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38-667: The ET is a design study project supported by the European Commission under the Framework Programme 7 (FP7) . It concerns the study and the conceptual design for a new research infrastructure in the emergent field of gravitational-wave astronomy . The evolution of the current gravitational wave detectors Advanced Virgo and Advanced LIGO , as second generation detectors, is well defined. Currently they have been upgraded to their so-called enhanced level and they are expected to reach their design sensitivity in

76-742: A Nature article in December 2020, Horizon 2020 is praised for being less bureaucratic than past framework programmes. In 2021, the European Commission services introduced several simplifications in the new framework programme Horizon Europe , to facilitate the work of the beneficiaries especially in the reporting phase. Meuse%E2%80%93Rhine Euroregion The Meuse–Rhine Euroregion ( Dutch : Euregio Maas–Rijn [øːˈreːɣijoː ˌmaːsˈrɛin] , French : Eurorégion Meuse–Rhin [øʁɔʁeʒjɔ̃ møz ʁɛ̃] , German : Euregio Maas–Rhein [ɔʏˈʁeːɡi̯o ˌmaːsˈʁaɪn] , Limburgish : Euregio Maas–Rien [øːˈʀeːɣijoː ˌmaːsˈʀiːn] )

114-488: A Smart UTM Design is drafted in alignment with the U-Space concept, which describes a framework for a progressive implementation of services to "enable complex drone operations with a high degree of automation to take place in all types of operational environments, including urban areas". Subsequently, specific microservices will be prototyped and laboratory scale tested in a server-less cloud-based environment. On behalf of

152-598: A much higher recirculating beam power of 3 MW. A prototype, or testing facility, called the ETpathfinder was built at Maastricht University 's Randwyck Campus in the Netherlands. The facility was opened in November 2021 by Dutch Minister of Education, Culture and Science , Ingrid van Engelshoven . Project leader is Professor Stefan Hild . ETpathfinder will be a useful research centre in its own right after

190-535: A safe and efficient integration of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) in very low level airspace. As a result, technologically and commercially feasible service solutions are elaborated and deployed in an experimental testing environment. The expected growth of future UAS movements in rural as well as urban areas indicates the need for traffic management solutions, ensuring a normal course of trouble free operations of manned as well as unmanned aviation. IMPETUS contributes by investigating potential microservices that serve

228-503: A scalable, flexible and cost efficient system, IMPETUS proposes the application of the Function as a Service paradigm and Smart Concepts. Concurrently, data quality and integrity is taken into account to guarantee a safe conduct of all operations. To fulfil these purposes, the project started to characterize data processes and services of vital importance for drone operations. Following the requirements derived from this preliminary studies,

266-598: Is a Euroregion created in 1976, with judicial status achieved in 1991. It comprises 11.000 km and has around 3.9 million inhabitants around the city-corridor of Aachen – Maastricht – Hasselt – Liège . The seat of the region has been in Eupen, Belgium since 1 January 2007. Within a wider context, the region is part of what is called the Blue Banana European urbanisation corridor. The Meuse–Rhine Euregion comprises: Though they do not officially comprise

304-529: Is a Horizon 2020 (FP8) project, aimed to support the implementation of the EC and ERC Open Access policies. Its successor OpenAIREplus is aimed at linking the aggregated research publications to the accompanying research and project information, datasets and author information. Open access to scientific peer reviewed publications has evolved from a pilot project with limited scope in FP7 to an underlying principle in

342-848: Is a design study project in the European Framework Programme (FP7). It has been proposed by 8 European leading gravitational wave experimental research institutes, coordinated by the European Gravitational Observatory : Although still in the early design study phase, the basic parameters are established. Like KAGRA , it will be located underground to reduce seismic noise and "gravity gradient noise" caused by nearby moving objects. The arms will be 10 km long (compared to 4 km for LIGO, and 3 km for Virgo and KAGRA), and like LISA , there will be three arms in an equilateral triangle, with two detectors in each corner. In order to measure

380-528: Is considered as "partly associated" due to the 2014 referendums held by Switzerland, which free movement of workers between Switzerland and the EU was limited. Swiss organizations continue to be active participants in Horizon 2020, however, their participation is sometimes covered by national funding. Israel is an associated country of Horizon 2020. A central point of negotiation was the funding of projects beyond

418-582: Is implemented by the European Commission , the executive body of the European Union . More specifically, it is implemented by various agencies, including: Associated countries have signed an association agreement for the purposes of this framework programme. To date, 14 countries are associated to Horizon 2020. Participants from European Union member states and countries associated to Horizon 2020 are automatically funded. Switzerland

