63-609: Erau is an Indonesian biennial cultural festival, taking place in the city of Tenggarong , Kutai Kartanegara , East Kalimantan . The word Erau is derived from the Kutai word eroh , meaning crowded, noisy, joyful. The legend began in the Kutai Kartanegara Ing Martadipura Kingdom in the 13th century, when it was situated in Tepian Baru or Kutai Lama . It is a legend of the greatness of
126-527: A Hulu Dusun officer in Melanti village near Mahakam River while he was chopping wood. The officer saw a worm that kept circling the block of wood and gazing at him tearfully. The officer took it home with him, where it grew up day by day, bigger and bigger until it became a dragon. But the dragon never left the house. One night, the officer dreamt that he met a girl who was to become his daughter. She said, "Father, don’t be afraid, let me leave this house and
189-444: A bronze alloy composed of a maximum of 22 parts tin to 78 parts copper, but in many cases the proportion of tin is considerably less. This alloy is excessively brittle when cast and allowed to cool slowly, but it can be tempered and annealed in a peculiar manner to alleviate this. When suddenly cooled from red heat, the alloy becomes so soft that it can be hammered and worked on the lathe then hardened by reheating. Afterwards,
252-589: A melody . Nipple gongs are used in Chinese temples for worship and Buddhist temples in Southeast Asia. These are the primary gong in the traditional Philippine music of kulintang . In Indonesian gamelan ensembles, instruments that are organologically gongs come in various sizes with different functions and different names. For example, in the central Javanese gamelan, the largest gong is called gong ageng , ranges in size up to 1 meter in diameter, has
315-688: A biennial festival commemorating the foundation of the capital Tenggarong on 29 September 1782. This biennial festival was first held in 1971. From the advice of Kukar's last Sultan, Sultan Aji Muhammad Parikesit, the district government is only allowed to exercise some traditional ceremonies, and not others such as the tijak kepala (literally step on head ) and the vesting of titles. Activities that are allowed are art and sport or agility performances, such as Menjamu Benua, Merangin Malam, Mendirikan Tiang Ayu, Upacara Penabalan, Pelas, Seluak Mudik, Mengulur Naga and Belibur . Traditional tribal ceremonies allowed
378-421: A cord passed through holes near to the top rim. Bossed or nipple gongs have a raised centre boss or knob and are often suspended and played horizontally. Bowl gongs are bowl-shaped and rest on cushions. The latter may be considered a member of the bell category. Gongs are made mainly from bronze or brass , though there are many other alloys in use. Gongs produce two distinct types of sound. A gong with
441-425: A deafening noise from the outside. A bright light shone on the night as if it was daylight. The wife told his husband to check what the whole commotion is all about. When outside, the husband found a box made of golden stone. He opened the lid and inside he found a baby covered with a golden blanket. On the baby's right hand was an egg and on his left was a golden kris . Suddenly seven Gods appeared before him. One of
504-540: A mallet. They can be played alone, giving a characteristic "crashing" sound, or played as part of a tuned set that produce bell-like sounds. The earliest possible depictions of gongs is from the details on the surface of the Ngọc Lũ I bronze drum (c. 3rd to 2nd century BC) from the Dong Son culture of northern Vietnam . It depicts what looks like seven-gong ensembles along with other instruments (including cymbals/bells and
567-626: A musical instrument and a work of visual art. They are generally not disc shaped, but instead take more complex, even abstract forms. Sculptural gongs were pioneered in the early 1990s by Welsh percussionist and metal crafter, Steve Hubback, who was partially inspired by the work of the French Sound Sculptors, Francois and Bernard Baschet . Hubback's works have been used by many musicians including solo percussionist Dame Evelyn Glennie and rock drummer Carl Palmer . English gong and cymbal maker , Matt Nolan , partially inspired by
630-410: A nylon tip drumstick they sound rather like the coil chimes in a mantle clock. Some have holes in the centre, but they are mounted like all suspended gongs by other holes near the rim. The smaller sizes, 7 to 12 inches (18 to 30 cm), have a more bell-like tone due to their thickness and small diameter. Sculptural gongs (also known as Gong Sculptures) are gongs which serve the dual purpose of being
