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97-576: Teledyne e2v (previously known as e2v ) is a manufacturer with its headquarters in England, that designs, develops and manufactures systems and components in healthcare, life sciences, space, transportation, defence and security and industrial markets. The company was previously known as English Electric Valve Company and for a short time Marconi Applied Technologies . e2v was acquired by US company Teledyne Technologies in March 2017. The company began in

194-423: A charge amplifier , which converts the charge into a voltage . By repeating this process, the controlling circuit converts the entire contents of the array in the semiconductor to a sequence of voltages. In a digital device, these voltages are then sampled, digitized, and usually stored in memory; in an analog device (such as an analog video camera), they are processed into a continuous analog signal (e.g. by feeding

291-481: A shift register . The essence of the design was the ability to transfer charge along the surface of a semiconductor from one storage capacitor to the next. The concept was similar in principle to the bucket-brigade device (BBD), which was developed at Philips Research Labs during the late 1960s. The first experimental device demonstrating the principle was a row of closely spaced metal squares on an oxidized silicon surface electrically accessed by wire bonds. It

388-460: A white knight friendly acquirer. On August 15, 1996, an agreement was reached to merge Teledyne with Allegheny Ludlum, forming Allegheny Teledyne, Inc. (ATI), with headquarters in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania. After some reorganization, ATI operated with three segments: Aerospace and Electronics, Specialty Metals, and Consumer Products. The former Teledyne high-technology companies were mainly in

485-485: A CCD is the higher cost: the cell area is basically doubled, and more complex control electronics are needed. An intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) is a CCD that is optically connected to an image intensifier that is mounted in front of the CCD. An image intensifier includes three functional elements: a photocathode , a micro-channel plate (MCP) and a phosphor screen. These three elements are mounted one close behind

582-570: A US-based designer and supplier of speciality semiconductor components used in military and aerospace applications, establishing e2v's first US manufacturing base. In 2014 e2v acquired AnaFocus, based in Seville Spain, a designer and manufacturer of specialist CMOS imaging products. In 2016, e2v acquired Signal Processing (SP) Devices Sweden AB. In March 2017, e2v itself was acquired by Teledyne Technologies for some £627 million ($ 789mn) and changed its name to Teledyne e2v. The US acquisition

679-549: A close friend from Naval Academy days, who had headed Vasco. Singleton, now assisted by Roberts, continued in acquiring new companies. In 1967, one of the largest of these was Brown Engineering, a firm with about 3,500 employees headquartered in Huntsville, Alabama . With NASA and DoD contracts for engineering services and research, Brown Engineering added a new line of business for Teledyne. Ryan Aeronautical in San Diego,

776-669: A cooling system—using either thermoelectric cooling or liquid nitrogen—to cool the chip down to temperatures in the range of −65 to −95 °C (−85 to −139 °F). This cooling system adds additional costs to the EMCCD imaging system and may yield condensation problems in the application. However, high-end EMCCD cameras are equipped with a permanent hermetic vacuum system confining the chip to avoid condensation issues. The low-light capabilities of EMCCDs find use in astronomy and biomedical research, among other fields. In particular, their low noise at high readout speeds makes them very useful for

873-436: A cumulative financial growth in the decade of approximately 100 percent. About 44 percent of the 2010 sales were derived from contracts with agencies of, or prime contractors to, the U.S. government. By the start of 2011, there were near 100 companies, functioning in a wide range of products and services. Teledyne reported third quarter 2019 net sales of $ 802.2 million, a 10.6% increase compared to 2018. On 4 January 2021, it

970-428: A factor of 2–3 compared to the surface-channel CCD. The gate oxide, i.e. the capacitor dielectric , is grown on top of the epitaxial layer and substrate. Later in the process, polysilicon gates are deposited by chemical vapor deposition , patterned with photolithography , and etched in such a way that the separately phased gates lie perpendicular to the channels. The channels are further defined by utilization of

1067-555: A few percent. That image can then be read out slowly from the storage region while a new image is integrating or exposing in the active area. Frame-transfer devices typically do not require a mechanical shutter and were a common architecture for early solid-state broadcast cameras. The downside to the frame-transfer architecture is that it requires twice the silicon real estate of an equivalent full-frame device; hence, it costs roughly twice as much. The interline architecture extends this concept one step further and masks every other column of

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1164-429: A full-frame device, all of the image area is active, and there is no electronic shutter. A mechanical shutter must be added to this type of sensor or the image smears as the device is clocked or read out. With a frame-transfer CCD, half of the silicon area is covered by an opaque mask (typically aluminum). The image can be quickly transferred from the image area to the opaque area or storage region with acceptable smear of

1261-592: A gain register is placed between the shift register and the output amplifier. The gain register is split up into a large number of stages. In each stage, the electrons are multiplied by impact ionization in a similar way to an avalanche diode . The gain probability at every stage of the register is small ( P < 2%), but as the number of elements is large (N > 500), the overall gain can be very high ( g = ( 1 + P ) N {\displaystyle g=(1+P)^{N}} ), with single input electrons giving many thousands of output electrons. Reading

