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59-430: An electric light , lamp , or light bulb is an electrical component that produces light . It is the most common form of artificial lighting . Lamps usually have a base made of ceramic , metal, glass, or plastic which secures the lamp in the socket of a light fixture , which is often called a "lamp" as well. The electrical connection to the socket may be made with a screw-thread base, two metal pins, two metal caps or
118-461: A bayonet mount . The three main categories of electric lights are incandescent lamps, which produce light by a filament heated white-hot by electric current , gas-discharge lamps , which produce light by means of an electric arc through a gas, such as fluorescent lamps , and LED lamps , which produce light by a flow of electrons across a band gap in a semiconductor . The energy efficiency of electric lighting has increased radically since
177-400: A grow light to aid in plant growth especially in indoor hydroponics and aquatic plants with recent research into the most effective types of light for plant growth. Due to their nonlinear resistance characteristics, tungsten filament lamps have long been used as fast-acting thermistors in electronic circuits. Popular uses have included: In Western culture, a lightbulb — in particular,
236-581: A monochromatic orange-yellow light, which gives a similarly monochromatic perception of any illuminated scene. For this reason, it is generally reserved for outdoor public lighting applications. Low-pressure sodium lights are favoured for public lighting by astronomers, since the light pollution that they generate can be easily filtered, contrary to broadband or continuous spectra. Many lamp units, or light bulbs, are specified in standardized shape codes and socket names. Incandescent bulbs and their retrofit replacements are often specified as " A19 /A60 E26 /E27",
295-569: A common size for those kinds of light bulbs. In this example, the "A" parameters describe the bulb size and shape within the A-series light bulb while the "E" parameters describe the Edison screw base size and thread characteristics. Common comparison parameters include: Less common parameters include color rendering index (CRI). Life expectancy for many types of lamp is defined as the number of hours of operation at which 50% of them fail, that
354-413: A complete ban on incandescent bulbs would contribute 5 to 10 billion euros to the economy and save 15 billion metric tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions . Halogen lamps are usually much smaller than standard incandescent lamps, because for successful operation a bulb temperature over 200 °C is generally necessary. For this reason, most have a bulb of fused silica (quartz) or aluminosilicate glass. This
413-491: A device that is in itself used as a component Passive components that use piezoelectric effect: Devices to make electrical connection Electrical cables with connectors or terminals at their ends Components that can pass current ("closed") or break the current ("open"): Passive components that protect circuits from excessive currents or voltages: On a circuit diagram , electronic devices are represented by conventional symbols. Reference designators are applied to
472-422: A glass or silica envelope containing two metal electrodes separated by a gas. Gases used include, neon , argon , xenon , sodium , metal halides , and mercury . The core operating principle is much the same as the carbon arc lamp, but the term "arc lamp" normally refers to carbon arc lamps, with more modern types of gas discharge lamp normally called discharge lamps. With some discharge lamps, very high voltage
531-462: A large multinational corporation headquartered in Paris, France. Inspired by Geissler tubes and by Daniel McFarlan Moore 's invention of a nitrogen-based light (the "Moore tube"), Claude developed neon tube lighting to exploit the neon that was produced as a byproduct of his air liquefaction business. These were all "glow discharge" tubes that generate light when an electric current is passed through
590-424: A low-pressure turbine . In 1935, Claude constructed another plant, this time aboard a 10,000-ton cargo vessel moored off the coast of Brazil . Weather and waves destroyed both plants before they could become net power generators. (Net power is the amount of power generated after subtracting power needed to run the system.) Even as a young engineer, Claude was unsympathetic to democratic rule. In 1933 he joined
649-449: A more restrictive definition of passivity . When only concerned with the energy of signals , it is convenient to ignore the so-called DC circuit and pretend that the power supplying components such as transistors or integrated circuits is absent (as if each such component had its own battery built in), though it may in reality be supplied by the DC circuit. Then, the analysis only concerns
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#1732798687306708-581: A neon sign in Los Angeles, but not until 1925. A photograph of Anthony's San Francisco dealership may show a neon Packard sign in 1924 but is not conclusive. However, by 1924 Claude's company (Claude Neon) had opened subsidiaries or licensed patents to affiliated companies across the US (like Electrical Products, Company on the US West Coast) and, though neon signage caught on only slowly, by the 1930s it
767-416: A platinum coil in a vacuum tube and passed an electric current through it, thus creating one of the world's first electric light bulbs . The design was based on the concept that the high melting point of platinum would allow it to operate at high temperatures and that the evacuated chamber would contain fewer gas molecules to react with the platinum, improving its longevity. Although it was an efficient design,