693-506: A pair 1 or 2 inches (3 or 5 cm) larger than the smaller. A Pasi gong is a medium-size gong 12 to 15 inches (30 to 38 cm) in size, with a loud crashing sound. It is used traditionally to announce the start of a performance, play or magic. Construction varies, some having nipples and some not, so this type is named more for its function than for its structure or even its sound. Pasi gongs without nipples have found favour with adventurous middle-of-the-road kit drummers. A tiger gong
SECTION 10
#1732797959403756-688: A population of 106,669 in mid-2022. Tenggarong has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy rainfall year-round. 0°24′S 116°58′E / 0.400°S 116.967°E / -0.400; 116.967 This East Kalimantan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gong A gong is a percussion instrument originating from Southeast Asia , and used widely in Southeast Asian and East Asian musical traditions. Gongs are made of metal and are circular and flat or bowl-like in shape, and can come in various sizes. They are typically struck with
819-416: A round, hard, leather-covered pad that is fitted on a short stick or handle. It emits a peculiarly sonorous sound which can be varied by particular ways of striking the disk. Its complex vibrations burst into a wave-like succession of tones that can be either shrill or deep. In China and Japan gongs are used in religious ceremonies, state processions, marriages and other festivals. The gong has been used in
882-460: A shorter delay for the sound to "bloom". Keeping this priming stroke inaudible calls for a great deal of skill. The smallest suspended gongs are played with bamboo sticks or even western-style drumsticks. Contemporary and avant-garde music, where different sounds are sought, will often use friction mallets (producing squeals and harmonics), bass bows (producing long tones and high overtones), and various striking implements (wood/plastic/metal) to produce
945-431: A substantially flat surface vibrates in multiple modes, giving a "crash" rather than a tuned note. This category of gong is sometimes called a tam-tam , to distinguish it from the bossed gongs that give a tuned note. In Indonesian gamelan ensembles, some bossed gongs are deliberately made to generate an additional beat note in the range from about 1 to 5 Hz. The use of the term "gong" for both these types of instrument
1008-452: A tub of water after being struck. This is called "water gong" and is called for in several orchestral pieces. Tuned gongs have also been used with the symphony orchestra, e.g. sets of differently tuned gongs used by Messiaen in pieces such as Des canyons aux étoiles and Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum . Gongs are also used as signal devices in a number of applications. A bowl-shaped, center mounted, electrically controlled gong
1071-409: A very narrow up-down triangle at 21–24% tin content and 780 °C (1,440 °F) symbolized by β. This is the secret of all past bronze instrument making. When bronze is mixed and heated, it glows orange-red which indicates it has been heated to the beta phase borders where the metal needs to be submerged in cold water to lock the alloy in the beta phase for cymbal making. The gong is then beaten with
1134-442: A warning bell. Mechanical bells, known in some places as a gong, are struck by an electric-powered hammer to audibly warn motorists and pedestrians of an oncoming train. Many railroad crossing gongs are now being replaced by electronic devices with no moving parts. Gongs are present on rail vehicles , such as trams, streetcars , trains, cable cars or light rail trains, in the form of a bowl-shaped signal bell typically mounted on
1197-426: A wind gong is played with a large soft mallet, which gives it a roaring crash to match their namesake. They are lathed on both sides and are medium to large in size, typically 15 to 22 inches (38 to 56 cm) but sizes from 7 to 60 inches (18 to 152 cm) are available. The 22-inch (56 cm) size is most popular due to its portability and large sound. They are commonly used by drummers in rock music. Played with
1260-405: Is a pair of gongs, the larger with a descending tone, the smaller with a rising tone. The larger gong is used to announce the entrance of major players or men and to identify points of drama and consequence. The smaller gong is used to announce the entry of lesser players or women and to identify points of humour . Opera gongs range in size from 7 to 12 inches (18 to 30 cm), with the larger of