1358-401: A large lateral electric field from one gate to the next. This provides an additional driving force to aid in transfer of the charge packets. The CCD image sensors can be implemented in several different architectures. The most common are full-frame, frame-transfer, and interline. The distinguishing characteristic of each of these architectures is their approach to the problem of shuttering. In

1455-733: A mail order retailer founded in 1927, in Akron, Ohio, as Olson Co., by Irving, later including brothers, Sidney and Philip, that operated retail stores across America. Packard Bell Corporation had both consumer and government sales in computers and television receivers. A number of electronic product lines and smaller acquisitions were consolidated in Teledyne Electronics and Teledyne Microelectronic Technologies. Two acquired firms, Geophysical Exploration and Geotronics , brought Teledyne into off-shore drilling and earth-science instrumentation fields. Twenty-one acquired companies were in

1552-425: A name in the military market. This caused a major jump in the stock price, from $ 15 to $ 65. By the end of the fiscal year, Teledyne had acquired 34 companies, sales were $ 86.5 million with net income of $ 3.4 million, there were about 5,400 employees, assets reached $ 66.5 million, and there were near 8 million outstanding shares of stock. A new era for Teledyne started in 1966. In June, Kozmetsky left to become dean of

1649-399: A non-equilibrium state called deep depletion. Then, when electron–hole pairs are generated in the depletion region, they are separated by the electric field, the electrons move toward the surface, and the holes move toward the substrate. Four pair-generation processes can be identified: The last three processes are known as dark-current generation, and add noise to the image; they can limit

1746-631: A number of legal problems, none of which were the direct result of wrongdoings of Singleton or Roberts. After agreeing to plead guilty to officials in Teledyne Electronics having made false statements, Teledyne was fined $ 17.5 million. After guiding Teledyne for 29 years, Singleton retired as an employee and officer in April 1989. Nevertheless, that was a peak year for Teledyne sales ($ 3.53 billion) and earnings ($ 392 million). Teledyne stock price reached $ 388.88. Total employment also peaked at near 43,000. Henry Singleton retired as Teledyne Chairman in 1991, and

1843-399: A number of other well-known companies. This stock was mainly held by the insurance subsidiaries. In the "bear" market of the early 1970s, Teledyne stock fell from about $ 40 to less than $ 8; Singleton saw this as an opportunity to buy back Teledyne stock. In buybacks from October 1972 to February 1976, 22 million shares were repurchased at $ 14 to $ 40 – well above the market price. This raised

1940-417: A p+ doped region underlying them, providing a further barrier to the electrons in the charge packets (this discussion of the physics of CCD devices assumes an electron transfer device, though hole transfer is possible). The clocking of the gates, alternately high and low, will forward and reverse bias the diode that is provided by the buried channel (n-doped) and the epitaxial layer (p-doped). This will cause

2037-1149: A range of new technologies, as well as development and production efforts in digital imaging products for government applications. Included are infrared detectors, cameras, and opto-mechanical assemblies. This segment provides monitoring and control instruments for marine, environmental, scientific, industrial, and defense applications as well as harsh environment interconnect products. This segment provides systems engineering and integration, advanced technology application, software development, and parts to space, military, environmental, energy, chemical, biological and nuclear systems, and missile defense requirements. It also designs and manufactures hydrogen gas generators, thermoelectric and fuel-based power sources, and small turbine engines. This segment provides complex electronic components and subsystems for communication products, including defense electronics, data acquisition and communications equipment for air transport and business aircraft, and components and subsystems for wireless and satellite communications, as well as general aviation batteries. As of April 2022 , Teledyne Technologies listed

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2134-409: A reflective material such as aluminium. When the exposure time is up, the cells are transferred very rapidly to the hidden area. Here, safe from any incoming light, cells can be read out at any speed one deems necessary to correctly measure the cells' charge. At the same time, the exposed part of the CCD is collecting light again, so no delay occurs between successive exposures. The disadvantage of such

2231-720: A short period as Marconi Applied Technologies, and then in 2002 he led a management buy out supported by 3i following the collapse of the Marconi group . Following further growth under 3i, in 2004 the company floated on the London Stock Exchange. In 2017, e2v was acquired by Teledyne Technologies and changed its name to Teledyne e2v. The company has received 12 Queen's Awards for Technology in its history, most recently in 2006 for low-light imaging devices and in 2004 for thyratrons for cancer radiotherapy treatment. In its final annual report prior to acquisition, namely for

2328-445: A signal from a CCD gives a noise background, typically a few electrons. In an EMCCD, this noise is superimposed on many thousands of electrons rather than a single electron; the devices' primary advantage is thus their negligible readout noise. The use of avalanche breakdown for amplification of photo charges had already been described in the U.S. patent 3,761,744 in 1973 by George E. Smith/Bell Telephone Laboratories. EMCCDs show

