94-649: Wikinews is a free-content news wiki and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation that works through collaborative journalism through user-created content. Misplaced Pages co-founder Jimmy Wales has distinguished Wikinews from Misplaced Pages by saying, "On Wikinews, each story is to be written as a news story as opposed to an encyclopedia article." Wikinews's neutral point of view policy aims to distinguish it from other citizen journalism efforts such as Indymedia and OhmyNews . In contrast to most Wikimedia Foundation projects, Wikinews allows original work in
188-624: A "favorite" of the religious right; Rolling Stone called him "God's senator" in 2006. His views placed him in the socially conservative wing of the Republican Party, and he stressed his fiscal conservatism as well. "I am an economic, a fiscal, a social and a compassionate conservative", he said in December 2006. On January 20, 2007, in Topeka, Brownback announced that he was running for president in 2008 . On February 22, 2007,
282-404: A "prosperous future" for Kansas, Oklahoma and Missouri because they had enacted policies based on economic principles that Reagan laid out in 1964. The act was criticized by law professor Martin B. Dickinson of Kansas University for shifting the tax burden from wealthy Kansans to low- and moderate-income workers, with the top income tax rate dropping by 25%. Under Brownback, Kansas also lowered
376-876: A 3.69% margin (50%-46%). Brownback took office in January 2011, in the early years of national recovery from the Great Recession . Also in 2011, Republicans resumed control of the Kansas House of Representatives with their largest majority in half a century. Most Republicans in the Kansas Legislature were members of the Tea Party movement who shared Brownback's conservative views. Two of Brownback's major stated goals were to reduce taxes and to increase spending on education. By April 2012, Brownback had an approval rating of 34 percent according to
470-556: A Survey USA Poll. A Republican polling company found his approval rating to be 51 percent in May 2012. In November 2015, Brownback had an approval rating of 26 percent according to a Morning Consult poll, the lowest among all governors in the United States. Three separate polls between November 2015 and September 2016 ranked Brownback as the nation's least-popular governor —a September 2016 poll showing an approval rating of 23%. In
564-449: A badge indicating that they are "approved for free cultural works". Repositories exist which exclusively feature free material and provide content such as photographs, clip art , music, and literature. While extensive reuse of free content from one website in another website is legal, it is usually not sensible because of the duplicate content problem. Misplaced Pages is amongst the most well-known databases of user-uploaded free content on
658-558: A budget shortfall will emerge by 2014 and will grow to nearly US$ 2.5 billion by July 2018. The cuts were based on model legislation published by the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC). In a May 2014 Wall Street Journal op-ed entitled "A Midwest Renaissance Rooted in the Reagan Formula", Brownback compared his tax policies with those of Ronald Reagan . Brownback anticipated
752-402: A copyright holder's power to license their work, as copyleft which also utilizes copyright for such a purpose. The public domain is a range of creative works whose copyright has expired or was never established, as well as ideas and facts which are ineligible for copyright. A public domain work is a work whose author has either relinquished to the public or no longer can claim control over,
846-499: A critical illness had missed 100% of the votes of the 110th Session, and John McCain (R) of Arizona with 149 votes missed due to campaigning (48.1 percent). In 2006, Brownback blocked a confirmation vote on a George W. Bush federal appeals court nominee from Michigan, judge Janet T. Neff . He objected to her joining the bench solely because she attended a same-sex commitment ceremony in Massachusetts in 2002 that involved
940-550: A day... On bigger stories there's just no point in competing with the ruthless purview of the encyclopedia." Andrew Lih and Zachary M. Seward commented on the continuing issue in a 2010 piece in the Nieman Journalism Lab called "Why Misplaced Pages beats Wikinews as a collaborative journalism project." Lih wrote "it's not clear that the wiki process really gears itself towards deadlines and group narrative writing" and that "if you're trying to write something approaching
1034-513: A definition would exclude the Open Content License because that license forbids charging for content; a right required by free and open-source software licenses. It has since come to describe a broader class of content without conventional copyright restrictions. The openness of content can be assessed under the '5Rs Framework' based on the extent to which it can be retained, reused, revised, remixed and redistributed by members of
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#17327727168191128-620: A degree in Agricultural Economics in 1978, he spent about a year working as a radio broadcaster for the now-defunct KSAC farm department, hosting a weekly half-hour show. Brownback received his J.D. from the University of Kansas in 1982. Brownback was an attorney in Manhattan, Kansas , before being appointed as Kansas Secretary of Agriculture by Governor John W. Carlin on September 18, 1986. In 1990, he
