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33-840: Ebenezer Chapel may refer to: United Kingdom [ edit ] England [ edit ] Ebenezer Particular Baptist Chapel, Hastings , East Sussex Ebenezer Chapel, Heathfield , East Sussex Ebenezer Chapel, Melksham , Wiltshire Ebenezer Strict Baptist Chapel, Richmond , London Wales [ edit ] Ebenezer Chapel, Aberavon , Neath Port Talbot Ebeneser Chapel, Ammanford , Carmarthenshire Ebenezer Baptist Chapel, Llandovery , Carmarthenshire Ebenezer Chapel, Llanelli , Carmarthenshire Ebenezer Chapel, Trecynon , Rhondda Cynon Taf United States [ edit ] Ebenezer Chapel (Marmet, West Virginia) See also [ edit ] Ebenezer (disambiguation) Ebenezer Church (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

66-514: A Mint as part of his industrial plant. He invented a steam driven screw press in the same year (his original machinery was being used at the Royal Mint until 1881, almost a century later), which worked by atmospheric pressure applied to a piston . The piston was in communication with a vacuum vessel from which the air had been pumped by steam power . He installed eight of these state-of-the-art steam-driven presses in his factory, each with

99-504: A "nationally important" building of "special interest". As of February 2001, it was one of 521 Grade II listed buildings, and 535 listed buildings of all grades, in the borough of Hastings. The chapel is Neoclassical in style and has a rendered exterior which has now been painted over. The walls underneath are brick. The two-storey building has three bays , each with a sash window (described by Ian Nairn and Nikolaus Pevsner as "oddly debased"). A wide string course divides

132-418: A die which was struck with a hammer. The "blank" or unmarked piece of metal was placed on a small anvil , and the die was held in position with tongs . The reverse or lower side of the coin received a "rough incuse" by the hammer. Later a rectangular mark, a "square incuse", was made by the sharp edges of the little anvil, or punch . The rich iconography of the obverse of the early electrum coins contrasts with

165-520: A house. The building's marriage registration was cancelled in October 1999. The cause survives, though: a former Plymouth Brethren meeting room in the Silverhill suburb of Hastings was acquired and is now a Gospel Standard Strict Baptist chapel, again named Ebenezer. Ebenezer Particular Baptist Chapel was listed at Grade II by English Heritage on 19 January 1951; this defines it as

198-460: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ebenezer Particular Baptist Chapel, Hastings Ebenezer Particular Baptist Chapel is a former Strict Baptist place of worship in Hastings , East Sussex , England. Founded in 1817 by members of the congregation of an older Baptist chapel in the ancient town, it was extended several times in

231-718: The Bank of England suspended convertibility of its notes for gold. The twopenny coins measured exactly an inch and a half across; 16 pennies lined up would reach two feet. Between 1817 and 1830 the German engineer Dietrich "Diedrich" Uhlhorn invented the Presse Monétaire, a level coin press which became known as the Uhlhorn Press. His steam driven knuckle-lever press made him internationally famous, and over 500 units had been sold by 1840. The advanced construction of

264-579: The English Channel , surrounded by forests and marshes—allowed an autonomous settlement to develop from about the 8th century. The Haestingas tribe, finally overcome by King Offa of Mercia in 771, gave its name to the settlement in which they were based. The town was large and important enough to have a mint by 928; and a century later its most famous event, the Battle of Hastings , brought it to wider attention. Several churches were founded in

297-566: The United States Mint —Mint Director Elias Boudinot found them to be "perfect and beautifully polished". These were the first truly modern coins; the mass-production of coinage with steam driven machinery organised in factories enabled the achievement of standardized dimensions and uniform weight and roundness, something no counterfeiter of the day could hope to achieve. Boulton also pioneered special methods to further frustrate counterfeiters. Designed by Heinrich Küchler ,

330-430: The 17th century— made its first appearance in the form of a small chapel on Tackleway, behind the beach at Rock-a-Nore . Cow Lodge Chapel was built for Strict Baptists and was attended by a David Fenner. A disagreement among the congregation led to the secession of some members in 1817. Fenner was one of the secessionists, and in that year he built a new chapel on a steeply sloping site behind Tackleway. Later,