1323-546: Is a slightly descending or less commonly ascending gong, larger than an opera gong and with a less pronounced pitch shift. Most commonly 15 inches (38 cm) but available down to 8 inches (20 cm). A Shueng Kwong gong is a medium to large gong with a sharp staccato sound. Wind gongs (also known as Feng or Lion Gongs) are flat bronze discs, with little fundamental pitch, heavy tuned overtones, and long sustain. They are most commonly made of B20 bronze, but can also be made of M63 brass or NS12 nickel-silver . Traditionally,
SECTION 20
#17327979594031386-401: Is common. Suspended gongs are played with hammers and are of two main types: flat faced discs, either with or without a turned edge and gongs with a raised centre boss. In general, the larger the gong, the larger and softer the hammer. In Western symphonic music, the flat faced gongs are generally referred to as tam-tams to distinguish them from their bossed counterparts. Here, the term "gong"
1449-482: Is flowing". The wife did as she was told and aromatic milk flowed, which the baby lapped up ravenously. For the next 40 days and nights, obeying the Gods' commands, the baby laid on the villagers' laps. He was bathed with flower water. And on the third day, his umbilical cord broke off and the villagers celebrated the occasion by shooting fire to the sky for seven times. The baby was named Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti . As
1512-433: Is made of copper-based alloy, bronze, or brass. It is almost flat except for the rim, which is turned up to make a shallow cylinder. On a 10-inch (25 cm) gong, for example, the rim extends about 1 ⁄ 2 inch (1 cm) perpendicular to the surface. The main surface is slightly concave when viewed from the direction to which the rim is turned. The centre spot and rim of a chau gong are left coated on both sides with
1575-411: Is reserved for the bossed type only. The gong has been a Chinese instrument for millennia. Its first use may have been to signal peasant workers in from the fields, because some gongs are loud enough to be heard from up to 5 miles (8 km) away. Large flat gongs may be 'primed' by lightly hitting them before the main stroke, greatly enhancing the sound and causing the instrument to "speak" sooner, with
1638-489: Is standard equipment in a boxing ring . Commonly referred to as the gong , it is struck with a hammer to signal the start and end of each round. During the Victorian and Edwardian eras, it was often the custom in hotels, on ships and in large, upper-class houses to sound a dinner gong to announce a meal was about to be served. A railroad crossing with a flashing traffic signal or wigwag will also typically have
1701-655: Is widely used in Buddhist memorial services, hayashi performances, kabuki music, and ship departure signals. A nipple gong has a central raised boss or nipple, often made of different metals than other gongs with varying degrees of quality and resonance. They have a tone with less shimmer than other gongs, and two distinct sounds depending on whether they are struck on the boss or next to it. They are most often but not always tuned to various pitches. Nipple gongs range in size from 6 to 20 inches (15 to 51 cm) or larger. Sets of smaller, tuned nipple gongs can be used to play
1764-567: The 20th century. Paiste is the largest non-Asian manufacturer of gongs. This Swiss company of Estonian lineage makes gongs at their German factory. Also in Germany, Oetken Gongs, founded in 2011 by Broder Oetken-former Paiste gong master-offers his own range of gongs. He also built the first generation of Symphonic and Planetary gongs for Meinl . Italian company UFIP make a range of gongs at their factory in Pistoia . Michael Paiste, outside of
1827-472: The Gods would say, The husband told the Gods that he will obey all of their commands and thanked them for answering his prayers. Once the Gods disappeared, he took the baby inside to his wife. The baby cried of hunger, confused as to what to do, the husband burnt incense, scatter yellow rice on the floor, and prayed to the Gods. Soon after, the God told the wife, "Wipe your breast with your hand repeatedly until milk
1890-532: The Kingdom's first Sultan, who was said to be a descent from BROT. The story goes that in a village called Jaitan Layar , in the East Kalimantan mountainous slope, a kingdom official and his wife has been married for a few years, but had not yet been blessed with a child. They would pray to their God, hoping that a child will soon be born. One night, as the couple were sleeping, they were interrupted by
1953-494: The Kutai Kartanegara Sultan, Aji Muhammad Muslihuddin, changed the name from Tepian Pandan to Tangga Arung (literally the house of the king ). In application, the people of Kutai would then shorten this name by combining the two words Tangga Arung to Tenggarong . The Tenggarong district is divided into 12 urban villages ( kelurahan ) and 2 villages ( desa ), had a total area of 398.10 km2 with
