A pulp mill is a manufacturing facility that converts wood chips or other plant fiber sources into a thick fiber board which can be shipped to a paper mill for further processing. Pulp can be manufactured using mechanical, semi-chemical, or fully chemical methods ( kraft and sulfite processes). The finished product may be either bleached or non-bleached, depending on the customer requirements.
24-489: Elk Falls Mill was a pulp mill and paper mill located in the Canadian town of Campbell River , British Columbia , operating between 1952 and 2010. At the end of its life, the mill had three paper machines , with a combined annual production of 373,000 tonnes of newsprint and 153,000 tonnes specialized papers. The mill was established by Crown Zellerbach in 1952 as the first newsprint mill on Vancouver Island . This
48-471: A coarse surface: it is not yet paper. The dried pulp is cut, stacked, bailed and shipped to another facility for whatever further process is needed. Bleached kraft pulp and bleached sulfite pulp are used to make high quality, white printing paper. One of the most visible uses for unbleached kraft pulp is to make brown paper shopping bags and wrapping paper where strength is particularly important. A special grade of bleached sulfite pulp, known as dissolving pulp,
72-475: A disturbance or breakdown. Each stage also may have different decision variables, such as steam / water / chemical input, etc. Finally, scheduling needs to consider fuel optimization and CO 2 emissions, because part of the energy requirements may be met from fossil-fuel boilers. The overall aim is to maximize production at minimum cost. Stainless steels is used extensively in the pulp and paper industry for two primary reasons, to avoid iron contamination of
96-414: Is commonly isolated from the bark of birch trees. It forms up to 30% of the dry weight of silver birch bark. It is also found in birch sap . Inonotus obliquus contains betulin. The compound in the bark gives the tree its white color which appears to protect the tree from mid-winter overheating by the sun . As a result, birches are some of the northernmost occurring deciduous trees. Betulin
120-511: Is to break down the bulk structure of the fiber source, be it chips, stems or other plant parts, into the constituent fibers. Chemical pulping achieves this by degrading the lignin and hemicellulose into small, water-soluble molecules that can be washed away from the cellulose fibers without depolymerizing the cellulose fibers (chemically depolymerizing the cellulose weakens the fibers). The various mechanical pulping methods, such as groundwood (GW) and refiner mechanical (RMP) pulping, physically tear
144-402: Is used to make cellulose derivatives such as methylcellulose which are used in a wide range of everyday products from laxatives to baked goods to wallpaper paste . Some mills pretreat wood chips or other plant material like straw with sodium carbonate , sodium hydroxide , sodium sulfite , and other chemical prior to refining with equipment similar to a mechanical mill. The conditions of
168-403: The sulfite process remove much of the hemicelluloses and lignin. The kraft process does less damage to the cellulose fibers than the sulfite process , thereby producing stronger fibers, but the sulfite process makes pulp that is easier to bleach. The chemical pulping processes use a combination of high temperature and alkaline (kraft) or acidic (sulfite) chemicals to break the chemical bonds of
192-399: The amount of energy subsequently required by the mechanical treatment, and also reduce the amount of strength loss suffered by the fibers. The earliest known methods for preparing pulp for paper making were water-powered, in 8th-century Samarkand , Abbasid Caliphate . Much of the information about the technology in following subsections is from the book by C.J. Biermann. The chemistry of
216-495: The cellulose fibers one from another. Much of the lignin remains adhering to the fibers. Strength is impaired because the fibers may be cut. Related hybrid pulping methods use a combination of chemical and thermal treatment to begin an abbreviated chemical pulping process, followed immediately by a mechanical treatment to separate the fibers. These hybrid methods include thermomechanical pulping (TMP) and Chemi-thermomechanical pulping (CTMP). The chemical and thermal treatments reduce
240-437: The chemical recovery system. Birchbark contains betulin , a terpenoid that easily creates deposits in a pulp mill. The earliest mills used sandstone grinding rollers to break up small wood logs called "bolts", but the use of natural stone ended in the 1940s with the introduction of manufactured stones with embedded silicon carbide or aluminum oxide . The pulp made by this process is known as "stone groundwood" pulp (SGW). If
264-404: The chemical treatment are much less vigorous (lower temperature, shorter time, less extreme pH) than in a chemical pulping process, since the goal is to make the fibers easier to refine, not to remove lignin as in a fully chemical process. Pulps made using these hybrid processes are known as Chemi-thermomechanical pulps (CTMP). Sometimes a CTMP mill is located on the same site as a kraft mill so that
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#1732800854094288-405: The chipper again, while sawdust may be burned or collected for sale. The screened chips or cut plant material ( bamboo , kenaf , etc.) goes to the digester where it is mixed with an aqueous solution of the pulping chemicals, then heated with steam. In the kraft process the pulping chemicals are sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide and the solution is known as white liquor. In the sulfite process