2425-422: A similar sensitivity to intensified CCDs (ICCDs). However, as with ICCDs, the gain that is applied in the gain register is stochastic and the exact gain that has been applied to a pixel's charge is impossible to know. At high gains (> 30), this uncertainty has the same effect on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as halving the quantum efficiency (QE) with respect to operation with a gain of unity. This effect

2522-416: A single slice of the image, whereas a two-dimensional array, used in video and still cameras, captures a two-dimensional picture corresponding to the scene projected onto the focal plane of the sensor. Once the array has been exposed to the image, a control circuit causes each capacitor to transfer its contents to its neighbor (operating as a shift register). The last capacitor in the array dumps its charge into

2619-424: A time. During the readout phase, cells are shifted down the entire area of the CCD. While they are shifted, they continue to collect light. Thus, if the shifting is not fast enough, errors can result from light that falls on a cell holding charge during the transfer. These errors are referred to as "vertical smear" and cause a strong light source to create a vertical line above and below its exact location. In addition,

2716-464: A variety of astronomical applications involving low light sources and transient events such as lucky imaging of faint stars, high speed photon counting photometry, Fabry-Pérot spectroscopy and high-resolution spectroscopy. More recently, these types of CCDs have broken into the field of biomedical research in low-light applications including small animal imaging , single-molecule imaging , Raman spectroscopy , super resolution microscopy as well as

2813-410: Is a photoactive region (an epitaxial layer of silicon), and a transmission region made out of a shift register (the CCD, properly speaking). An image is projected through a lens onto the capacitor array (the photoactive region), causing each capacitor to accumulate an electric charge proportional to the light intensity at that location. A one-dimensional array, used in line-scan cameras, captures

2910-432: Is a specialized CCD, often used in astronomy and some professional video cameras , designed for high exposure efficiency and correctness. The normal functioning of a CCD, astronomical or otherwise, can be divided into two phases: exposure and readout. During the first phase, the CCD passively collects incoming photons , storing electrons in its cells. After the exposure time is passed, the cells are read out one line at

3007-565: Is one of the major advantages of the ICCD over the EMCCD cameras. The highest performing ICCD cameras enable shutter times as short as 200 picoseconds . ICCD cameras are in general somewhat higher in price than EMCCD cameras because they need the expensive image intensifier. On the other hand, EMCCD cameras need a cooling system to cool the EMCCD chip down to temperatures around 170  K (−103  °C ). This cooling system adds additional costs to

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3104-564: Is referred to as the Excess Noise Factor (ENF). However, at very low light levels (where the quantum efficiency is most important), it can be assumed that a pixel either contains an electron—or not. This removes the noise associated with the stochastic multiplication at the risk of counting multiple electrons in the same pixel as a single electron. To avoid multiple counts in one pixel due to coincident photons in this mode of operation, high frame rates are essential. The dispersion in

3201-452: Is the largest image sensor flown into space. In 2015, NASA's New Horizons probe, which had launched from Earth ten years earlier, used CCDs made by e2v to capture images of Pluto. Almost four years later, in early 2019, New Horizons similarly captured and transmitted images of 486958 Arrokoth , an object located in the Kuiper belt . As of 2018, e2v was one of the suppliers of CCDs for

3298-512: Is the probability of getting n output electrons given m input electrons and a total mean multiplication register gain of g . For very large numbers of input electrons, this complex distribution function converges towards a Gaussian. Because of the lower costs and better resolution, EMCCDs are capable of replacing ICCDs in many applications. ICCDs still have the advantage that they can be gated very fast and thus are useful in applications like range-gated imaging . EMCCD cameras indispensably need

3395-422: Is the right choice. Consumer snap-shot cameras have used interline devices. On the other hand, for those applications that require the best possible light collection and issues of money, power and time are less important, the full-frame device is the right choice. Astronomers tend to prefer full-frame devices. The frame-transfer falls in between and was a common choice before the fill-factor issue of interline devices

3492-405: Is used in the construction of interline-transfer devices. Another version of CCD is called a peristaltic CCD. In a peristaltic charge-coupled device, the charge-packet transfer operation is analogous to the peristaltic contraction and dilation of the digestive system . The peristaltic CCD has an additional implant that keeps the charge away from the silicon/ silicon dioxide interface and generates

3589-681: The Kodak Apparatus Division, invented a digital still camera using this same Fairchild 100 × 100 CCD in 1975. The interline transfer (ILT) CCD device was proposed by L. Walsh and R. Dyck at Fairchild in 1973 to reduce smear and eliminate a mechanical shutter . To further reduce smear from bright light sources, the frame-interline-transfer (FIT) CCD architecture was developed by K. Horii, T. Kuroda and T. Kunii at Matsushita (now Panasonic) in 1981. The first KH-11 KENNEN reconnaissance satellite equipped with charge-coupled device array ( 800 × 800 pixels) technology for imaging

