Misplaced Pages

#236763

26-559: In 1553, Edward was one of a fleet of three ships under the command of Sir Hugh Willoughby , the other two ships were the command ship Bona Esperanza' with Willoughby on it and the Bona Confidentia with its captain Cornelius Durforth. The fleet was financed by London 's Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands and it was organized by Sebastian Cabot with the purpose of finding the northeastern passage to

52-580: A bay formed by the Varzina River on the coast of the Kola Peninsula . Searches were made in three directions, but no settlements were discovered. No one survived the winter; the two ships with the bodies of the crews, including Willoughby and his journal, were found by Russian fishermen the following spring. For many years it was assumed that they died from some combination of starvation and bitter cold. More recently it has been suggested that

78-526: A siege by the Scots and the French. In 1551 he was again campaigning in the border country and eastern marches. The downfall and execution of Somerset in 1552 affected Willoughby's standing and caused him to look for other opportunities. In 1553 a company of London merchants and courtiers were financing a voyage of exploration and trade. Organized by Sebastian Cabot , they hoped to find a northeast sea route to

104-646: A small fortified outpost on the Norwegian island of Vardøya in the town of Vardø . On 30 July, they were beset by storms and "terrible whirlwinds" probably in the vicinity of the North Cape . Willoughby and one other ship, the Bona Confidentia , became separated from Chancellor on the Edward . The Edward sailed to Wardhouse as agreed and waited for seven days but the other two ships never appeared. Setting out again to resume their eastward journey, Chancellor found

130-445: Is used in genealogy and historical writing when a person's birth or death dates are unknown, but some other evidence exists that indicates when they were alive. For example, if there are wills attested by John Jones in 1204 and 1229, as well as a record of his marriage in 1197, a record concerning him might be written as "John Jones (fl. 1197–1229)", even though Jones was born before 1197 and died possibly after 1229. The term

156-521: The Edward , captained by Stephen Borough . They left London with great fanfare and travelled slowly down the Thames, pausing at Greenwich to fire an artillery salute for the young King Edward . They were seriously delayed by unfavourable winds, only reaching the coast of Norway on 14 July, more than two months after leaving London. The ships were careful to stay together and agreed that if they were separated, they would rendezvous at Vardøhus Fortress ,

182-515: The Far East and left London on 10 May 1553. Richard Chancellor was the pilot for the voyage. The opening of the northeastern passage from England to India was desired to avoid conflict with Spanish and Portuguese ships. During a fierce storm, the Edward separated from the other ships and arrived at the Danish held Vardø which was the established rendezvous location in case of fleet separation but

208-644: The Russia Company or Muscovy Company with Richard Chancellor in charge departing London also with the Philip and Mary which was to obtain fish oil at Vardø and then return to England. Edward arrived in Russia with English agents who, along with Chancellor, were to meet with czar Ivan the Terrible to officially open diplomatic relations and trade with Russia which were achieved. In 1555 before winter closed

234-433: The 1590s, William Barents tried the same Northeast Passage, also became icebound near Novaya Zemlya, also died, but some of his crew returned home and Barents Sea was named for him. Floruit Floruit ( / ˈ f l ɔːr u . ɪ t / ; abbreviated fl. or occasionally flor. ; from Latin for " flourished ") denotes a date or period during which a person was known to have been alive or active. In English,

260-581: The Far East. Initially called the Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands , the trade organization became better known as the Muscovy Company . Willoughby petitioned to lead this expedition and although he lacked significant maritime experience, he was selected based on his distinguished family and his "singular skill in the services of war." Three new vessels were constructed specifically for

286-476: The command of Richard Chancellor , who went on to open a successful, long-lasting trading arrangement with Russia. Willoughby was the third and youngest son of Sir Henry Willoughby of Middleton, Derbyshire, a wealthy and influential gentleman who served in the courts of Richard III and Henry VII and was knighted by Henry VII following the Battle of Stoke Field in 1487. Hugh Willoughby served various roles in

SECTION 10

#1732765761237

312-500: The court of Henry VIII and then joined the military to serve as a captain in the Scottish campaign of 1544. He was knighted at Leith by Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset , then Earl of Hertford. In February 1548 he was sent with Thomas Carlisle and 50 horsemen by Grey of Wilton to capture " Billie tower ". He became commander of the fort on the site of Thirlestane Castle and served there until 1550, successfully withstanding

338-636: The crew may have been killed by carbon monoxide poisoning , resulting from a decision to insulate their ship and block their stove chimney to fight the Arctic cold. The discovery was quickly reported back to the tsar in Moscow who ordered the ships secured and transferred to the White Sea to await recovery by the English. It was not until 1556 that crews were sent to Russia to sail the ships back to London. It