1222-771: A feature piece, it's much harder to get more than two or three people to stay consistent with the style." Lih considers Misplaced Pages's stricter "formula" for article composition an advantage in a large wiki with many editors. Brian Keegan wrote in 2019 that the Wikinews model of requiring approval before publication ultimately limited its ability to grow, especially compared to the more open nature of Misplaced Pages. Thomas Roessing wrote in The International Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies in 2019 about journalism on Misplaced Pages and Wikinews: "Many people turn to Misplaced Pages for more information after they received news from
1316-409: A free way of obtaining higher education that is "focused on collective knowledge and the sharing and reuse of learning and scholarly content." There are multiple projects and organizations that promote learning through open content, including OpenCourseWare and Khan Academy . Some universities, like MIT , Yale , and Tufts are making their courses freely available on the internet. There are also
1410-404: A new project of the Wikimedia Foundation . The domain name wikinews.org was registered on April 2, 2004. In November 2004, a demonstration wiki was established to show how such a collaborative news site might work. A month later, in December 2004, the site was moved out of the "demo" stage and into the beta stage under public domain copyleft . A German language edition was launched at
1504-521: A next-door neighbor who was a close childhood friend of Neff's daughters. Brownback's action blocked confirmation votes on an entire slate of appointments that had been approved by a bipartisan group of senators. In July 2007, Brownback lifted the block that had prevented the vote, and the Senate confirmed Neff by an 83–4 vote. Brownback was joined in opposition by just three other conservatives, then-Senators Jim Bunning , Jon Kyl , and Mel Martinez . In
1598-560: A number of organizations promoting the creation of openly licensed textbooks such as the University of Minnesota's Open Textbook Library, Connexions , OpenStax College , the Saylor Academy, Open Textbook Challenge, and Wikibooks . Any country has its own law and legal system, sustained by its legislation, which consists of documents. In a democratic country , laws are published as open content, in principle free content; but in general, there are no explicit licenses attributed for
1692-466: A poll conducted by Rasmussen Reports held that three percent of likely primary voters would support Brownback. On August 11, 2007, Brownback finished third in the Ames Straw Poll with 15.3% of all votes cast. Fundraising and visits to his website declined dramatically after this event, as many supporters had predicted Brownback would do much better, and speculation began that the candidate
1786-477: A repudiation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , in 2013 Brownback turned down a $ 31.5 million grant from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to set up a public health insurance exchange for Kansas. Also in 2013, he signed a bill that blocked tax breaks for abortion providers, banned sex-selection abortions, and declared that life begins at fertilization. In the run-up to
1880-417: A result of these improper contributions, the campaign was ordered to pay the government $ 19,000 and Brownback's in-laws, John and Ruth Stauffer, were ordered to pay a $ 9,000 civil penalty for improperly funneling contributions through Triad Management Services. In 1998, Brownback was elected to a full six-year term, defeating Democrat Paul Feleciano. He won reelection in the 2004 Senate election with 69% of
1974-410: A separate identity from Misplaced Pages, which also covers major news events in real-time. Columnist Jonathan Dee of The New York Times said in 2007 that "So indistinct has the line between past and present become that Misplaced Pages has inadvertently all but strangled one of its sister projects, the three-year-old Wikinews... [Wikinews] has sunk into a kind of torpor; lately it generates just 8 to 10 articles
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#17327727168192068-476: A work. The aim of copyleft is to use the legal framework of copyright to enable non-author parties to be able to reuse and, in many licensing schemes, modify content that is created by an author. Unlike works in the public domain, the author still maintains copyright over the material, however, the author has granted a non-exclusive license to any person to distribute, and often modify, the work. Copyleft licenses require that any derivative works be distributed under
2162-741: Is described as synonymous to the definitions of open/free in the Open Source Definition, the Free Software Definition, and the Definition of Free Cultural Works. A distinct difference is the focus given to the public domain, open access , and readable open formats . OKF recommends six conformant licenses: three of OKN's (Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and Licence, Open Data Commons Attribution License, Open Data Commons Open Database License ) and
2256-522: Is distributed via Internet to the general public. Publication of such resources may be either by a formal institution-wide program, or informally, by individual academics or departments. Open content publication has been seen as a method of reducing costs associated with information retrieval in research, as universities typically pay to subscribe for access to content that is published through traditional means. Subscriptions for non-free content journals may be expensive for universities to purchase, though