Erau - Misplaced Pages Continue
2016-545: The Sultan's coronation to a celebration commemorating the vesting of title to individuals for their outstanding service to the kingdom. The duration of the ceremony would depend upon the Kutai Palace's wealth, it ranged from 7 days to a maximum of 40 days continuously. The Erau ceremonies were traditionally organised by the Kutai palace courtiers, who would invite the kingdom's community leaders. Arriving from all corners of
2079-496: The arts and culture that exist and thrive across the regency. Tenggarong Tenggarong is a town in and the capital of Kutai Kartanegara Regency of East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia . Tenggarong (abbreviated: TRG ) is also a district ( kecamatan ). The former Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate's capital was likewise located in Tenggarong. Historically, the then capital was called Tepian Pandan . At some point,
2142-694: The black copper oxide that forms during manufacture; the rest is polished to remove this coating. Chau gongs range in size from 7 to 80 inches (18 to 203 cm) in diameter. The earliest Chau gong is from a tomb discovered at the Guixian site in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China. It dates from the early Western Han dynasty . Gongs are depicted in Chinese visual art as of the 6th century CE, and were known for their very intense and spiritual drumming in rituals and tribal meetings. Traditionally, chau gongs were used to clear
2205-502: The boy grew up to be 5 years old, he was restless and impatient, he wants to be able to play outside, swim in the river, walk around the village like other children. The husband then remembered the God's command and so he arranged with the villagers of Jaitan Layar to conduct the Erau ceremony. This was to be the first Erau ceremony. It was conducted lavishly for the next 40 days and nights. The Jaitan Layar community and its surrounding attended
2268-478: The bronze drums themselves). The oldest undisputed historical mention of gongs can be found in sixth century AD Chinese records, which mentioned it as a foreign instrument that came from a country between Tibet and Burma. The term gong ( Javanese : ꦒꦺꦴꦁ ) originated in the Indonesian island of Java . Scientific and archaeological research has established that Annam , Java , Burma , and Southern China were
2331-583: The ceremony. Before the ceremony, buffalos were slaughtered and the corpses were prepared. During the Tijak Tanah ceremonial rite, Aji's feet would be placed on the heads of buffalos, living and dead; and on human, living and dead. Then, covered with yellow cloth, Aji was accompanied to the nearby river where he bathed, performing the Mandi ke Tepian ceremonial rite. His feet would step on iron and on stone. The villagers, male and female, would then join him in
2394-406: The deepest pitch and is played least often; the next smaller gong is the gong suwukan or siyem , has a slightly higher pitch and replaces the gong ageng in pieces where gong strokes are close together; the kempul is smaller still, has a higher pitch, and is played more frequently. The gong ageng and some gong suwukan have a beat note. An essential part of the orchestra for Chinese opera
2457-450: The desired tones. Rock gongs are large stones struck with smaller stones to create a metallic resonating sound. By far the most familiar to most Westerners is the chau gong or bullseye gong . Large chau gongs, called tam-tams have become part of the symphony orchestra . Sometimes a chau gong is referred to as a Chinese gong , but in fact, it is only one of many types of suspended gongs that are associated with China. A chau gong
2520-498: The end of the Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate reign, when its territory was converted into the autonomous region of Kutai Kartanegara (abbrev. Kukar) Regency. In the effort of preserving the cultural traditions of Kutai, the bupati (taken from a Sanskrit word, which contemporarily means the holder of executive power of the local government) of Kukar Regency government, Drs. H. Achmad Dahlan, mandated that Erau be
2583-597: The final of act 3 of Armida (1817), Bellini in Norma (1831) and Wagner in Rienzi (1842). Within a few decades the tam-tam became an important member of the percussion section of a modern symphony orchestra. It figures prominently in the symphonies of Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky , Gustav Mahler , Dmitri Shostakovich and, to a lesser extent, Sergei Rachmaninov and Sergei Prokofiev . Giacomo Puccini used gongs and tam-tams in his operas. Igor Stravinsky greatly expanded