312-453: The effluent from the CTMP mill can be treated in the kraft recovery process to regenerate the inorganic pulping chemicals. The pulping process involves many production stages, usually coupled with intermediate storage tanks. As each stage has a different reliability and bottlenecks may vary from day to day, scheduling a pulp mill needs to take into account these bottlenecks and the probability of
336-412: The fibers even more. The resulting fiber suspension in water solution is called "brown stock". Brown stock washers, using countercurrent flow, remove the spent cooking chemicals and degraded lignin and hemicellulose. The extracted liquid, known as black liquor in the kraft process, and red or brown liquor in the sulfite processes, is concentrated, burned and the sodium and sulfur compounds recycled in
360-445: The lignin. However, atmospheric pollution and contaminants in wastewater effluent in the kraft pulping process has been widely documented The material fed into the digester must be small enough to allow the pulping liquor to penetrate the pieces completely. In the case of wood, the logs are chipped and the chips screened to ensure that the feed to the digester is of a uniform size. Oversized chips are either used as fuel or run through
384-512: The mill. Almost all wood is then chipped before being processed further in order to free the fibers. Removal of the bark is done in a barker (or debarker ). The bark adhesion is about 3–5 kg/cm in the growing season (summer) and 2-3 times higher in the dormant season (winter). The bark of frozen logs is even more difficult to remove. In chemical pulp mills, the bark introduces unwanted contaminants such as calcium , silica , and aluminum that cause scaling and give an extra loading for
408-495: The product and their corrosion resistance to the various chemicals used in the papermaking process. A wide range of stainless steels are used throughout the pulp making process. For example, duplex stainless steels are being used in digesters to convert wood chips into wood pulp and 6% Mo super austenitic stainless steels are used in the bleach plant . Betulin Betulin is an abundant, naturally occurring triterpene . It
432-407: The pulping chemical is a mixture of metal (sodium, magnesium, potassium, or calcium) and ammonium sulfite or sulfite. After several hours in the digester, the chips or cut plant material breaks down into a thick porridge-like consistency and is "blown" or squeezed from the outlet of the digester through an airlock. The sudden change in pressure results in a rapid expansion of the fibers, separating
456-449: The recovery process. Lignosulphonates is a useful byproduct recovered from the spent liquor in the sulfite process. The clean pulp (stock) can be bleached in the bleach plant or left unbleached, depending on the end-use. The stock is sprayed onto the pulp machine wire, water drains off, more water is removed by pressing the sheet of fibers, and the sheet is then dried. At this point the sheets of pulp are several millimeters thick and have
480-400: The total energy needed to make the pulp and decreases the damage (cutting) to fibers. Mechanical pulp mills use large amounts of energy, mostly electricity to power motors which turn the grinders. A rough estimate of the electrical energy needed is 10,000 mega joules (MJ) per tonne of pulp (2,750 kWh per tonne ) Chemical pulping processes such as the kraft (or sulfate) process and
504-487: The various pulping processes can be found in Sjöström's book. The most common fiber source for pulp mills is pulpwood . Other common sources are bagasse and fibre crops. The first step in all mills using wood (trees) as the fiber source is to remove the bark . Bark contains relatively few usable fibers and darkens the pulp. The removed bark is burned, along with other unusable plant material, to generate steam to run
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#1732800854094528-459: The wood is ground in a pressurized, sealed grinder the pulp is classified as "pressure groundwood" (PGW) pulp. Most modern mills use chips rather than logs and ridged metal discs called refiner plates instead of grindstones. If the chips are just ground up with the plates, the pulp is called "refiner mechanical" pulp (RMP), if the chips are steamed while being refined the pulp is called "thermomechanical" pulp (TMP). Steam treatment significantly reduces
552-496: Was closed in 2010 due to diminishing demand for newsprint. It is the site of Island Generating Station , a natural gas-fired fossil-fuel power station . Pulp mill Wood and other plant materials used to make pulp contain three main components (apart from water): cellulose fibres (desired for papermaking ), lignin (a three-dimensional polymer that binds the cellulose fibres together) and hemicelluloses , (shorter branched carbohydrate polymers). The aim of pulping
576-462: Was made possible through the construction of hydroelectric generating stations on the Campbell River . Crown Zellerbach was bought by Fletcher Challenge in 1981, becoming Crown Forest Industries. It merged in 1987 to form Fletcher Challenge Canada. This was again bought by Norske Skog in 2000 and became part of their Canadian division, which became Catalyst Paper in 2005. Elk Falls Mill
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