826-619: A renowned physicist and GE consultant, reported to the GE lamp department on successful experiments with fluorescent lighting at General Electric Co., Ltd. in Great Britain (unrelated to General Electric in the United States). Stimulated by this report, and with all of the key elements available, a team led by George E. Inman built a prototype fluorescent lamp in 1934 at General Electric 's Nela Park (Ohio) engineering laboratory. This
885-504: A singular form and are not to be confused with electrical elements , which are conceptual abstractions representing idealized electronic components and elements. A datasheet for an electronic component is a technical document that provides detailed information about the component's specifications, characteristics, and performance. Discrete circuits are made of individual electronic components that only perform one function each as packaged, which are known as discrete components, although strictly
944-1037: A variety of purposes, including acting as a timer, performing digital to analog conversion, performing amplification, or being used for logical operations. Current: Obsolete: A vacuum tube is based on current conduction through a vacuum (see Vacuum tube ). Optical detectors or emitters Obsolete: Sources of electrical power: Components incapable of controlling current by means of another electrical signal are called passive devices. Resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers are all considered passive devices. Pass current in proportion to voltage ( Ohm's law ) and oppose current. Capacitors store and release electrical charge. They are used for filtering power supply lines, tuning resonant circuits, and for blocking DC voltages while passing AC signals, among numerous other uses. Integrated passive devices are passive devices integrated within one distinct package. They take up less space than equivalent combinations of discrete components. Electrical components that use magnetism in
1003-904: Is 50–100 lumens per watt, several times the efficacy of incandescent bulbs with comparable light output. Fluorescent lamp fixtures are more costly than incandescent lamps, because they require a ballast to regulate the current through the lamp, but the lower energy cost typically offsets the higher initial cost. Compact fluorescent lamps are available in the same popular sizes as incandescent lamps and are used as an energy-saving alternative in homes. Because they contain mercury, many fluorescent lamps are classified as hazardous waste . The United States Environmental Protection Agency recommends that fluorescent lamps be segregated from general waste for recycling or safe disposal, and some jurisdictions require recycling of them. The solid-state light-emitting diode (LED) has been popular as an indicator light in consumer electronics and professional audio gear since
1062-463: Is often sealed inside an additional layer of glass. The outer glass is a safety precaution, to reduce ultraviolet emission and to contain hot glass shards should the inner envelope explode during operation. Oily residue from fingerprints may cause a hot quartz envelope to shatter due to excessive heat buildup at the contamination site. The risk of burns or fire is also greater with bare bulbs, leading to their prohibition in some places, unless enclosed by
1121-461: Is the median life of the lamps. Production tolerances as low as 1% can create a variance of 25% in lamp life, so in general some lamps will fail well before the rated life expectancy, and some will last much longer. For LEDs, lamp life is defined as the operation time at which 50% of lamps have experienced a 70% decrease in light output. In the 1900s the Phoebus cartel formed in an attempt to reduce
1180-407: Is the deciding factor, such as street lighting. More advanced electronic ballasts may be designed to maintain constant light output over the life of the lamp, may drive the lamp with a square wave to maintain completely flicker-free output, and shut down in the event of certain faults. The most efficient source of electric light is the low-pressure sodium lamp. It produces, for all practical purposes,
1239-615: Is used to strike the arc. This requires an electrical circuit called an igniter, which is part of the electrical ballast circuitry. After the arc is struck, the internal resistance of the lamp drops to a low level, and the ballast limits the current to the operating current. Without a ballast, excess current would flow, causing rapid destruction of the lamp. Some lamp types contain a small amount of neon, which permits striking at normal running voltage with no external ignition circuitry. Low-pressure sodium lamps operate this way. The simplest ballasts are just an inductor, and are chosen where cost
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#17327986873061298-413: Is useful for lighting designers , because of its low power consumption, low heat generation, instantaneous on/off control, and in the case of single color LEDs, continuity of color throughout the life of the diode and relatively low cost of manufacture. LED lifetime depends strongly on the temperature of the diode. Operating an LED lamp in conditions that increase the internal temperature can greatly shorten