3686-566: The LOCOS process to produce the channel stop region. Channel stops are thermally grown oxides that serve to isolate the charge packets in one column from those in another. These channel stops are produced before the polysilicon gates are, as the LOCOS process utilizes a high-temperature step that would destroy the gate material. The channel stops are parallel to, and exclusive of, the channel, or "charge carrying", regions. Channel stops often have

3783-913: The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope . It is also a supplier of CCDs to ESA for its FLEX satellite , which will study plant health and stress from space and is scheduled for launch into earth orbit in 2024. Major clients include: With its HQ in Chelmsford, Essex, England, e2v has two UK based design, development and manufacturing facilities ( Chelmsford , Lincoln ), one in Grenoble , France, one in Seville , Spain, and one in Milpitas , US. It also has an operational base with customer support facilities in Beijing, China. Over 30% of

3880-473: The photodiode to the CCD. This led to their invention of the pinned photodiode, a photodetector structure with low lag, low noise , high quantum efficiency and low dark current . It was first publicly reported by Teranishi and Ishihara with A. Kohono, E. Oda and K. Arai in 1982, with the addition of an anti-blooming structure. The new photodetector structure invented at NEC was given the name "pinned photodiode" (PPD) by B.C. Burkey at Kodak in 1984. In 1987,

3977-621: The 12 months ending March 2016, e2v's turnover was £236.4 million, of which 44% was generated from its imaging division, 34% from radiofrequency (RF) power products and 22% from semi-conductors, and it employed around 1,600 staff across nine engineering facilities and six sales offices. Its profit before tax for the same period was £37.6mn. The company has received 13 Queen's Awards for Technology in its history, most recently in 2006 for low light imaging devices and in 2004 for thyratrons for cancer radiotherapy treatment. Hugh Menown, responsible for developing double- cathode and hollow anode thyratrons,

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4074-520: The A&;E Segment, led by Robert Mehrabian . ATI eventually decided to spin off the segments into independent entities, and on November 29, 1999, Teledyne Technologies Incorporated, Allegheny Technologies Incorporated, and Water Pik Technologies, Inc., were formed. With Robert Mehrabian as Chairman, CEO, and President, Teledyne Technologies (or simply Teledyne, as it is most often called) was initially composed of 19 companies, all dating (in some form) from

4171-399: The CCD cannot be used to collect light while it is being read out. A faster shifting requires a faster readout, and a faster readout can introduce errors in the cell charge measurement, leading to a higher noise level. A frame transfer CCD solves both problems: it has a shielded, not light sensitive, area containing as many cells as the area exposed to light. Typically, this area is covered by

4268-402: The CCD concept. Michael Tompsett was awarded the 2010 National Medal of Technology and Innovation , for pioneering work and electronic technologies including the design and development of the first CCD imagers. He was also awarded the 2012 IEEE Edison Medal for "pioneering contributions to imaging devices including CCD Imagers, cameras and thermal imagers". In a CCD for capturing images, there

4365-545: The CCD to deplete, near the p–n junction and will collect and move the charge packets beneath the gates—and within the channels—of the device. CCD manufacturing and operation can be optimized for different uses. The above process describes a frame transfer CCD. While CCDs may be manufactured on a heavily doped p++ wafer it is also possible to manufacture a device inside p-wells that have been placed on an n-wafer. This second method, reportedly, reduces smear, dark current , and infrared and red response. This method of manufacture

4462-477: The CCD-G5, was released by Sony in 1983, based on a prototype developed by Yoshiaki Hagiwara in 1981. Early CCD sensors suffered from shutter lag . This was largely resolved with the invention of the pinned photodiode (PPD). It was invented by Nobukazu Teranishi , Hiromitsu Shiraki and Yasuo Ishihara at NEC in 1980. They recognized that lag can be eliminated if the signal carriers could be transferred from

4559-404: The EMCCD camera and often yields heavy condensation problems in the application. ICCDs are used in night vision devices and in various scientific applications. An electron-multiplying CCD (EMCCD, also known as an L3Vision CCD, a product commercialized by e2v Ltd., GB, L3CCD or Impactron CCD, a now-discontinued product offered in the past by Texas Instruments) is a charge-coupled device in which

4656-610: The PPD began to be incorporated into most CCD devices, becoming a fixture in consumer electronic video cameras and then digital still cameras . Since then, the PPD has been used in nearly all CCD sensors and then CMOS sensors . In January 2006, Boyle and Smith were awarded the National Academy of Engineering Charles Stark Draper Prize , and in 2009 they were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for their invention of

