breeds commonly used in dog fighting , and some government organizations such as

1020-421: Is also a "positive list", listing breeds that are looking pretty similar to them that are banned: Polski Owczarek Podhalanski , Cão Fila de São Miguel , Dogue de Bordeaux , Bullmastiff , English Mastiff , Neapolitan Mastiff , Cane Corso , Staffordshire Bull Terrier , Dogo Canario , Anatolian Shepherd Dog , Iberian Dogge . Owners of these breeds must have documentation for the breeds or types, but dogs on

1071-618: Is now recognized as "Lord Gladiator", from 1917, being the first dog with no stop at all. Due to medical problems associated with all-white breeding, Ted Lyon among others began introducing colour, using Staffordshire Bull Terriers in the early 20th century. Colored Bull Terriers were recognized as a separate variety (at least by the AKC) in 1936. Brindle is the preferred colour, but other colors are welcome. Along with conformation, specific behaviour traits were sought. Breed-specific legislation In law , breed-specific legislation ( BSL )

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1122-528: The Province of Ontario to prevent it from enforcing the Dog Owner's Liability Act (DOLA) ban on pit bull–type dogs, arguing that the law was unconstitutionally broad because the ban was grossly disproportionate to the risk pit bulls pose to public safety, and that the law was unconstitutionally vague because it failed to provide an intelligible definition of pit bulls. She also argued that a provision allowing

1173-468: The United States Army and Marine Corps have taken administrative action as well. Due to opposition to such laws in the United States, anti-BSL laws have been passed in 21 of the 50 state-level governments, prohibiting or restricting the ability of jurisdictions within those states to enact or enforce breed-specific legislation. It is generally settled in case law that jurisdictions in

1224-578: The Act will depend on a judgement about its physical characteristics, and whether they match the description of a prohibited "type". This assessment of the physical characteristics is made by a court. The Act applies in England, Wales and Scotland, with the Dangerous Dogs (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 having a similar effect in Northern Ireland. Vienna : Lower Austria : Vorarlberg : It

1275-676: The Bull Terrier Class at the dog show held at the Cremorne Gardens in Chelsea, London . Originally, these dogs did not yet have the now-familiar "egg face", but kept the stop in the skull profile. The dog was immediately popular and breeding continued, using Dalmatian , Spanish Pointer , and Whippet to increase elegance and agility; and Borzoi and Rough Collie to reduce the stop. Hinks wanted his dogs white, and bred specifically for this. The first modern Bull Terrier

1326-530: The Crown to introduce as evidence a veterinarian's certificate certifying that the dog is a pit bull violates the right to a fair trial and the presumption of innocence. The presiding judge ruled that the DOLA was not overbroad because, "The evidence with respect to the dangerousness of pit bulls, although conflicting and inconclusive, is sufficient, in my opinion, to constitute a 'reasoned apprehension of harm'. In

1377-410: The U.S. since 2018. As of 2021, there are only 9 states that prohibit local governments from implementing or enforcing breed-specific legislation. They include: Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Maine, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Utah, Washington DC Below are summaries of some of the breed-specific legislation enacted in the United States. This is not an all-inclusive list of BSL throughout

1428-578: The USA. suspended from April 21, 2004 to May 8, 2005 No one shall keep, possess or harbor a dangerous dog, as defined by Section 6.04.020 within the city. In Rio de Janeiro: The Control of Dogs Regulations, 1998 place controls on 12 breeds of dogs: American Pit Bull Terrier , English Bull Terrier , Staffordshire Bull Terrier , Dogo Argentino , Bull Mastiff , Doberman Pinscher , German Shepherd (Alsatian) , Rhodesian Ridgeback , Rottweiler , Japanese Akita , Japanese Tosa , and Bandog . These dogs, or strains and crosses thereof, must be kept on

1479-491: The United States and Canada have the right to enact breed-specific legislation; however, the appropriateness and effectiveness of breed-specific legislation in preventing dog bite fatalities and injuries is disputed. One point of view is that certain dog breeds are a public safety issue that merits actions such as banning ownership, mandatory spaying/neutering for all dogs of these breeds, mandatory microchip implants and liability insurance , or prohibiting people convicted of

1530-446: The age of 2. Their size is roughly half of their unaffected litter mates at a year old. Unlike the human condition acrodermatitis enteropathica , zinc supplements do not improve symptoms. A UK study found the Bull Terrier to have a predisposition to neutrophilic cholangitis , with the breed being 25.34 times more likely to acquire the condition. At the start of the 19th century, the " bull and terrier " breeds were developed to satisfy

1581-406: The ancestors of "Bull Terriers" and " Staffordshire Bull Terriers ", both smaller and easier to handle than the progenitor. In the mid-19th century, James Hinks started breeding bull and terriers with " English White Terriers " (now extinct), looking for a cleaner appearance with better legs and nicer head. In 1862, Hinks entered a dam called "Puss" sired by his white Bulldog called "Madman" into