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456-518: Is split into two beams and these are reflected by mirrors at the ends of the arms in the underground chambers. From the three vertices, a lift will reach ground level. Maintenance will be carried out inside the tunnel via these shafts. From 2021, Nikhef will carry out exploratory drilling in Terziet, Banholt , Cottessen and various locations in the German-Belgian border area. In April 2022,

494-569: Is to complete the European Research Area (ERA) by coordinating national research policies and pooling research funding in some areas to avoid duplication. Horizon 2020 itself is seen as a policy instrument to implement other high-level policy initiatives of the European Union, such as Europe 2020 and Innovation Union. The programme consists of three main research areas that are called "pillars": The structure follows

532-564: The Austrian Research Promotion Agency launched a petition calling for a simplification of administrative procedures, which attracted over 13,000 signatories. The numerous other criticisms of the petitioners were later distilled into a green paper . In Horizon 2020 , there are significant simplifications: e.g. fewer funding rates (increasing the funding rates of the large companies), less reporting, less auditing, shorter time from proposal to project kick-off. In

570-638: The European Commission on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in

608-449: The European Union / European Commission to support and foster research in the European Research Area (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named Horizon . The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, Horizon Europe , has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over 7 years. The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus

646-504: The Green Line . Israel published its views in an Appendix to the official documents. Armenia gained the status of associated country and Armenian researchers and organizations can participate in all Horizon programs on equal footing with EU member states. IMPETUS ( I nformation M anagement P ortal to E nable the in T egration of U nmanned S ystems) is addressing the scientific analysis of information management requirements for

684-583: The SESAR Joint Undertaking , IMPETUS is carried out from 2017 to 2019 by a multinational consortium of key stakeholders in unmanned aviation: Altitude Angel (UK), Boeing Research and Technology Europe (ES), C-Astral (SI), CRIDA (ES), INECO (ES), Jeppesen (DE) and the Technical University of Darmstadt (DE). A network of Open Access repositories, archives and journals that support Open Access policies. The OpenAIRE Consortium

722-770: The Dutch gouvernment made €42 million available from the National Growth Fund for preparatory work of the ET and also reserved €870 million for construction. As the Einstein Telescope is an international project, the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany are cooperating in feasibility studies for the telescope in the Meuse-Rhine Euroregion. For example, studies are under way into the differences in planning laws and regulations and their significance for

760-512: The ET has been built. The candidate sites for the ET are the Meuse–Rhine Euroregion, Sardinia, and Saxony. In 2015, the Meuse-Rhine Euroregion, specifically the rural area between Maastricht, Liège and Aachen, was mentioned as one of the ET's possible sites. The Meuse-Rhine Euroregion has stable ground with little disturbance to the environment. But it also has a network of knowledge partners to cooperate with, companies that can supply

798-595: The European Union was explicitly encouraged. Participants from European Union member states and countries associated to Horizon 2020 were automatically fundable. Horizon 2020 supported open access to research results. Projects such as the European Processor Initiative , or the Exscalate4Cov project, were beneficiaries of Horizon 2020. Horizon 2020 has been succeeded by Horizon Europe in 2021. The framework programme's objective

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836-562: The Horizon 2020 funding scheme, obligatory for all H2020 funded projects. The goal is to make as much European funded research output as possible available to all, via the OpenAIRE portal. The Zenodo research data repository is a product of OpenAIRE. The OpenAIRE portal is online. The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. In 2010,

874-848: The Limburgish and Ripuarian is that they are spoken on both sides of the border. Limburgish, although only recognised as such in The Netherlands, is also spoken in Belgian Limburg and North Rhine-Westphalia. Ripuarian is also spoken on both sides of the Dutch–German border, but with the extra trait of having the same variant spoken on both sides of the border. In daily life, one rarely makes a distinction between Limburgish and Ripuarian. The latter language hardly enjoys any recognition by people who speak it. The dialects of both linguistic groups change gradually from village to village, and

912-503: The additional redundancy provides a useful cross-check. Each of the three detectors would be composed of two interferometers, one optimized for operation below 30 Hz and one optimized for operation at higher frequencies . The low-frequency interferometers (1 to 250 Hz) will use optics cooled to 10 K (−441.7 °F; −263.1 °C), with a beam power of about 18 kW in each arm cavity. The high-frequency ones (10 Hz to 10 kHz) will use room-temperature optics and