4753-569: The School of Business Administration at the University of Texas . In July, Vanadium-Alloy Steel Company (Vasco), including its subsidiary Allvac, was merged into Teledyne. This expanded the company into the Eastern U.S. and started the formation of material technologies as a major business activity of Teledyne. With the merger, Singleton turned his position of President over to George A. Roberts ,

4850-451: The array's dark current , improving the sensitivity of the CCD to low light intensities, even for ultraviolet and visible wavelengths. Professional observatories often cool their detectors with liquid nitrogen to reduce the dark current, and therefore the thermal noise , to negligible levels. The frame transfer CCD imager was the first imaging structure proposed for CCD Imaging by Michael Tompsett at Bell Laboratories. A frame transfer CCD

4947-692: The basic building blocks of a CCD, are biased above the threshold for inversion when image acquisition begins, allowing the conversion of incoming photons into electron charges at the semiconductor-oxide interface; the CCD is then used to read out these charges. Although CCDs are not the only technology to allow for light detection, CCD image sensors are widely used in professional, medical, and scientific applications where high-quality image data are required. In applications with less exacting quality demands, such as consumer and professional digital cameras , active pixel sensors , also known as CMOS sensors (complementary MOS sensors), are generally used. However,

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5044-693: The capital world. These included thrift and loan banks and insurance firms dealing with property, workers compensation, casualty, and life insurance. Most of the insurance investments were later consolidated into the Argonaut and Unitrin subsidiaries, and were ultimately spun off as independent companies. Teledyne was divided into groups, and by the end of the 1960s, there were 16 groups with 94 profit centers in 120 locations. Company presidents were given considerable freedom in their operations, but corporate maintained close financial control and capital management. Teledyne sales in 1969 were $ 2.7 billion and net income

5141-426: The channel in which the photogenerated charge packets will travel. Simon Sze details the advantages of a buried-channel device: This thin layer (= 0.2–0.3 micron) is fully depleted and the accumulated photogenerated charge is kept away from the surface. This structure has the advantages of higher transfer efficiency and lower dark current, from reduced surface recombination. The penalty is smaller charge capacity, by

5238-399: The charge could be stepped along from one to the next. This led to the invention of the charge-coupled device by Boyle and Smith in 1969. They conceived of the design of what they termed, in their notebook, "Charge 'Bubble' Devices". The initial paper describing the concept in April 1970 listed possible uses as memory , a delay line, and an imaging device. The device could also be used as

5335-686: The conglomerate Allegheny Teledyne Incorporated – a combination of the former Teledyne, Inc., and the former Allegheny Ludlum Corporation. On November 29, 1999, three separate entities, Teledyne Technologies, Allegheny Technologies , and Water Pik Technologies , were spun off as free-standing public companies. Allegheny Technologies retained several companies of the former Teledyne, Inc. that fit with Allegheny's core business of steel and exotic metals production. At various times, Teledyne, Inc., had more than 150 companies with interests as varied as insurance, dental appliances, specialty metals, and aerospace electronics, but many of these had been divested prior to

5432-645: The early 1940s as a part of the Marconi group, manufacturing magnetrons for defence Radar systems. The company was first registered as a separate company in Chelmsford , Essex in 1947 under Semyon Aizenshtein . Its initial name was the Phoenix Dynamo Co Ltd , though it immediately changed its name to English Electric Valve Company Ltd . In 1959 Bob Coulson established travelling-wave tube and microwave tube sections, and they were producing ceramic hydrogen thyratrons as well. By this time EEV

5529-591: The end of 1960, Teledyne had about 400 employees and 80,000 square feet (7,400 m2) of floor space devoted to engineering development and manufacturing. Teledyne stock was first offered to the public in May 1961. During its first full fiscal year of operations ending in October 1961, Teledyne had sales of $ 4,491,000 with a net income of $ 58,000. Teledyne’s growth continued in 1962, with the acquisition of companies primarily through equity agreements. Internally, Teledyne Systems

5626-646: The first consumer products. Teledyne Controls was established, moving the Company into the field of hydraulics . Teledyne entered the optics field with the acquisition of Kiernan Optics, producing windows for the Apollo spacecraft and infrared optical domes for missiles. In early 1965, Teledyne had a major breakthrough in winning a large contract from the U.S. Navy for the Integrated Helicopter Avionics System (IHAS), giving Teledyne

5723-571: The following companies: Some companies previously in Teledyne Technologies include the following: In June 1960, Henry Singleton and George Kozmetsky , both previously executives with Litton Industries , formed a firm named Instrument Systems located in Beverly Hills, California . Arthur Rock , one of America's first and most successful venture capitalists, financed the startup with a $ 450,000 investment. Their basic plan