Erau - Misplaced Pages Continue
2646-606: The four main gong manufacturing centres of the ancient world. The gong found its way into the Western World in the 18th century, when it was also used in the percussion section of a Western-style symphony orchestra . A form of bronze cauldron gong known as a resting bell was widely used in ancient Greece and Rome: for instance in the famous Oracle of Dodona , where disc gongs were also used. Gongs generally fall into three types: Suspended gongs are more or less flat, circular discs of metal suspended vertically by means of
2709-408: The front of the leading car. It was designed to be sounded to act as a warning in areas where whistles and horns are prohibited, and the " clang of the trolley" refers to this sound. Traditionally, the gong was operated by a foot pedal, but is nowadays controlled by a button mounted on the driving panel. Early trams had a smaller gong with a bell pull mounted by the rear door of these railcars. This
2772-422: The gong has all of the qualities and timbre of the Chinese instruments. The composition of the alloy of bronze used for making gongs is stated to be as follows: 76.52% Cu, 22.43% Sn, 0.26% Pb, 0.23% Zn, 0.81% Fe. In Turkish Cymbal making there is also sulfur and silicon in the alloy. Turkish Cymbals and Gamelan Gongs share beta phase bronze as a metallurgical roots. Tin and copper mix phase transition graphs show
2835-593: The kingdom, the leaders would bring supplies of food, livestock, fruits, and also artists for entertainment. The Sultan and his courtiers would then provide free meals to the kingdom's citizens as a gesture of the Sultan's gratitude to the dedication of his people. The last known traditional Erau ceremony was in 1965, for the commemoration of the Sultan Aji Pangeran Adipati Praboe Anoem Soerya Adiningrat coronation. The traditional Erau ceremony ended along with
2898-680: The larger family business, makes gongs independently in Lucerne, Switzerland . Other independent gong manufacturers in Europe include Welshman Steve Hubback, currently based in the Netherlands; Matt Nolan and Michal Milas in the UK; Barry Mason in the UK; and Joao Pais-Filipe in Portugal. In North America, Sabian make a small number of gongs and Zildjian sell Zildjian-branded gongs which have in
2961-447: The largest instrument of the type, or for surrogate instruments such as the gong komodong or gong bumbung (blown gong) which fill the same musical function in ensembles lacking the large gong. In Balinese usage, gong refers to Gamelan Gong Kebyar . Besides many traditional and centuries old manufacturers all around China, including Tibet , as well as Burma , Java and Annam gongs have also been made in Europe and America since
3024-565: The orchestra to intensify the impression of fear and horror in melodramatic scenes and usually, but not exclusively, players interpret the term to call for a tam-tam , as noted above . The tam-tam was first introduced into a western orchestra by François-Joseph Gossec in the funeral march composed at the death of Mirabeau in 1791. Gaspare Spontini used the tam-tam in La Vestale's (1807) Act II finale. Berlioz called for four tam-tams in his Grande Messe des morts of 1837. The tam-tam
3087-417: The party, the decorations, utensils and musical instruments were then donated to the poor villagers. Aji grew up and became the first Sultan of Kutai Kartanegara (1300–1325). During his inauguration, Erau ceremony was also conducted. The Sultan married a beautiful princess named Putri Karang Melenu , who was also thought to be the descendant of God. The story goes that she was initially a small worm found by
3150-500: The past been made by Zildjian, but current production looks to be Chinese in origin. Ryan Shelledy is an independent gong maker based in the Midwestern United States. Some of the smaller Turkish cymbal companies have also been seen to dabble in gongs but very much as a sideline to their core business of hand-hammered cymbals . Gongs vary in diameter from about 20 to 60 inches (50 to 150 cm). They are made of
3213-486: The playing techniques of the tam-tam in his The Rite Of Spring to include short, quickly damped notes, quick crescendos, and a triangle beater scraped across the front of the instrument. Karlheinz Stockhausen used a 60" Paiste tam-tam in his Momente . A dora is one of the Japanese Percussion instruments and an idiophone . It is made of bronze, brass or iron, and is suspended onto a dora stand. It