363-584: The 19th century as attendances grew during Hastings' period of rapid growth as a seaside resort. It was closed and converted into a house in the late 20th century, but still stands in a prominent position in Hastings Old Town . English Heritage has listed the building at Grade II for its architectural and historical importance. Hastings is one of the oldest settlements in Sussex. Its position—a sheltered natural harbour near fertile fishing grounds in

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396-578: The Roman Empire from 260 to 261 AD, and yet he issued two coins bearing his image. Ancient coins were made by casting in moulds or by striking between engraved dies . The Romans cast their larger copper coins in clay moulds carrying distinctive markings, not because they knew nothing of striking, but because it was not suitable for such large masses of metal. Casting is now used only by counterfeiters. The most ancient coins were cast in bulletshaped or conical moulds and marked on one side by means of

429-603: The Uhlhorn press proved to be highly satisfactory, and the use of the screw press for general coinage was gradually eliminated. This new technology was used at the Birmingham Mint , the largest private mint in the world for much of the 19th century, and was further improved at the Taylor and Challen who began to supply complete press room equipment to national mints around the world, such as Sydney Mint , Australia. By

462-400: The billions. With the mass production of currency, the production cost is weighed when minting coins. For example, it costs the United States Mint much less than 25 cents to make a quarter (a 25 cent coin), and the difference in production cost and face value (called seigniorage ) helps fund the minting body. Conversely, a U.S. penny ($ 0.01) cost $ 0.015 to make in 2016. The first mint

495-407: The blank piece of metal laid upon it by hand. The upper die was then placed on the blank, and kept in position by means of a holder around which was placed a roll of lead to protect the hand of the operator while heavy blows were struck with a hammer. An early improvement was the introduction of a tool resembling a pair of tongs, the two dies being placed one at the extremity of each leg. This avoided

528-522: The capacity to strike between 70 and 84 coins per minute. The firm had little immediate success getting a license to strike British coins, but was soon engaged in striking coins for the British East India Company , Sierra Leone and Russia, while producing high-quality planchets , or blank coins, to be struck by national mints elsewhere. The firm sent over 20 million blanks to Philadelphia, to be struck into cents and half-cents by

561-461: The cast bars and machines for punching-out round disks from flattened sheets of metal. 8 to 12 men took over from each other every quarter of an hour to maneuver the arms driving the screw which struck the medals. Later, the rolls were driven by horses, mules or water-power. Henry II came up against hostility on the part of the coin makers, so the process was largely discarded in 1585 and only used for coins of small value, medals and tokens. The system

594-544: The census return that "the number of persons who attend Ebenezer Church amount to about 300, but seldom all meet at one service". Extensions and alterations were made in 1872, 1882 and 1886, and the pedimented façade was added around that time as well. In contrast, attendances declined in the late 20th century, and in common with many other Baptist chapels in Sussex (at, for example, Burgess Hill , Newick , Hadlow Down , Bolney , Southover , Pell Green Rye and Shover's Green ), it has been sold and converted into

627-469: The coins featured a raised rim with incuse or sunken letters and numbers. The high-technology of Soho Mint gained increasing and somewhat unwelcome attention: rivals attempted industrial espionage , while lobbying with the Government for Boulton's mint to be shut down. Boulton was finally awarded a contract by the Royal Mint on 3 March 1797, after a national financial crisis reached its nadir when

660-555: The coins in circulation in Britain were counterfeit, and the Royal Mint responded to this crisis by shutting itself down, worsening the situation. Boulton, business partner of the engineer James Watt in the firm of Boulton & Watt for the manufacture of steam engines , turned his attention to coinage in the mid-1780s as an extension to the small metal products he already manufactured in his factory in Soho . In 1788 he established

693-410: The dull appearance of their reverse which usually carries only punch marks. The shape and number of these punches varied according to their denomination and weight-standard. Subsequently, the anvil was marked in various ways, and decorated with letters and figures of beasts, and later still the anvil was replaced by a reverse die. The spherical blanks soon gave place to lenticular-shaped ones. The blank