5820-819: The gain is shown in the graph on the right. For multiplication registers with many elements and large gains it is well modelled by the equation: P ( n ) = ( n − m + 1 ) m − 1 ( m − 1 ) ! ( g − 1 + 1 m ) m exp ⁡ ( − n − m + 1 g − 1 + 1 m )  if  n ≥ m {\displaystyle P\left(n\right)={\frac {\left(n-m+1\right)^{m-1}}{\left(m-1\right)!\left(g-1+{\frac {1}{m}}\right)^{m}}}\exp \left(-{\frac {n-m+1}{g-1+{\frac {1}{m}}}}\right)\quad {\text{ if }}n\geq m} where P

5917-551: The general aviation marketplace. Headquarters was initially in the Century City district of Los Angeles, but was later moved to one of the city's suburbs, Thousand Oaks . The Thousand Oaks location was the site of the Rockwell Scientific Company (formerly Rockwell International Science Center). Teledyne acquired Rockwell Scientific in 2006, and continued doing scientific and industrial research at

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6014-506: The image sensor for storage. In this device, only one pixel shift has to occur to transfer from image area to storage area; thus, shutter times can be less than a microsecond and smear is essentially eliminated. The advantage is not free, however, as the imaging area is now covered by opaque strips dropping the fill factor to approximately 50 percent and the effective quantum efficiency by an equivalent amount. Modern designs have addressed this deleterious characteristic by adding microlenses on

6111-497: The incident light. Most common types of CCDs are sensitive to near-infrared light, which allows infrared photography , night-vision devices, and zero lux (or near zero lux) video-recording/photography. For normal silicon-based detectors, the sensitivity is limited to 1.1 μm. One other consequence of their sensitivity to infrared is that infrared from remote controls often appears on CCD-based digital cameras or camcorders if they do not have infrared blockers. Cooling reduces

6208-467: The invention and began development programs. Fairchild's effort, led by ex-Bell researcher Gil Amelio, was the first with commercial devices, and by 1974 had a linear 500-element device and a 2D 100 × 100 pixel device. Peter Dillon, a scientist at Kodak Research Labs, invented the first color CCD image sensor by overlaying a color filter array on this Fairchild 100 x 100 pixel Interline CCD starting in 1974. Steven Sasson , an electrical engineer working for

6305-431: The large quality advantage CCDs enjoyed early on has narrowed over time and since the late 2010s CMOS sensors are the dominant technology, having largely if not completely replaced CCD image sensors. The basis for the CCD is the metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) structure, with MOS capacitors being the basic building blocks of a CCD, and a depleted MOS structure used as the photodetector in early CCD devices. In

6402-411: The late 1960s, Willard Boyle and George E. Smith at Bell Labs were researching MOS technology while working on semiconductor bubble memory . They realized that an electric charge was the analogy of the magnetic bubble and that it could be stored on a tiny MOS capacitor. As it was fairly straightforward to fabricate a series of MOS capacitors in a row, they connected a suitable voltage to them so that

6499-485: The merger with Allegheny. The new Teledyne Technologies was initially composed of 19 companies that were earlier in Teledyne, Inc. By 2011, Teledyne Technologies had grown to include nearly 100 companies. Teledyne Technologies operates with four major segments: Digital Imaging, Instrumentation, Engineered Systems, and Aerospace and Defense Electronics. This segment handles sponsored and central research laboratories for

6596-438: The metals business, including Wah Chang Corporation and Cast Products , and this led to the acquisition of firms producing industrial machines and machine tools. Other diverse acquisitions included Monarch Rubber, Sewart Seacraft, Isotopes, Radar Relays, Getz Dental, and the agreement with Subaru to market Wisconsin engines. Singleton also added a diverse group of financial institutions, giving Teledyne contact and intimacy with

6693-467: The multiplied electrons back to photons which are guided to the CCD by a fiber optic or a lens. An image intensifier inherently includes a shutter functionality: If the control voltage between the photocathode and the MCP is reversed, the emitted photoelectrons are not accelerated towards the MCP but return to the photocathode. Thus, no electrons are multiplied and emitted by the MCP, no electrons are going to

6790-418: The original Teledyne, Inc. There were about 5,800 employees, including some 1,400 engineers and scientists. One of these companies, Ryan Aeronautical , was sold to Northrop Grumman before the end of 1999 to raise initial operating capital. In November 1999, Teledyne acquired certain assets of Mattituck Aviation Corporation , a privately owned aftermarket supplier and piston engine rebuilder and overhauler to

6887-413: The other in the mentioned sequence. The photons which are coming from the light source fall onto the photocathode, thereby generating photoelectrons. The photoelectrons are accelerated towards the MCP by an electrical control voltage, applied between photocathode and MCP. The electrons are multiplied inside of the MCP and thereafter accelerated towards the phosphor screen. The phosphor screen finally converts

6984-491: The output of the CCD, and this must be taken into consideration in satellites using CCDs. The photoactive region of a CCD is, generally, an epitaxial layer of silicon . It is lightly p doped (usually with boron ) and is grown upon a substrate material, often p++. In buried-channel devices, the type of design utilized in most modern CCDs, certain areas of the surface of the silicon are ion implanted with phosphorus , giving them an n-doped designation. This region defines