2350-625: Is stunning." In a 2007 interview given to Wikinews, Sue Gardner , at that time a special adviser to the board of the Wikimedia Foundation and former head of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 's Internet division, CBC.ca , dismissed McHenry's comment, stating: Journalism is not a profession ... at its heart, it's just a craft. And that means that it can be practiced by anyone who is sensible and intelligent and thoughtful and curious ... I go back to
2444-904: Is used by the Wikimedia Foundation . In 2009, the Attribution and Attribution-ShareAlike Creative Commons licenses were marked as "Approved for Free Cultural Works". Another successor project is the Open Knowledge Foundation , founded by Rufus Pollock in Cambridge , in 2004 as a global non-profit network to promote and share open content and data. In 2007 the OKF gave an Open Knowledge Definition for "content such as music, films, books; data be it scientific, historical, geographic or otherwise; government and other administrative information". In October 2014 with version 2.0 Open Works and Open Licenses were defined and "open"
2538-436: Is very similar to open content . An analogy is a use of the rival terms free software and open-source, which describe ideological differences rather than legal ones. The term Open Source, by contrast, sought to encompass them all in one movement. For instance, the Open Knowledge Foundation 's Open Definition describes "open" as synonymous with the definition of free in the "Definition of Free Cultural Works" (as also in
2632-670: The CC BY , CC BY-SA , and CC0 Creative Commons licenses. Sam Brownback Samuel Dale Brownback (born September 12, 1956) is an American attorney, politician, and diplomat who served as a United States senator from Kansas from 1996 to 2011 and as the 46th governor of Kansas from 2011 to 2018. A member of the Republican Party , Brownback also served as the United States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom during
2726-539: The Encyclopædia Britannica , criticized the credibility of the project: Above all, the central question about the Wikinews effort is its credibility. Making a newspaper is hard...Someone who wants to do it but doesn't really know how hasn't solved the problem by gathering a lot of other people who don't know, either. McHenry was skeptical about Wikinews' ability to provide a neutral point of view and its claim to be evenhanded, saying that "[t]he naïveté
2820-520: The Kansas City Star : The bill also allows school districts to hire unlicensed teachers for science and math classes. And it creates a tax break for corporations that donate to private school scholarship funds. The resulting cuts in funding caused districts to shut down the school year early. According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis , during the period from 2008 to 2018 (Brownback
2914-428: The 2014 gubernatorial election , over 100 former and current Kansas Republican officials criticized Brownback's leadership and endorsed his Democratic opponent, Paul Davis . Despite this, Brownback was narrowly reelected. In June 2017, the Kansas Legislature repealed Brownback's tax cuts, overrode Brownback's veto of the repeal, and enacted tax increases. Brownback left office as one of the least popular governors in
Wikinews - Misplaced Pages Continue
3008-715: The Civil War . Throughout his youth, Brownback was involved with the FFA (formerly the Future Farmers of America), serving as president of his local and state FFA chapters, and as national FFA vice president from 1976 to 1977. After graduating from Prairie View High School, Brownback attended Kansas State University , where was elected student body president and became a member of the Alpha Gamma Rho agricultural fraternity. After graduating from college in 1978 with
3102-654: The Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 license. On September 7, 2007, the English Wikinews published its 10,000th article. Wikinews reporters have conducted interviews with several notable people, including an interview in December 2007 with Israeli President Shimon Peres by Wikinews reporter David Shankbone . Shankbone had been invited to conduct the interview by the America-Israel Friendship League and
3196-773: The Israeli foreign ministry . Other notable interviews have included writers, actors, and politicians, such as Augusten Burroughs , several 2008 U.S. Republican Party presidential primaries candidates like Sam Brownback and Duncan Hunter , and others like British politician Tony Benn , writer Eric Bogosian , New Zealand politician Nick Smith , former New Zealand prime minister John Key , World Wide Web co-inventor Robert Cailliau , drag queen RuPaul , and former Wikimedia Foundation executive Sue Gardner . Wikinews has been criticized for its alleged inability to remain neutral in perspective and provide verifiable, reliable sources. In 2005, Robert McHenry , former editor-in-chief of
3290-566: The Open Content Project , describing works licensed under the Open Content License (a non-free share-alike license, see 'Free content' below) and other works licensed under similar terms. The website of the Open Content Project once defined open content as 'freely available for modification, use and redistribution under a license similar to those used by the open-source / free software community'. However, such
3384-537: The Open Source Definition and Free Software Definition ). For such free/open content both movements recommend the same three Creative Commons licenses , the CC BY, CC BY-SA, and CC0. Copyright is a legal concept, which gives the author or creator of a work legal control over the duplication and public performance of their work. In many jurisdictions, this is limited by a time period after which