1357-726: The Action Française , which favored restoration of a monarchy in France. He was a close friend of the monarchist leader Charles Maurras . Following the 1940 defeat of France by Germany at the beginning of the Second World War, the subsequent German occupation of northern France and establishment of the Vichy regime in the south, Claude publicly supported French collaboration with Germany. Among his other activities, he published several tracts supporting collaboration. He
1416-545: The United States , incandescent light bulbs including halogen bulbs stopped being sold as of August 1, 2023, because they do not meet minimum lumens per watt performance metrics established by the U.S. Department of Energy . Compact fluorescent bulbs are also banned despite their lumens per watt performance because of their toxic mercury that can be released into the home if broken and widespread problems with proper disposal of mercury-containing bulbs. In its modern form,
1475-435: The 1870s for large building and street lighting until it was superseded in the early 20th century by the incandescent light. Carbon arc lamps operate at high power and produce high intensity white light. They also are a point source of light. They remained in use in limited applications that required these properties, such as movie projectors , stage lighting , and searchlights , until after World War II. A discharge lamp has
1534-450: The 1970s. In the 2000s, efficacy and output have risen to the point where LEDs are now being used in lighting applications such as car headlights and brake lights, in flashlights and bicycle lights, as well as in decorative applications, such as holiday lighting. Indicator LEDs are known for their extremely long life, up to 100,000 hours, but lighting LEDs are operated much less conservatively, and consequently have shorter lives. LED technology
1593-581: The AC circuit, an abstraction that ignores DC voltages and currents (and the power associated with them) present in the real-life circuit. This fiction, for instance, lets us view an oscillator as "producing energy" even though in reality the oscillator consumes even more energy from a DC power supply, which we have chosen to ignore. Under that restriction, we define the terms as used in circuit analysis as: Most passive components with more than two terminals can be described in terms of two-port parameters that satisfy
1652-529: The Kenner Easy-Bake Oven . Lamps can also be used for light therapy to deal with such issues as vitamin D deficiency , skin conditions such as acne and dermatitis , skin cancers , and seasonal affective disorder . Lamps which emit a specific frequency of blue light are also used to treat neonatal jaundice with the treatment which was initially undertaken in hospitals being able to be conducted at home. Electric lamps can also be used as
1711-530: The UK and Thomas Edison in the US independently developing functional incandescent lamps. Swan's bulbs, based on designs by William Staite, were successful, but the filaments were too thick. Edison worked to create bulbs with thinner filaments, leading to a better design. The rivalry between Swan and Edison eventually led to a merger, forming the Edison and Swan Electric Light Company . By the early twentieth century these had completely replaced arc lamps . The turn of
1770-492: The air, and from space. External lighting grew at a rate of 3–6 percent for the later half of the 20th century and is the major source of light pollution that burdens astronomers and others with 80% of the world's population living in areas with night time light pollution. Light pollution has been shown to have a negative effect on some wildlife. Electric lamps can be used as heat sources, for example in incubators , as infrared lamps in fast food restaurants and toys such as
1829-656: The appearance of an illuminated lightbulb above a person's head — signifies sudden inspiration. In the Middle East , a light bulb symbol has a sexual connotation. A stylized depiction of a light bulb features as the logo of the Turkish AK Party . Electrical component An electronic component is any basic discrete electronic device or physical entity part of an electronic system used to affect electrons or their associated fields . Electronic components are mostly industrial products , available in
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1888-413: The carbon rods are short-lived and require constant adjustment in use, as the intense heat of the arc erodes them. The lamps produce significant ultraviolet output, they require ventilation when used indoors, and due to their intensity they need protection from direct sight. Invented by Humphry Davy around 1805, the carbon arc was the first practical electric light. It was used commercially beginning in
1947-424: The century saw further improvements in bulb longevity and efficiency, notably with the introduction of the tungsten filament by William D. Coolidge , who applied for a patent in 1912. This innovation became a standard for incandescent bulbs for many years. In 1910, Georges Claude introduced the first neon light, paving the way for neon signs which would become ubiquitous in advertising. In 1934, Arthur Compton ,
2006-408: The cost of the platinum made it impractical for commercial use. William Greener , an English inventor, made significant contributions to early electric lighting with his lamp in 1846 (patent specification 11076), laying the groundwork for future innovations such as those by Thomas Edison. The late 1870s and 1880s were marked by intense competition and innovation, with inventors like Joseph Swan in