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1632-414: The animal's physical condition or medical treatment. Owners of these breeds are required to display warning signs where these dogs are kept, meet stringent fencing requirements, notify the local government of changes in the dogs status (moved, died, etc. .), and ensure their dogs wear dangerous dog collars. In Cochrane v. Ontario (Attorney General) , 2007 CanLII 9231 (ON S.C.), Ms. Catherine Cochrane sued

1683-687: The breed is described by the Bull Terrier Club as particularly good with people. Early socialization will ensure that the dog will get along with other dogs and animals. Their personality is described as courageous, full of spirit, with a fun-loving attitude, a children-loving dog and a perfect family member. Although the breed has been a target of breed-specific legislation , a 2008 study in Germany did not find that Bull Terriers had any significant temperament difference from Golden Retrievers in overall temperament researches. A 2024 UK study found

1734-508: The conditions under which specific breeds could be owned, e.g., forbidding certain classes of individuals from owning them, specifying public areas in which they would be prohibited, and establishing conditions, such as requiring a dog to wear a muzzle , for taking dogs from specific breeds into public places. Finally, some governments, such as that of Australia, have forbidden the import of specific breeds and require all existing dogs of these breeds to be spayed/neutered in an attempt to eliminate

1785-567: The dog with the local government and notify the government if the dog attacks a person or animal, cannot be found, dies, has moved out of the area, or is now living at a different location within the local government's jurisdiction. A person who owns a "restricted" dog must: All restricted breed dogs must be muzzled, leashed and controlled by an adult who is physically capable of handling the dog, in any environment except prescribed enclosures. Restricted breed dogs are also required to be sterilised unless there are extenuating circumstances relating to

1836-663: The face of conflicting evidence as to the feasibility of less restrictive means to protect the public, it was open to the legislature to decide to restrict the ownership of all pit bulls." James Hinks James Hinks (7 January 1829 – 10 October 1878) was a dog breeder who bred and named the English Bull Terrier in the 1860s, as well as the English White Terrier . He lived most of his life in Birmingham and died there in 1878. Hinks

1887-411: The following requirements: Restricted dogs may not be sold, given away, or acquired, and must be spay/neutered. They must be muzzled when in public, wear a special red-and-yellow collar, and may only be handled by a competent adult over the age of 18. The dog must live in a secure enclosure when at home, and the owner must post "Warning: Dangerous Dog" signs on their property. The owner must also register

1938-827: The government's discretion. Another category, restricted breeds, may be imported/kept once the conditions for keeping these dogs have been fulfilled, new acquisitions require pre-approval, and they may be bred only with a Breeder’s permit. Restricted breeds include: Akita , Australian Cattle Dog , Belgian Malinois , Bouvier Des Flandres , Bull Terrier , Bullmastiff , Chow Chow , Doberman Pinscher , Dogue De Bordeaux , German Shepherd , English Mastiff , Rhodesian Ridgeback , Rottweiler , Staffordshire Bull Terrier , and any cross of these. The Canadian federal government does not regulate pit bull–type dogs, but two provincial governments and some municipal governments in Canada have enacted breed-specific legislation banning or restricting pit bull–type dogs. The following table discusses

1989-731: The list of breeds forbidden for breeding and requiring mandatory sterilization, includes Dogo Argentino , Tosa Inu , American Pit Bull Terrier , Presa Canario , Kangal , Romanian Shepherd, Greek Shepherd , Alek Roshhin Doberman, Superdog and Superdog Mainkong mixes and 18 other recognized and unrecognized breeds. Besides mandatory spay, law requests muzzle, insurance, short leash, very high license fees and other measures. As per Ukrainian Kennel Club KSU, dangerous breeds list includes over 20 breeds, such as American Staffordshire Terrier , American Pit Bull Terrier , Dogo Argentino , Tosa Inu , Staffordshire Bull Terrier , Dogue De Bordeaux . It

2040-453: The miniature Bull Terrier). The condition is usually fatal and is characterised by poor growth, decreased serum copper and zinc levels, immunodeficiency, bronchopneumonia , skin lesions, and erosions on the distal extremities. Other symptoms that occur later on include crusting, papules , pustules , erythema , hyperkeratosis , and colour dilution. The condition manifests within the first few weeks of life and most puppies affected die before

2091-492: The national level, as of December 2018. In Bermuda , since, July 21, 2003, importing or breeding of any "breed of dog that may be perceived as dangerous" is prohibited. Prohibited breeds include: American Pit Bull Terrier , American Bulldog , American Staffordshire Terrier , Dogo Argentino , Boerboel , Fila Brasiliero , Cane Corso , Presa Canario , Neapolitan Mastiff , Tosa Inu , Wolf or Wolf hybrid , and crossbreeds thereof, as well as "any exotic or uncommon breed" at