3478-519: The Wikimedia community 's Meta-Wiki . Daniel Alston, who edited Misplaced Pages as Fonzy, claimed to have been the one who posted it. The proposal was then further developed by German freelance journalist, software developer, and author Erik Möller . Early opposition from long-time Misplaced Pages contributors, many of them pointing out the existence of Misplaced Pages's own news summaries, gave way to detailed discussions and proposals about how it could be implemented as
3572-747: The administration of President Donald Trump and was a candidate for the Republican nomination for President in 2008 . Born in Garnett, Kansas , Brownback grew up on a family farm in Parker, Kansas . He graduated from Kansas State University with a degree in agricultural economics in 1978 and received a J.D. from the University of Kansas in 1982. He worked as an attorney in Manhattan, Kansas , before being appointed Secretary of Agriculture of Kansas in 1986 by Democratic governor John W. Carlin . Brownback ran for Congress in 1994 and defeated Carlin in
3666-485: The mass media ... There is a substantial danger of havoc resulting from hasty handling of information about an unfolding situation." Roessing presents the issue of a "citation cycle", where professional journalists turn to Misplaced Pages for research, but the Misplaced Pages community goes to mass media sources for breaking news articles. Roessing writes about the problem of differentiating Misplaced Pages and Wikinews: "The quality and
3760-473: The public domain and also those copyrighted works whose licenses honor and uphold the definition of free cultural work. In most countries, the Berne Convention grants copyright holders control over their creations by default. Therefore, copyrighted content must be explicitly declared free by the authors, which is usually accomplished by referencing or including licensing statements from within
3854-731: The Republicans were in the majority), the Joint Economic Committee , and the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe , also known as the Helsinki Commission, which he at one time chaired. The Helsinki Commission monitors compliance with international agreements reached in cooperation with Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . In 2000, Brownback and Congressman Chris Smith led
Wikinews - Misplaced Pages Continue
3948-794: The US National Institutes of Health , Research Councils UK (effective 2016) and the European Union (effective 2020). At an institutional level, some universities, such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , have adopted open access publishing by default by introducing their own mandates. Some mandates may permit delayed publication and may charge researchers for open access publishing. For teaching purposes, some universities, including MIT , provide freely available course content, such as lecture notes, video resources and tutorials. This content
4042-476: The articles are written and peer-reviewed by academics themselves at no cost to the publisher. This has led to disputes between publishers and some universities over subscription costs, such as the one that occurred between the University of California and the Nature Publishing Group . Free and open content has been used to develop alternative routes towards higher education. Open content is
4136-567: The automotive industry, and even agricultural areas. Technologies such as distributed manufacturing can allow computer-aided manufacturing and computer-aided design techniques to be able to develop small-scale production of components for the development of new, or repair of existing, devices. Rapid fabrication technologies underpin these developments, which allow end-users of technology to be able to construct devices from pre-existing blueprints, using software and manufacturing hardware to convert information into physical objects. In academic work,
4230-543: The bill was sent to Brownback for signature, but he vetoed the bill. Later in the day both the House and Senate voted to override the veto. Senate Bill 30 repealed most of the tax cuts which had taken effect in January 2013. Brownback's tax overhaul was described in a June 2017 article in The Atlantic as the United States' "most aggressive experiment in conservative economic policy". The drastic tax cuts had "threatened
4324-483: The campaign, Brownback spokesman John Milburn commented that it was legal to use taxpayer-paid staff to campaign. Media law experts expressed amazement when they learned that the Montgomery County's sheriff released non-public investigative files from 1998 in response to a mere request. Brownback's campaign capitalized on the 16-year-old incident. Brownback was reelected with a plurality, defeating Davis by
4418-709: The closed sites have 2,151 articles. There are 3,349,637 registered users of which 717 are recently active. The top ten Wikinews language projects by mainspace article count: Free-content Free content , libre content , libre information , or free information is any kind of creative work, such as a work of art , a book, a software program , or any other creative content for which there are very minimal copyright and other legal limitations on usage, modification and distribution. These are works or expressions which can be freely studied, applied, copied and modified by anyone for any purpose including, in some cases, commercial purposes. Free content encompasses all works in