2065-711: The design of the electrodes for neon lights; this patent became the strongest basis for the monopoly held in the U.S. by his company, Claude Neon Lights, through the early 1930s. Georges Claude and the French company he founded have long been said to have introduced neon signs to the United States by selling two to Earle C. Anthony , the owner of Packard car dealerships in San Francisco and Los Angeles (in 1923) but no conclusive evidence of this has ever been uncovered. Instead, photographs from 1923 to 1925 reveal
2124-444: The discrete version of these components, treating such packages as components in their own right. Components can be classified as passive, active , or electromechanic . The strict physics definition treats passive components as ones that cannot supply energy themselves, whereas a battery would be seen as an active component since it truly acts as a source of energy. However, electronic engineers who perform circuit analysis use
2183-575: The energy consumed is emitted as visible, usable light . The remaining 95% is lost as heat . In warmer climates, the emitted heat must then be removed, putting additional pressure on ventilation or air conditioning systems. In colder weather, the heat byproduct has some value, and has been successfully harnessed for warming in devices such as heat lamps . Incandescent bulbs are nonetheless being phased out in favor of technologies like CFLs and LED bulbs in many countries due to their low energy efficiency. The European Commission estimated in 2012 that
2242-458: The first demonstration of arc lamps and the incandescent light bulb of the 19th century. Modern electric light sources come in a profusion of types and sizes adapted to many applications. Most modern electric lighting is powered by centrally generated electric power, but lighting may also be powered by mobile or standby electric generators or battery systems. Battery -powered light is often reserved for when and where stationary lights fail, often in
2301-431: The first persistent electric arc in 1802, and English chemist Humphry Davy gave a practical demonstration of an arc light in 1806. It took more than a century of continuous and incremental improvement, including numerous designs, patents, and resulting intellectual property disputes, to get from these early experiments to commercially produced incandescent light bulbs in the 1920s. In 1840, Warren de la Rue enclosed
2360-403: The form of flashlights or electric lanterns , as well as in vehicles. Before electric lighting became common in the early 20th century, people used candles , gas lights , oil lamps , and fires . In 1799–1800, Alessandro Volta created the voltaic pile , the first electric battery. Current from these batteries could heat copper wire to incandescence. Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov developed
2419-437: The incandescent light bulb consists of a coiled filament of tungsten sealed in a globular glass chamber, either a vacuum or full of an inert gas such as argon . When an electric current is connected, the tungsten is heated to 2,000 to 3,300 K (1,730 to 3,030 °C; 3,140 to 5,480 °F) and glows, emitting light that approximates a continuous spectrum . Incandescent bulbs are highly inefficient, in that just 2–5% of
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2478-427: The lamp's life. Some lasers have been adapted as an alternative to LEDs to provide highly focused illumination. Carbon arc lamps consist of two carbon rod electrodes in open air, supplied by a current-limiting ballast . The electric arc is struck by touching the rod tips then separating them. The ensuing arc produces a white-hot plasma between the rod tips. These lamps have higher efficacy than filament lamps, but
2537-455: The life of electric light bulbs, an example of planned obsolescence . Some types of lamp are also sensitive to switching cycles. Rooms with frequent switching, such as bathrooms, can expect much shorter lamp life than what is printed on the box. Compact fluorescent lamps are particularly sensitive to switching cycles. The total amount of artificial light (especially from street light ) is sufficient for cities to be easily visible at night from
2596-406: The luminaire. Those designed for 12- or 24-volt operation have compact filaments, useful for good optical control. Also, they have higher efficacies (lumens per watt) and longer lives than non-halogen types. The light output remains almost constant throughout their life. Fluorescent lamps consist of a glass tube that contains mercury vapour or argon under low pressure. Electricity flowing through
2655-504: The neon (or other inert gases such as argon). Claude developed techniques for purifying the inert gases within a completely sealed glass tube, which distinguished neon tube lighting from the Moore tubes; the latter had a device for replenishing the nitrogen or carbon dioxide gases within the tube. The second invention was ultimately crucial for the development of the Claude lighting business; it
2714-487: The principle of reciprocity —though there are rare exceptions. In contrast, active components (with more than two terminals) generally lack that property. Transistors were considered the invention of the twentieth century that changed electronic circuits forever. A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power. Conduct electricity easily in one direction, among more specific behaviors. Integrated Circuits can serve
2773-512: The rarefied gas within the tube. Claude's first public demonstration of a large neon light was at the Paris Motor Show ( Salon de l'Automobile et du Cycle ), 3–18 December 1910. Claude's first patent filing for his technologies in France was on 7 March 1910. Claude himself wrote in 1913 that, in addition to a source of neon gas, there were two principal inventions that made neon lighting practicable. First were his methods for purifying