364-561: The entrance to the White Sea and moored at the mouth of the Dvina River near the convent of St. Nicholas at Nyonoksa from where the first Russian czar Ivan IV obtained salt for Russia. From there he was summoned to Moscow and Ivan the Terrible 's Court, where he negotiated an agreement opening trade with Russia through the northern ports that lasted three hundred years. Willoughby and his crew were never seen alive again, but

390-462: The events following their separation can be pieced together from Willoughby's journal which was later recovered. The storm had blown them far from the coast and without any landmarks they became disoriented. Willoughby attempted to reach Wardhouse, but their maps were misleading, compass readings were unreliable, and the weather was too overcast to measure latitude. For two weeks the ships sailed eastward until they encountered an uninhabited shoreline that

416-622: The first Russian Ambassador to England Osep Gregorovitch Napea, who had been the Governor of Vologda, Napea's wife, many Russians and the previously lost two ships Confidentia and Speranza which both had been found in 1555 anchored in the mouth of the Arzina River ( Russian : Арзина река ) east of the Pechenga Monastery with no one of the nearly seventy in the crews surviving the winter of 1553-4. On 10 November 1556, Edward

442-494: The other two ships did not arrive and thus Edward continued onward. It landed near the mouth of the Dvina River not far from the convent of St. Nicholas and its crew were taken to meet the first Russian czar Ivan the Terrible (Ivan IV) . It remained for repairs during the winter near Nyonoksa, which produced salt for czar Ivan the Terrible, sailed on its return voyage to England in 1554 and robbed by Flemish pirates along

468-608: The shipping route, Edward returned to England joining Philip and Mary at Vardø leaving Richard Chancellor and the agents George Killingworths, Henry Lane and Arthur Edwards in Russia for the winter. In 1556, Edward sailed from England to Russia again with Philip and Mary and Richard Chancellor in charge with additional crew who were to sail the Speranza and the Confidentia back to England. In 1556, Edward along with Philip and Mary left Russia and sailed for England with

494-485: The unabbreviated word may also be used as a noun indicating the time when someone flourished. Latin : flōruit is the third-person singular perfect active indicative of the Latin verb flōreō , flōrēre "to bloom, flower, or flourish", from the noun flōs , flōris , "flower". Broadly, the term is employed in reference to the peak of activity for a person or movement. More specifically, it often

520-557: The voyage; on one ship the keel was lined with lead in hopes of preventing attack by shipworms . The fleet was well-provisioned for a lengthy voyage and an experienced crew was selected. On 10 May 1553, Willoughby set sail on the Bona Esperanza as captain-general of the fleet with two other vessels, the Edward Bonaventura and the Bona Confidentia , under his command. His chief pilot, Richard Chancellor , sailed on

546-633: The voyages of Edward Bonventura iptv and its sister ships, Anthony Jenkinson , who became the first English Ambassador to Russia in 1566, led a fleet of ships financed by the Muscovy Company to Nyonoksa, Russia, consisting of the Primrose on which he sailed, John the Evangelist , Anne , and Trinity . Dutch interests in trading with Russia began in the 1560s. Hugh Willoughby Sir Hugh Willoughby ( fl. 1544; died 1554)

SECTION 20

#1732765761237

572-604: The way. Chancellor brought to England letters opening trade with Russia removing the Hanseatic League 's previous monopoly on trade with Russia. At the end of May 1555, Edward sailed on a second mission from England to Russia financed by some former members of the Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands who now called themselves Merchant Adventurers for the Discovery of Lands, Countries, Isles, etc., Not Before Known or Frequented by any English also known as

598-409: Was an English soldier and an early Arctic voyager. He served in the court of Henry VIII and fought in the Scottish campaign where he was knighted for his valour. In 1553, he was selected by a company of London merchants to lead a fleet of three vessels in search of a Northeast Passage . Willoughby and the crews of two ships died on the voyage while the third vessel Edward Bonaventure , under

624-495: Was claimed that Willoughby's body was put on board for transport home. After leaving St. Nicholas on 20 July 1556, the two ships made it as far as the west coast of Norway when they encountered a storm that sank them both. Willoughby's journal did make it back to England safely on another ship. During the voyage, Willoughby thought he saw islands to the north. Based on his description, these were subsequently depicted on maps as Willoughby's Land and Macsinof or Matsyn Island . In

650-459: Was teeming with ducks and other birds. It was likely a part of the south island of Novaya Zemlya which came to be known to the Russians as Gusinaya Zemlya (Goose Land). They turned back and headed west, coasting along Kolguev Island and just missing the entrance to the White Sea where Chancellor had already landed. As the weather became colder and sea ice began to form they decided to winter in

676-550: Was wrecked off Rosehearty on the east coast of Scottish coast. Among the hundred who died was Richard Chancellor, but Osep Gregorovitch Napea , the first Russian ambassador to England, survived as a widower. The other three ships had wintered in Trondheim and attempted to return in 1557 but only the Philip and Mary made it to London in July 1557 with both the Speranza and the Confidentia lost at sea. In 1557 and subsequent to

#236763