4512-555: The cost of publication and reduced the entry barrier sufficiently to allow for the production of widely disseminated materials by individuals or small groups. Projects to provide free literature and multimedia content have become increasingly prominent owing to the ease of dissemination of materials that are associated with the development of computer technology. Such dissemination may have been too costly prior to these technological developments. In media, which includes textual, audio, and visual content, free licensing schemes such as some of
4606-484: The country. On July 26, 2017, the Trump administration announced that Brownback would be nominated as the new U.S. Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom . Brownback was confirmed in January 2018 in a party-line vote; Vice President Mike Pence cast the necessary tie-breaking votes to end a filibuster and to confirm his nomination. Brownback resigned as governor of Kansas effective January 31, 2018, and
4700-413: The distribution and usage of the work. As such, any person may manipulate, distribute, or otherwise use the work, without legal ramifications. A work in the public domain or released under a permissive license may be referred to as "copycenter". Copyleft is a play on the word copyright and describes the practice of using copyright law to remove restrictions on distributing copies and modified versions of
4794-621: The effort to enact the Trafficking Victims Protection Act. President Clinton signed the legislation in October 2000. According to Christianity Today , the stronger enforcement increased the number of U.S. federal trafficking cases eightfold in the five years after enactment. By August 12, 2007, in the 110th Session of Congress , Brownback had missed 123 votes due to campaigning (39.7 percent)–surpassed only by Tim Johnson ( D ) of South Dakota who due to
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#17327727168194888-410: The form of original reporting and interviews. In contrast to newspapers, Wikinews does not permit op-ed . As of November 2024, Wikinews sites are active in 31 languages, with a total of 1,759,210 articles and 717 recently active editors (editors that contributed to the site in the last 30 days). The first recorded proposal of a Wikimedia news site was a two-line anonymous post on January 5, 2003, on
4982-509: The general election in a landslide. He represented Kansas's 2nd congressional district for a single term before running in a 1996 special election for the U.S. Senate seat previously held by Bob Dole . He won the election and was reelected by large margins in 1998 and 2004 . Brownback ran for president in 2008 , but withdrew before the primaries began and endorsed eventual Republican nominee John McCain . Brownback declined to run for reelection in 2010 , instead running for governor. He
5076-413: The group to stop sending the letter even before the complaint was filed. In 2010, CREW lodged an ethics complaint claiming a possible violation of the Senate's gifts rule by four senators and four congressmembers. The congressmembers lived in a $ 1.8 million Washington, D.C. townhouse owned by C Street Center , Inc., which was in turn owned by Christian-advocacy group The Fellowship . CREW alleged that
5170-458: The largest income tax cuts in Kansas' history —the nation's largest state income tax cut (in percentage) since the 1990s. Brownback described the tax cuts as a live experiment: [On] taxes, you need to get your overall rates down, and you need to get your social manipulation out of it, in my estimation, to create growth. We'll see how it works. We'll have a real live experiment. The legislation
5264-552: The latter must be available for commercial use by the public. However, it is similar to several definitions for open educational resources, which include resources under noncommercial and verbatim licenses. In 2003, David Wiley announced that the Open Content Project had been succeeded by Creative Commons and their licenses; Wiley joined as "Director of Educational Licenses". In 2005, the Open Icecat project
5358-563: The least popular governors in the country. The Kansas City Star was named a finalist in the Public Service category for a 2018 Pulitzer Prize due to its series entitled "Why, so secret, Kansas?" The Star reported that Kansas's already-secretive state government had only grown worse under Brownback. Brownback proposed fundamental tax reform to encourage investment and generate wealth while creating new jobs. Consistent with those objectives, he also proposed structural reforms to
5452-404: The licenses made by Creative Commons have allowed for the dissemination of works under a clear set of legal permissions. Not all Creative Commons licenses are entirely free; their permissions may range from very liberal general redistribution and modification of the work to a more restrictive redistribution-only licensing. Since February 2008, Creative Commons licenses which are entirely free carry
5546-507: The main one is that published by a government gazette . So, law-documents can eventually inherit license expressed by the repository or by the gazette that contains it. The concept of applying free software licenses to content was introduced by Michael Stutz, who in 1997 wrote the paper "Applying Copyleft to Non-Software Information" for the GNU Project . The term "open content" was coined by David A. Wiley in 1998 and evangelized via