2832-406: The risk in handling the gas. In 1902 Claude devised what is now known as the Claude system for liquifying air . The system enabled the production of industrial quantities of liquid nitrogen, oxygen, and argon; Claude's approach competed successfully with the earlier system of Carl von Linde (1895). Claude and businessman Paul Delorme founded Air Liquide ( L'Air Liquide ), which is presently
2891-400: The storage and release of electrical charge through current: Electrical components that pass charge in proportion to magnetism or magnetic flux, and have the ability to retain a previous resistive state, hence the name of Memory plus Resistor. Components that use more than one type of passive component: Antennas transmit or receive radio waves Multiple electronic components assembled in
2950-466: The symbols to identify the components. Georges Claude Georges Claude (24 September 1870 – 23 May 1960) was a French engineer and inventor. He is noted for his early work on the industrial liquefaction of air, for the invention and commercialization of neon lighting , and for a large experiment on generating energy by pumping cold seawater up from the depths. He has been considered by some to be "the Edison of France". Claude
3009-680: The term discrete component refers to such a component with semiconductor material such as individual transistors . Electronic components have a number of electrical terminals or leads . These leads connect to other electrical components, often over wire, to create an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier , radio receiver , or oscillator ). Basic electronic components may be packaged discretely, as arrays or networks of like components, or integrated inside of packages such as semiconductor integrated circuits , hybrid integrated circuits , or thick film devices. The following list of electronic components focuses on
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#17327986873063068-418: The tube causes the gases to give off ultraviolet energy. The inside of the tubes are coated with phosphors that give off visible light when struck by ultraviolet photons . They have much higher efficiency than incandescent lamps. For the same amount of light generated, they typically use around one-quarter to one-third the power of an incandescent. The typical luminous efficacy of fluorescent lighting systems
3127-422: Was a design for minimizing the degradation (by "sputtering") of the electrodes that transfer electric current from the external power supply to the glowing gases within the sign. The terms "neon light" and "neon sign" are now often applied to electrical lighting incorporating sealed glass tubes filled with argon, mercury vapor, or other gases, in addition to neon. In 1915 a U.S. patent was issued to Claude covering
3186-861: Was a member of a Distinguished Committee of the Groupe Collaboration , which had been founded in September 1940. He was nominated by the Vichy regime as a member of the Conseil National Consultatif in 1941. Following the Allied liberation of France in 1944, Claude was taken into custody on 2 December 1944 because of his collaboration with the Axis powers . He was removed from the French Academy of Sciences . In 1945 he
3245-601: Was an active collaborator with the German occupiers of France during the Second World War , for which he was imprisoned in 1945 and stripped of his honors. Georges Claude was born on 24 September 1870 in Paris , France, during the city's siege by German forces . Georges Claude studied at the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI). He then held several positions. He
3304-561: Was an electrical inspector in a cable factory and the laboratory manager in an electric works. He founded and edited a magazine, L'Étincelle Électrique ( The Electric Spark ); his important friendship with Jacques-Arsène d'Arsonval apparently dates from this time. About 1896, Claude learned of the explosion risk for bottled acetylene , which was used at the time for lighting. Acetylene is explosive when stored under pressure. Claude showed that acetylene dissolved well in acetone , equivalent to storing it under 25 atmospheres of pressure, reduced
3363-466: Was common across the US, eventually becoming, for a few decades, the country's dominant form of lit signage. Claude's mentor and friend was Jacques-Arsène d'Arsonval , the inventor of the "Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion" (OTEC) concept. Claude was also the first person to build prototype plants of that technology. Claude built his plant in Cuba in 1930. The system produced 22 kilowatts of electricity with
3422-431: Was not a trivial exercise; as noted by Arthur A. Bright, "A great deal of experimentation had to be done on lamp sizes and shapes, cathode construction, gas pressures of both argon and mercury vapor, colors of fluorescent powders, methods of attaching them to the inside of the tube, and other details of the lamp and its auxiliaries before the new device was ready for the public." The first practical LED arrived in 1962. In
3481-466: Was tried and convicted of propaganda work favoring collaboration, but was cleared of another charge that he helped design the V-1 flying bomb . He was condemned to life imprisonment, and was imprisoned. In 1950 he was released from prison, with acknowledgment of his research on ocean thermal energy conversion. Claude wrote several semi-popular descriptions of his research, in addition to his wartime tracts and
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