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726-607: The fifth century BCE . At about the same time, coins and mints appeared independently in China and spread to Korea and Japan. The manufacture of coins in the Roman Republic , dating from about the 4th century BCE, significantly influenced the later development of coin minting in Europe. The origin of the word "mint" is ascribed to the manufacture of silver coin at the temple of Juno Moneta in 269 BCE Rome. This goddess became

759-537: The flattened sheets were then cut out with shears , struck between dies and again trimmed with shears. A similar method had been used in Ancient Egypt during the Ptolemaic Kingdom (c. 300 BC), but had been forgotten. Square pieces of metal were also cut from cast bars, converted into round disks by hammering and then struck between dies. In striking, the lower die was fixed into a block of wood, and

792-524: The medieval era: there were seven in 1291. Over the centuries, most were closed and demolished. The two oldest survivors, St Clement's Church (rebuilt after being damaged by French raiders in 1377) and All Saints Church (about 1410), lie either side of the parallel streets which formed the heart of the Old Town. In 1801, these were still the only two churches in the Old Town; but in about 1809, Protestant Nonconformism —prevalent throughout Sussex since

825-547: The necessity of readjusting the dies between blows, and ensured greater accuracy in the impression. Minting by means of a falling weight (monkey press ) intervened between the hand hammers and the screw press in many places. In Birmingham in particular this system became highly developed and was long in use. In 1553, the French engineer Aubin Olivier introduced screw presses for striking coins, together with rolls for reducing

858-528: The original red-brick wall remains, although it has been altered. There are some yellow brick dressings, three arched windows and another pediment. Mint (coin) The history of mints correlates closely with the history of coins . In the beginning, hammered coinage or cast coinage were the chief means of coin minting, with resulting production runs numbering as little as the hundreds or thousands. In modern mints, coin dies are manufactured in large numbers and planchets are made into milled coins by

891-499: The personification of money, and her name was applied both to money and to its place of manufacture. Roman mints were spread widely across the Empire , and were sometimes used for propaganda purposes. The populace often learned of a new Roman Emperor when coins appeared with the new Emperor's portrait . Some of the emperors who ruled only for a short time made sure that a coin bore their image; Quietus , for example, ruled only part of

924-416: The road on which the chapel stood took the name Ebenezer from the chapel. The congregation grew throughout the 19th century as Hastings developed into a popular seaside resort. The religious census of Sussex in 1851 recorded that the chapel had 280 sittings, 135 of which were free; and attendances at the morning and afternoon services were given as 200 and 210 respectively. The minister David Fermer stated on

957-427: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ebenezer Chapel . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ebenezer_Chapel&oldid=1083551038 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

990-421: The upper and lower floors. The entrance porch is flanked by pilasters and has a cornice and parapet with a tympanum . Below the roofline, a set of three sash windows are topped with slightly recessed arches which extend above the level of the cornice ; the centre arch is higher. Above these is a pediment with a circular recess surrounded by four keystones . At the rear (facing Tackleway), some of

1023-486: Was likely established in Lydia in the 7th century BC, for coining gold, silver and electrum . The Lydian innovation of manufacturing coins under the authority of the state spread to neighbouring Greece , where a number of city-states operated their own mints. Some of the earliest Greek mints were within city-states on Greek islands such as Crete ; a mint existed at the ancient city of Cydonia on Crete at least as early as

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1056-537: Was made red-hot and struck between cold dies. One blow was usually insufficient, and the method was similar to that still used in striking medals in high relief, except that the blank is now allowed to cool before being struck. With the substitution of iron for bronze as the material for dies, about 300 AD, the practice of striking the blanks while they were hot was gradually discarded. In the Middle Ages bars of metal were cast and hammered out on an anvil. Portions of

1089-559: Was reintroduced into France by Jean Varin in 1640 and the practice of hammering was forbidden in 1645. In England the new machinery was tried in London in 1561, but abandoned soon afterwards; it was finally adopted in 1662, although the old pieces continued in circulation until 1696. Industrial techniques and steam-power were introduced to coin manufacture by industrialist Matthew Boulton in Birmingham in 1788. By 1786, two-thirds of

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