5640-826: The majority of works are not free, although the percentage of works that are open access is growing. Open access refers to online research outputs that are free of all restrictions to access and free of many restrictions on use (e.g. certain copyright and license restrictions). Authors may see open access publishing as a way of expanding the audience that is able to access their work to allow for greater impact, or support it for ideological reasons. Open access publishers such as PLOS and BioMed Central provide capacity for review and publishing of free works; such publications are currently more common in science than humanities. Various funding institutions and governing research bodies have mandated that academics must produce their works to be open-access, in order to qualify for funding, such as
5734-729: The mid-1990s, Brownback hired Paul Ryan as his chief legislative director. Ryan later became a member of Congress , vice-presidential candidate, and Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives . In 2009, Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW) filed an ethics complaint over a fundraising letter signed by Brownback for a conservative Catholic group which they alleged violated Senate rules by mimicking official Senate letterhead. The letter had targeted five senators for being both Catholic and pro-choice: Maria Cantwell , John Kerry , Robert Menendez , Barbara Mikulski , and Patty Murray . A spokesman said Brownback had asked
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#17327727168195828-550: The morning of Virginia Tech – the morning I decided I wanted to work [at the Wikimedia Foundation]. The conversation on the talk page that day was extremely thoughtful. I remember thinking to myself that if my own newsroom had been having a conversation that intelligent (I was offsite that day) I would have been delighted. So yes, [in my opinion] you absolutely have proved Robert McHenry wrong. And you will continue to. Wikinews has also had issues with maintaining
5922-639: The number of consumers. In some cases, free software vendors may use peer-to-peer technology as a method of dissemination. Project hosting and code distribution is not a problem for most free projects as a number of providers offer these services free of charge. Free content principles have been translated into fields such as engineering, where designs and engineering knowledge can be readily shared and duplicated, in order to reduce overheads associated with project development. Open design principles can be applied in engineering and technological applications, with projects in mobile telephony , small-scale manufacture,
6016-442: The original author, to maintain the original license of the reused content) or restrictions (excluding commercial use, banning certain media) chosen by the author. There are a number of standardized licenses offering varied options that allow authors to choose the type of reuse of their work that they wish to authorize or forbid. There are a number of different definitions of free content in regular use. Legally, however, free content
6110-524: The planned-for $ 651 million. The tax cuts and their effect on the economy of Kansas received considerable criticism in the media. Critics of the tax cuts included Michael Hiltzik of the Los Angeles Times , the editorial board of The Washington Post , The New Republic , and Bloomberg Businessweek . The New York Times described Brownback's policies as "too far to the right". Grover Norquist of Americans for Tax Reform defended
6204-441: The property was being leased exclusively to congressional members, including Brownback, and that the tenants were paying rent that was below market value. Senator Tom Coburn 's spokesman asserted that the rents charged were fair. On December 4, 2006, Brownback formed an exploratory committee , the first step toward a presidential candidacy. In reporting on his potential candidacy, CNN and The Washington Post called Brownback
6298-401: The public without violating copyright law. Unlike free content and content under open-source licenses , there is no clear threshold that a work must reach to qualify as 'open content'. The 5Rs are put forward on the Open Content Project website as a framework for assessing the extent to which content is open: This broader definition distinguishes open content from open-source software, since
6392-528: The sales tax and eliminated a tax on small businesses. The tax cuts helped contribute to Moody's downgrading of the state's bond rating in 2014. They also contributed to the S&;P Ratings' credit downgrade from AA+ to AA in August 2014 due to a budget that analysts described as structurally unbalanced. As of June 2014, the state had fallen far short of projected tax collections, receiving $ 369 million instead of
6486-507: The same terms and that the original copyright notices be maintained. A symbol commonly associated with copyleft is a reversal of the copyright symbol , facing the other way; the opening of the C points left rather than right. Unlike the copyright symbol, the copyleft symbol does not have a codified meaning. Projects that provide free content exist in several areas of interest, such as software, academic literature, general literature, music, images, video, and engineering . Technology has reduced
6580-460: The same time. Soon, editions in Italian , Dutch , French , Spanish , Swedish , Bulgarian , Polish , Portuguese , Romanian , Ukrainian , Serbian , Japanese , Russian , Hebrew , Arabic , Thai , Norwegian , Chinese , Turkish , Korean , Hungarian , Greek , Esperanto , Czech , Albanian , and Tamil (in that chronological order) were set up. In September 2005, the project moved to