7081-450: The output of the charge amplifier into a low-pass filter), which is then processed and fed out to other circuits for transmission, recording, or other processing. Before the MOS capacitors are exposed to light, they are biased into the depletion region; in n-channel CCDs, the silicon under the bias gate is slightly p -doped or intrinsic. The gate is then biased at a positive potential, above

7178-407: The phosphor screen and no light is emitted from the image intensifier. In this case no light falls onto the CCD, which means that the shutter is closed. The process of reversing the control voltage at the photocathode is called gating and therefore ICCDs are also called gateable CCD cameras. Besides the extremely high sensitivity of ICCD cameras, which enable single photon detection, the gateability

7275-538: The race between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, government sales reached almost $ 800 million. The first significant slump in Teledyne business began in 1985. Sales for 1984 had been about $ 3.49 billion, but decreased to around $ 3.26 billion the next year and remained essentially flat for the remainder of the decade. In April 1986, Singleton, who was then 69 years old, turned the position of CEO over to Roberts, but remained as Board Chairman. During 1988, Teledyne faced

7372-453: The site (as Teledyne Scientific Company), in addition to having its corporate offices there. In 2000, its first full year of operation, Teledyne Technologies had sales of $ 795.1 million and net income of $ 40.5 million. The renewed Teledyne operated in much the same manner as Singleton’s early Teledyne, functioning as a conglomerate with growth mainly due to acquisitions. In 2010, the sales were $ 1,644.2 million with net income of $ 120.5 million,

7469-475: The staff are engineers or scientists. e2v also has sales, service and technical support offices in the UK, North America, France, Japan, Korea , and Hong Kong: Teledyne Technologies Teledyne Technologies Incorporated is an American industrial conglomerate . It was founded in 1960, as Teledyne, Inc., by Henry Singleton and George Kozmetsky . From August 1996 to November 1999, Teledyne existed as part of

7566-406: The surface of the device to direct light away from the opaque regions and on the active area. Microlenses can bring the fill factor back up to 90 percent or more depending on pixel size and the overall system's optical design. The choice of architecture comes down to one of utility. If the application cannot tolerate an expensive, failure-prone, power-intensive mechanical shutter, an interline device

7663-407: The threshold for strong inversion, which will eventually result in the creation of an n channel below the gate as in a MOSFET . However, it takes time to reach this thermal equilibrium: up to hours in high-end scientific cameras cooled at low temperature. Initially after biasing, the holes are pushed far into the substrate, and no mobile electrons are at or near the surface; the CCD thus operates in

7760-413: The time one of the largest settlements by military contractors in a qui tam case. In late 1994, Teledyne was subjected to a hostile takeover attempt by WHX Corporation. This was successfully challenged, but the Teledyne pension fund had a surplus of $ 928 million and this was of wide interest. To forestall further hostile takeovers, Allegheny Ludlum, a steel and specialty metal firm, offered to serve as

7857-456: The total usable integration time. The accumulation of electrons at or near the surface can proceed either until image integration is over and charge begins to be transferred, or thermal equilibrium is reached. In this case, the well is said to be full. The maximum capacity of each well is known as the well depth, typically about 10 electrons per pixel. CCDs are normally susceptible to ionizing radiation and energetic particles which causes noise in

7954-425: The value of Teledyne stock, eventually increasing to near $ 175 at the end of the decade. In this period, annual income increased by 89 percent and net income by 315 percent. Stockholders who had remained through the buyback achieved a phenomenal gain of about 3,000 percent. Going into its third decade, Teledyne sales passed the $ 3 billion mark in 1980, with industrial products leading in both sales and net income. In

8051-421: Was $ 372 million. The stock had a 2-for-1 split during 1967 and the same split in 1969. As Teledyne moved into its second decade, some 150 firms had been acquired. Singleton then essentially stopped direct acquisition of companies and began investments in stock of technical firms. By the end of the second decade, Teledyne owned 31 percent of Curtiss-Wright , 24 percent of Litton, as well as significant portions of

8148-508: Was 70 years to the month after the original English company's registration in 1947. In its 2018 annual report, Teledyne Technologies said the final purchase price for e2v was $ 740.6 million, net of cash acquired as part of the business, adding that e2v had been Teledyne's largest acquisition in its history. Charge-coupled devices (sensitive optical imaging devices) made by e2v were used in the Wide Field Camera 3 instrument, which

8245-554: Was a simple 8-bit shift register, reported by Tompsett, Amelio and Smith in August 1970. This device had input and output circuits and was used to demonstrate its use as a shift register and as a crude eight pixel linear imaging device. Development of the device progressed at a rapid rate. By 1971, Bell researchers led by Michael Tompsett were able to capture images with simple linear devices. Several companies, including Fairchild Semiconductor , RCA and Texas Instruments , picked up on

