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19-633: The Egota River ( 江古田川 , Egota-gawa ) is designated as a Class A river by the Japanese government with a length of 1.64 km and a basin area of 5.0 km². It used to flow through Naka-arai Village ( 中新井村 , Naka-arai-mura ) and so it also used to be called the Naka-arai River ( 中新井川 , Naka-arai-gawa ) . The open-ditch section of the river is under 2 km in length. It starts in Nerima Ward , and ends by flowing into

38-464: A dependent clause ("once the necessary adjustments are made"). The phrase has a technical meaning in mathematics where it is sometimes used to signal that a proof can be more generally applied to other certain cases after making some, presumably obvious, changes. It serves a similar purpose to the more common phrase, " without loss of generality " (WLOG). The legal use of the term is somewhat specialized. As glossed by Shira Scheindlin , judge for

57-561: A son whose case, mutatis mutandis , is very much like yours.") The German Ministry of Justice , similar to the Plain English advocates above, now eschews its use. Their official English translation of the Civil Code now reads: "Section 27 (Appointment of and management by the board). ...(3) The management by the board is governed by the provisions on mandate in sections 664 to 670 with the necessary modifications. " The phrase

76-427: Is an ablative absolute , using the ablative case to show that the clause is grammatically independent ('absolute' literally meaning 'dissolved' or 'separated') from the rest of the sentence. Mutatis mutandis was first borrowed into English in the 16th century, but continues to be italicized as a foreign phrase. Although many similar adverbial phrases are treated as part of the sentence, mutatis mutandis

95-481: Is carried out by the local municipality. Mutatis mutandis Mutatis mutandis is a Medieval Latin phrase meaning "with things changed that should be changed" or "once the necessary changes have been made", literally: having been changed, going to be changed. It continues to be seen as a foreign-origin phrase (and thus, unnaturalized, meaning not integrated as part of native vocabulary) in English and

114-647: Is encountered when discussing counterfactuals , as a shorthand for all the initial and derived changes which have been previously discussed. The phrase mutatis mutandis —now sometimes written mūtātīs mūtandīs to show vowel length —does not appear in surviving classical literature . It is Medieval Latin in origin and the Feet of fines , kept at The National Archives (United Kingdom) , contains its first use in England on January 20, 1270, at Pedes Finium, 54 Hen. III, Salop. Both words are participles of

133-443: Is therefore usually italicized in writing. It is used in many countries to acknowledge that a comparison being made requires certain obvious alterations, which are left unstated. It is not to be confused with the similar ceteris paribus , which excludes any changes other than those explicitly mentioned. Mutatis mutandis is still used in law , economics , mathematics , linguistics and philosophy . In particular, in logic , it

152-448: Is usually set apart by commas or in some other fashion. The nearest English equivalent to an ablative absolute is the nominative absolute , so that a literal translation will either use the nominative case ("things changed which are to be changed") or a preposition ("with the things to be changed having been changed"). More often, the idea is expressed more tersely ("with the necessary changes") or using subordinating conjunctions and

171-486: The Latin verb mutare ('to move; to change; to exchange'). Mutatus, -a, -um is its perfect passive participle ('changed; having been changed'). Mutandus, -a, -um is its gerundive , which functions both as a future passive participle ('to be changed; going to be changed') and as a verbal adjective or noun expressing necessity ('needing to be changed; things needing to be changed'). The phrase

190-600: The Myōshōji River . The region around the river used to be swampy. Class A river At the beginning of the Meiji era , river construction mainly consisted of low water construction such as securing water for boat transportation and irrigation, but after the middle of the Meiji era, boat transportation declined with the spread of railways, and on the other hand, development of river coasts exacerbated damage from floods. As

209-708: The Southern District of New York , for a 1998 case: "This Latin phrase simply means that the necessary changes in details, such as names and places, will be made but everything else will remain the same." In the wake of the Plain English movements , some countries attempted to replace their law codes' legal Latin with English equivalents. The phrase appears in other European languages as well. A passage of Marcel Proust 's À la recherche du temps perdu includes "...j'ai le fils d'un de mes amis qui, mutatis mutandis, est comme vous..." ("A friend of mine has

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228-628: The conservation of nature within Japan. There are currently 109 river systems with this designation. If a river system is designated Class A, all the constituent rivers are also designated as such. Therefore, Class B rivers cannot coexist with Class A rivers in the same river system. This designation is also called First Class. Class A river ( 一級河川 , Ikkyū kasen ) is a designation which applies to important individual rivers. There are 13,994 rivers with this designation. Generally speaking, areas surrounding Class A rivers will suffer greater damage in

247-460: The control of the mayor of the encompassing municipality . An example of this is the Kuno River, managed by the mayor of Odawara . Rivers that are not designated Class A, Class B, or mutatis mutandis , are called ordinary rivers ( 普通河川 , Futsū kasen ) , and the 1967 River Act does not apply to them. These do not include public sewers or agricultural canals. Management of these rivers

266-847: The event of a flood. The number of dams only includes existing and unestablished dams that meet the criteria (15 metres (49 ft) or more in bank height) of the River Law. The management entity is irrelevant. The number in parentheses is the number of dams on the main river, excluding tributaries . The number of dams does not always exceed the number of hydroelectric plants because plants with intake weirs less than 15 metres (49 ft) high are not considered dams. The acronym BOD refers to biochemical oxygen demand . Note: Okinawa has no Class A rivers. Tokyo , Chiba , Ibaraki Aichi, Mie Mie, Nara , Hyōgo Smaller or less important rivers are designated as Class B river systems ( 二級水系 , Nikyū Suikei ) . They are nominated and managed by

285-404: The following changes: The River Act was amended in 1997, changing its text to have a greater emphasis on conservation of natural environments, and the consultation and participation of local residents in forming water management plans. The 1967 River Act simplified the management of waterways in Japan by merging previously separate systems into one unified water management system. Before this,

304-557: The local governments at the prefecture level , but reported to and concurred with by the central government. There are 7,090 rivers with this designation. Because all of their river systems are designated Class A, there are no Class B rivers in Saitama and Shiga prefectures. This designation is also called Second Class. 14,314 rivers in Japan are designated as mutatis mutandis rivers ( 準用河川 , Junyō kasen ) , meaning that they are not assigned Class A or B designation, and are under

323-533: The number of floods increased, a shift was made to high water construction to prevent flooding by building levees . The old system was enacted in 1891 following the proclamation of the Meiji Constitution . As Japan's first modern public property management system, a systematic legal system for river management was established. However, due to the background of its enactment, the old River Law had strong overtones of control by state power, and, reflecting

342-426: The river management system in Japan was seen as heavy-handed and overly bureaucratic. Especially post-1997 amendment, there is now greater community involvement when formulating plans regarding rivers and water management. Class A river system ( 一級水系 , Ikkyū suikei ) is a designation applied to rivers systems deemed to be important to the economy of the nation as a whole, as well as those deemed important to

361-415: The social situation at the time, placed more emphasis on flood control than water utilization. Over the following 70 years, due to post-war social and economic development, the use of river water for hydroelectric power generation and industrial water increased rapidly and because of inconsistencies that had arisen in the system implemented by the old River Act, the new River Act was enacted in 1962, with

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