6674-422: The social structures that result leading to decreased production costs. Given sufficient interest in a software component, by using peer-to-peer distribution methods, distribution costs may be reduced, easing the burden of infrastructure maintenance on developers. As distribution is simultaneously provided by consumers, these software distribution models are scalable; that is, the method is feasible regardless of
6768-557: The speed in which Misplaced Pages responds to news is one of the challenges to Wikinews." Additionally, Roessing refers to an analogy made by author Matthew Yeomans: "Usually, Wikinews retells stories that were first published by Internet outlets of the traditional mass media (which also serve as sources for Wikinews' articles). This tends to result in "dull regurgitation of facts" as Yeomans (2005) put it." As of November 2024, there are Wikinews sites for 36 languages of which 31 are active and 5 are closed. The active sites have 1,759,210 articles and
6862-435: The state elections of 2016—seen largely as a referendum on Brownback's policies and administration—Brownback's supporters in the legislature suffered major defeats. In 2017 after a protracted battle, the new Kansas Legislature overrode Brownback's vetoes, voting to repeal his tax cuts and enact tax increases. Brownback, who had a 66% disapproval rating after the repeal of his signature law, left office in 2018 as one of
6956-462: The state's largest budget items, school finance, Medicaid , and Kansas Public Employees Retirement System (KPERS), which have unfunded liabilities of $ 8.3 billion. Brownback sought to follow a " red state model", passing conservative social and economic policies. As governor, Brownback initiated what he called a "red-state experiment"—dramatic cuts in income tax rates intended to bring economic growth. In May 2012, Brownback signed into law one of
7050-450: The tax cuts as a model for the nation. In February 2017, a bi-partisan coalition presented a bill that would repeal most of Brownback's tax overhaul to make up for the budget shortfall. The Senate passed SB 30 (38–0, with 2 not voting) on February 2, 2017. The House passed SB 30 as amended (123–2) on February 22, 2017. The Conference Committee Report was adopted by both the House (69–52) and Senate (26–14) on June 5, 2017. On June 6, 2017,
7144-448: The tax cuts that had left the state with a major deficit. Tim Keck, chief of staff of Brownback's running mate, Lt. Governor Jeff Colyer , unearthed and publicized a 1998 police report showing that Davis, 26 and unmarried at the time, had been briefly detained during the raid of a strip club. Davis was found to have no involvement in the cause for the raid, and was quickly allowed to leave. Responding to criticism of Keck's involvement in
7238-481: The text of each law, so the license must be assumed as an implied license . Only a few countries have explicit licenses in their law-documents, as the UK's Open Government Licence (a CC BY compatible license). In the other countries, the implied license comes from its proper rules (general laws and rules about copyright in government works). The automatic protection provided by the Berne Convention does not apply to
7332-411: The texts of laws: Article 2.4 excludes the official texts from the automatic protection. It is also possible to "inherit" the license from context. The set of country's law-documents is made available through national repositories. Examples of law-document open repositories: LexML Brazil , Legislation.gov.uk , and N-Lex . In general, a law-document is offered in more than one (open) official version, but
7426-476: The top Kansas income-tax rate from 6.45 percent down to 4.9 percent, and immediately eliminated income tax on business profits from partnerships and limited liability corporations passed through to individuals. The income tax cuts would provide US$ 231 million in tax reductions in its first year, growing to US$ 934 million after six years. A forecast from the Legislature's research staff indicated that
7520-464: The viability of schools and infrastructure" in Kansas. The Brownback experiment didn't work. We saw that loud and clear. —Heidi Holliday, executive director of the Kansas Center for Economic Growth 2017 In April 2014, Brownback signed a controversial school finance bill that eliminated mandatory due process hearings, which were previously required to fire experienced teachers. According to
7614-687: The vote, defeating Democratic former lobbyist Lee Jones. Throughout his U.S. Senate career, his principal campaign donors were the Koch brothers of Wichita -based Koch Industries , who donated more to Brownback than to any other political candidate during this period. Brownback was a member of the Judiciary Committee , the Appropriations Committee (where he chaired the Subcommittee on District of Columbia when
7708-879: The vote. He succeeded Governor Mark Parkinson , who was sworn in after former governor Kathleen Sebelius resigned from her position and became U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services in 2009. In October 2013, Kansas state representative Paul Davis , the Democratic minority leader of the Kansas House of Representatives , announced he would challenge Brownback in the 2014 Kansas gubernatorial election . In July 2014, more than 100 current and former Kansas Republican officials (including former state party chairmen, Kansas Senate presidents, Kansas House speakers, and majority leaders) endorsed Democrat Davis over Republican Brownback, citing concern over Brownback's deep cuts in education and other government services, as well as