8342-416: Was acquired in 1968. Continental Motors was primarily owned by Ryan, and this acquisition brought Teledyne into the piston-powered engine business with both commercial and military customers. In the remainder of the 1960s, Teledyne acquired some 90 more companies. A number of these businesses were in consumer products, such as Water Pik, Acoustic Research with high-fidelity speakers, and Olson Electronics,

8439-479: Was addressed. Today, frame-transfer is usually chosen when an interline architecture is not available, such as in a back-illuminated device. CCDs containing grids of pixels are used in digital cameras , optical scanners , and video cameras as light-sensing devices. They commonly respond to 70 percent of the incident light (meaning a quantum efficiency of about 70 percent) making them far more efficient than photographic film , which captures only about 2 percent of

8536-409: Was announced Teledyne Technologies would acquire FLIR Systems for $ 8 billion. In October 2023, Teledyne Technologies acquired Xena Networks, a high-speed terabit Ethernet validation, assurance, and production test solutions provider. Charge-coupled devices In a CCD image sensor , pixels are represented by p-doped metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) capacitors . These MOS capacitors ,

8633-881: Was awarded the MBE in 1982. In 2013, e2v was awarded the Sir Arthur Clarke award for outstanding achievements by a team in space activities. In 2005, e2v purchased Gresham Scientific Instruments (renamed e2v scientific instruments), and sold in 2012 to SGX Sensortech. In 2006 it purchased the Grenoble, France facility from the Atmel Corporation in 2006 (now renamed e2v semiconductors) and MiCs Microchemical systems based in Corcelles Switzerland (renamed e2v Microsystems and sold to SGX Sensortech in 2012) and in October 2008 e2v acquired QP semiconductor,

8730-450: Was demonstrated by Gil Amelio , Michael Francis Tompsett and George Smith in April 1970. This was the first experimental application of the CCD in image sensor technology, and used a depleted MOS structure as the photodetector. The first patent ( U.S. patent 4,085,456 ) on the application of CCDs to imaging was assigned to Tompsett, who filed the application in 1971. The first working CCD made with integrated circuit technology

8827-413: Was formed as the centerpiece of the firm’s aerospace systems business, diversifying the business base into government contracts with NASA and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). By the end of the second fiscal year, Teledyne sales had increased 230 percent and net income by about 570 percent. Over the next three years, new companies were acquired in microwave and power electrical products – including

8924-674: Was installed in the Hubble Space Telescope in 2009. In 2010, the company announced the establishment of the e2v microwave engineering centre in Lincoln, UK as part of a restructuring that saw the move of operational capabilities to the Chelmsford facility. In 2013 e2v supplied the CCD imaging array for the European Space Agency 's (ESA's) Gaia project to map the Milky Way . At one billion pixels, this

9021-471: Was launched in December 1976. Under the leadership of Kazuo Iwama , Sony started a large development effort on CCDs involving a significant investment. Eventually, Sony managed to mass-produce CCDs for their camcorders . Before this happened, Iwama died in August 1982. Subsequently, a CCD chip was placed on his tombstone to acknowledge his contribution. The first mass-produced consumer CCD video camera ,

9118-426: Was replaced by George Roberts; William P. Rutledge was named President and CEO. Roberts then retired in 1993 and was replaced by Rutledge; Donald B. Rice , previously Secretary of the U.S. Air Force, was then named President and CEO. Many companies had been sold during the prior several years, and in 1993, through consolidations, the number was further reduced from 65 to 18. In January 1995, Teledyne Electronic Systems

9215-649: Was sold to Litton Industries, essentially ending the business on which Teledyne had originally been formed. In the early 1990s, while the company underwent these turnovers in leadership, two lawsuits were brought against Teledyne by whistleblowers under the False Claims Act. The suits charged the company with falsifying test reports for relay devices sold to the US government for weapons and spacecraft use, and with padding government contract cost estimates. In April 1994, Teledyne settled both cases for $ 112.5 million, at

9312-946: Was the largest hi-tech manufacturing company in the UK. A year later they won an EMMY award for outstanding contribution to electronics technology in developing the 4½" orthicon tube. In 1961 they acquired the Associated Electrical Industries valve business based in Lincoln . Sir Charles Oatley was a director of the company from 1966 to 1985. In 1962, EEV opened its first office in America in Buffalo , NY. In 1972, they opened an office in Paris, France and in 1977 they opened another office in Elmsford , New York. Keith Attwood, e2v's CEO from 1999 to 2013 led e2v through

9409-503: Was to build a major firm centering on microelectronics and control system development, primarily through acquiring existing companies. In October 1960, the first acquisition was made by purchasing the majority of stock in Amelco, a small electronics manufacturing plant. Within a short time, rights to the name Teledyne and its associated logo were bought. In addition to Amelco, two other electronics manufacturing firms were acquired, and by

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