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2142-564: The needs for vermin control and animal-based blood sports . The bull and terriers were based on the Old English Bulldog (now extinct) and Old English Terriers with possible other terriers. This new breed combined the speed and dexterity of lightly built terriers with the dour tenacity of the Bulldog, which was a poor performer in most combat situations, having been bred almost exclusively for fighting bulls and bears tied to

2193-435: The only dogs that have triangular eyes. The body is full and round, with strong, muscular shoulders. The tail is carried horizontally. They are either white, red, fawn, black, brindle, or a combination of these. Bull Terriers can be both independent and stubborn and for this reason are not considered suitable for an inexperienced dog owner. A Bull Terrier has an even temperament and is amenable to discipline. Although obstinate,

2244-639: The original article, released a statement detailing that this study "cannot be used to infer any breed specific risk for dog bite fatalities" (for lack of sufficient data on total breed ownership). A 2018 literature review determined that "injuries from Pitbull's and mixed breed dogs were both more frequent and more severe." In a 2019 study of patient records, among several breed categories, "pit bull terriers inflicted more complex wounds, were often unprovoked, and went off property to attack. Other top-biting breeds resulting in more unprovoked and complex wounds included German shepherds, Rottweilers, and huskies." In

2295-504: The population slowly through natural attrition. Approximately 550 jurisdictions in the United States have enacted breed-specific legislation in response to a number of well-publicized incidents involving pit bull–type dogs, and some government organizations such as the U.S. Army and Marine Corps have taken administrative action as well. These actions range from outright bans on the possession of pit bull–type dogs, to restrictions and conditions on pit bull ownership. They often establish

2346-896: The positive list are not banned by law. Importation of the American Pit Bull Terrier , American Staffordshire Terrier , Staffordshire Bull Terrier , English Bull Terrier , Dogo Argentino , Tosa Inu and their crossbreeds, is prohibited. Eighteen (18) other dog breeds are regulated by individual federal states, including: Alano , American Bulldog , Bully Kutta (Pakistani Mastiff), Bullmastiff , Cane Corso (Italian Mastiff), Caucasian Shepherd Dog , Dobermann , Dogue de Bordeaux , Fila Brasiliero , Kangal Shepherd Dog ( Karabash ), Boerboel , Neapolitan Mastiff , Presa Canario (Canary Mastiff), Perro de Presa Mallorquin , Rottweiler , and Spanish Mastiff . Dogs of these breeds that are kept legal, also have to be microchipped. Breeding or owning of these breeds requires

2397-518: The type of bite inflicted, and the medical treatment needed after the bite. The authors found that non-legislated dog breeds were less likely to be reported to the authorities both before and after the bite compared to legislated dog breeds. The publication suggests there is no scientifically valid basis for breed-specific legislation, and suggests significant negative consequences may result from its introduction. Fifty-two countries have some form of breed-specific legislation, and 41 of those have BSL at

2448-591: The young age of 47, affected by a deadly tuburculosis, and his inheritance according to his testament was at the hands of his wife Elizabeth. Although very little is known about the crossings that Hinks carried out to obtain the Bull Terriers, it is documented by Henry Walsh , that perhaps Hinks used the old English Bulldog , English White Terrier , the Dalmatian and perhaps even the Greyhound . Without

2499-484: Was born in 1829 in the town of Mullingar in Ireland, his father being a shoemaker from Birmingham in England named John Hinks. They returned to Birmingham shortly after James' birth. The elder James worked in the industrial sector, where Hinks Jr. began to work in the forges. This same year he married Elizabeth Moore and they had three children, the eldest, James II, a girl named Mary and the youngest, Frederick. Already by 1854 Hinks began to trade with poultry, which gave him

2550-728: Was proposed in a response to the appeals to ban certain breeds due to attacks on humans and animal abuse relating to dog fighting and more. The following breeds are restricted in Malaysia: Alaskan Malamute , American Staffordshire Terrier , Belgian Shepherd , Dogue de Bordeaux , East-European Shepherd , Estrela Mountain Dog , German Shepherd , Miniature Bull Terrier , Neapolitan Mastiff , Rafeiro do Alentejo , Rottweiler , Staffordshire Bull Terrier Owners of these breeds of dogs already in Singapore must comply with

2601-473: Was the owner of at least the following dogs: Bull Terrier "Spring" (Jerry x Daisy), "Bulldog Nettle" (Grip x Nettle), Bull Terrier, "Young Puss" (Old Madman x Old Puss), the Terrier, "Lady" (Stormer x Daisy), Bull Terrier, "Kit" (unknown pedigree), Dalmatian, "Spot" (Joss x Dinah) and a Greyhound called "Dart" (Chap x Fly). Hinks even was the owner of all the parents of these dogs and not only Hinks contributed to

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