7802-694: The web. While the vast majority of content on Misplaced Pages is free content, some copyrighted material is hosted under fair-use criteria . Free and open-source software , which is often referred to as open source software and free software , is a maturing technology with companies using them to provide services and technology to both end-users and technical consumers. The ease of dissemination increases modularity, which allows for smaller groups to contribute to projects as well as simplifying collaboration. Some claim that open source development models offer similar peer-recognition and collaborative benefit incentive as in more classical fields such as scientific research, with
7896-445: The work of the author to those who either pay royalties to the author for usage of the author's content or limit their use to fair use. Secondly, it limits the use of content whose author cannot be found. Finally, it creates a perceived barrier between authors by limiting derivative works, such as mashups and collaborative content. Although open content has been described as a counterbalance to copyright , open content licenses rely on
7990-403: The work. The right to reuse such a work is granted by the authors in a license known as a free license , a free distribution license, or an open license, depending on the rights assigned. These freedoms given to users in the reuse of works (that is, the right to freely use, study, modify or distribute these works, possibly also for commercial purposes) are often associated with obligations (to cite
8084-406: The works then enter the public domain . Copyright laws are a balance between the rights of creators of intellectual and artistic works and the rights of others to build upon those works. During the time period of copyright the author's work may only be copied, modified, or publicly performed with the consent of the author, unless the use is a fair use . Traditional copyright control limits the use of
8178-545: Was accepted into the White House Fellow program and detailed to the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative from 1990 to 1991. Brownback returned to Kansas to resume his position as Secretary of Agriculture. He left his post on July 30, 1993. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1994 and ran in the 1996 special election for the U.S. Senate seat recently vacated by Bob Dole . Sheila Frahm
8272-501: Was appointed to fill the seat of U.S. senator Bob Dole when Dole resigned in 1996 to campaign for president. Brownback defeated Frahm in the 1996 Republican primary and went on to win the general election against Democrat Jill Docking. In 2001, the Federal Election Commission assessed fines and penalties against Brownback's campaign committee and against his in-laws for improper 1996 campaign contributions. As
8366-562: Was considering running for governor in 2010 . In January 2009, Brownback officially filed the paperwork to run for governor. His principal Senate-career campaign donors, the Koch brothers (and their Koch Industries ), again backed Brownback's campaign. Polling agency Rasmussen Reports found that Brownback led his then-likely Democratic opponent, Tom Holland , by 31 points in May 2010. On June 1, 2010, Brownback named Kansas state senator Jeff Colyer as his running mate. On November 2, 2010, Brownback defeated Holland, winning 63% of
8460-471: Was considering withdrawing from the campaign. This sentiment increased after his lackluster performance in the GOP presidential debate of September 5, broadcast from New Hampshire by Fox News Channel . He dropped out of the race on October 18, 2007, citing a lack of funds. Brownback formally announced his decision on October 19. He later endorsed John McCain for president. In 2008, Brownback acknowledged he
8554-570: Was crafted with help from his Budget Director (former Koch brothers political consultant Steven Anderson); the Koch-sponsored American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC); and Arthur Laffer , a popular supply-side economist and former economic adviser for President Ronald Reagan . The law eliminated non-wage income taxes for the owners of 191,000 businesses, and cut individuals' income tax rates. The first phase of his cuts reduced
8648-458: Was elected governor of Kansas in 2010 and took office in January 2011. As governor, Brownback signed into law one of the largest income tax cuts in Kansas history, known as the Kansas experiment . The tax cuts caused state revenues to fall by hundreds of millions of dollars and created large budget shortfalls. A major budget deficit led to cuts in areas including education and transportation. In
8742-614: Was launched, in which product information for e-commerce applications was created and published under the Open Content License. It was embraced by the tech sector, which was already quite open source minded. In 2006, a Creative Commons' successor project, the Definition of Free Cultural Works , was introduced for free content. It was put forth by Erik Möller , Richard Stallman , Lawrence Lessig , Benjamin Mako Hill , Angela Beesley, and others. The Definition of Free Cultural Works
8836-423: Was sworn in as U.S. Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom on February 1, 2018. His ambassadorial tenure ended in January 2021. Sam Brownback was born on September 12, 1956, in Garnett, Kansas , to Nancy (Cowden) and Glen Robert Brownback. He was raised in a farming family in Parker, Kansas . Some of Brownback's German-American ancestors settled in Kansas after leaving Pennsylvania following
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