950-467: The airspace user's needs in all phases of the operation life cycle, from strategical planning over pre-flight, in-flight and post-flight data provision. Since information management is an infrastructural prerequisite of future unmanned traffic systems, the results support the European goal to gain in prosperity by means of the job and business opportunities of an emerging drone service market. Ensuring

988-816: The core of the Euroregion, the following areas are often associated with it through inter-regional agreements: The official languages of the three countries involved in the Euregion are Dutch (in Belgium and the Netherlands), French (in Belgium) and German (in Belgium and Germany). Regional languages are also spoken namely Limburgish (which is recognised as a regional language in Dutch Limburg), Ripuarian and Walloon . The intra-cultural aspect of

1026-567: The detector, to limit the effect of the seismic noise, and cryogenic facilities to cool down the mirrors to directly reduce the thermal vibration of the test masses. Through its four technical working groups, the ET-FP7 project is addressing the basic questions in the realization of this proposed observatory: site location and characteristics (WP1), suspension design and technologies (WP2), detector topology and geometry (WP3), detection capabilities requirements and astrophysics potentialities (WP4). ET

1064-468: The expected performances of the advanced detectors and of their subsequent upgrades. For example, the fundamental limitations at low frequency of the sensitivity of the second generation detectors are given by the seismic noise , the related gravitational gradient noise (so-called Newtonian noise) and the thermal noise of the suspension last stage and of the test masses. To circumvent these limitations new infrastructures are necessary: an underground site for

1102-459: The high-tech, and pleasant, accessible living and working environments. The Einstein Telescope in the Meuse-Rhine Euroregion involves a triangular-shaped tunnel with arms of 10 kilometres long. The telescope will be located 250 to 300 metres underground. At the three vertices there will be large underground chambers. Laser beams run through the 10-kilometre arms, the tunnel tubes. A laser beam

1140-828: The island: In January 2021 seismological surveys were carried out to validate the site, installing 15 seismometric stations near the Sos Enattos mine. In September 2022, the Draghi government mandated the president of INFN Antonio Zoccoli to proceed with the creation of Italy's candidacy dossier, confirming the 350 million euro of economic commitment already allocated by the Sardinia Region. Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development The Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development , also called Framework Programmes or abbreviated FP1 to FP9 , are funding programmes created by

1178-526: The next few years. LIGO detected gravitational waves in 2015 and Virgo joined this experimental success with the first gravitational wave observed by three detectors GW170814 and shortly after with the first detection of a binary neutron star merger GW170817 . Nevertheless, the sensitivity needed to test Einstein's theory of gravity in strong field conditions or to realize a precision gravitational wave astronomy, mainly of massive stellar bodies or of highly asymmetric (in mass) binary stellar systems, goes beyond

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1216-402: The polarization of incoming gravitational waves and avoid having an orientation to which the telescope is insensitive, a minimum of two detectors are required. While this could be done with two 90° interferometers at 45° to each other, the triangular form allows the arms to be shared. The 60° arm angle reduces each interferometer's sensitivity, but that is made up for by the third detector, and

1254-463: The previous framework programme (FP7, 2007–2013) to the level of the sub-programmes under the pillars. Horizon 2020 is also implementing the European environmental research and innovation policy , which is aimed at defining and turning into reality a transformative agenda for greening the economy and the society as a whole so as to achieve a truly sustainable development . The framework programme

1292-481: The previous phase. The ERC, as one component of H2020, funded 6,707 research projects worth a total of €13.3 billion. From 2013 to 2020 the EU's European Research Council assigned to UK scientists €1.7bn in grants, more than any other country. Horizon 2020 provided grants to research and innovation projects through open and competitive calls for proposals. Legal entities from any country were eligible to submit project proposals to these calls. Participation from outside

1330-457: The project. Ultimately, these feasibility studies should lead to a bid book, which will be ready in 2025 at the earliest. The Italian government is ready to support the candidacy of Sos Enattos ( Sardinia ) as a place for the construction of the telescope together with the Nobel prizewinner Giorgio Parisi . Sos Enattos was chosen for the functional characteristics of the project of the site on

1368-627: The table below. For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in European Currency Units ; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through instruments , the most important of which included: Note also the FP7 Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) in partnership with industry . A specific action

1406-593: Was on technological research. In Horizon 2020, the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the Amsterdam Treaty , which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by Commission civil servants that are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. E.g. to advise

1444-630: Was the FIRST project, to foster cooperation in the area of internet technologies through the European-Latin American Technology Platforms . Horizon 2020 was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation". The programme ran from 2014 to 2020 and provided an estimated € 80 billion of funding, an increase of 23 per cent on

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