SECTION 50
#17327979594033276-399: The river and swim, follow my spume". The dragon slithered down the stairs, to the river and swam seven times up and down the stream, came up the opposite river bank and slithered left and right three times when torrential rain came down, accompanied by strong winds and thunder. The officer and his wife crossed the river with great difficulty. But then the weather cleared up and they saw that
3339-408: The river was filled with foam and rainbow-like lights were gleaming. The couple went closer to take a better look and saw a gong with a baby inside. The couple took the baby with them and brought her up as if she was their own. After three days, the baby's umbilical cord broke, she was then named Putri Karang Melenu. When she grew up to become a beautiful young lady, the Gods united her with Aji, who
3402-490: The river. Afterwards, Aji was returned to his house while wearing lavish clothing. Accompanied by the song of Gajah Perwata orchestra and the sound of Sapu Jagat cannon, he was brought to the village yard where he laid on brightly coloured rugs. He was fed with betel leaves. The party would then started in earnest. Food and drinks were free flowing, various performances and animal competition were held, men and women were dancing. The party continued for 7 days and nights. After
3465-433: The timbral range of the tam-tam by giving performance directions such as using a "well-rosined contrabass bow" to bow the tam-tam. This produced an eerie harmonic sound. Stockhausen created more interesting sounds using hand-held microphones and a wide range of scraping, tapping, rubbing, and beating techniques with unconventional implements such as plastic dishes, egg timers, and cardboard tubes. Gongs can also be immersed into
3528-447: The village, build me a stairwell so I can slither down". At once, he woke up and told his wife, Babu Jaruma. The officer would then spend the days that followed building a stair made of lampong wood, with the steps made of bamboo and tied with lembiding roots. When he finished, he heard the girl's voice again, "As I step down to earth, come and follow me. Burn some sesame and sprinkle some yellow rice around me. When I slither down to
3591-409: The way for important officials and processions, much like a police siren today. Sometimes the number of strokes was used to indicate the seniority of the official. In this way, two officials meeting unexpectedly on the road would know before the meeting which of them should bow down before the other. The tam-tam was first introduced as an orchestral instrument by François-Joseph Gossec in 1790, and it
3654-416: The work of Hubback, also creates sculptural gongs of his own design or to private commission. UK based sculptor Barry Mason makes gongs in titanium and other elemental metals. In older Javanese usage and in modern Balinese usage, gong is used to identify an ensemble of instruments. In contemporary central Javanese usage, the term gamelan is preferred and the term gong is reserved for the gong ageng ,
3717-432: Was also taken up by Gaspare Spontini and Jean-François Le Sueur . Hector Berlioz deployed the instrument throughout his compositional career, and in his Treatise on Instrumentation he recommended its use "for scenes of mourning or for the dramatic depiction of extreme horror." Other composers who adopted the tam-tam in the opera house included Gioachino Rossini , Vincenzo Bellini , and Richard Wagner : Rossini in
3780-824: Was also used in the funeral music played when the remains of Napoleon were brought back to France in 1840. Meyerbeer made use of the instrument in the scene of the resurrection of the three nuns in Robert le diable. Four tam-tams are used at Bayreuth in Parsifal to reinforce the bell instruments although there is no indication given in the score. In more modern music, the tam-tam has been used by composers such as Karlheinz Stockhausen in Mikrophonie I (1964–65) and by George Crumb . in Makrokosmos III: Music For A Summer Evening (1974), Crumb expanded
3843-569: Was at the time already a Sultan. The couple had a son, which they named Aji Batara Agung Paduka Nira . The legend of Putri Karang Melenu is perhaps the story behind the Mengulur Naga procession of the Erau ceremony. Every coronation of the Kutai Kartanegara Sultans, since the time that the first Sultan was inaugurated, had been commemorated with an Erau ceremony. Erau ceremonies then developed from being solely for
SECTION 60
#17327979594033906-599: Was from the Dayak tribe, such as Papaer Maper, Kuangkay, Mumutn, Ngayau, Lemakan Balei, Uman Undad, Pasek Truit, Erau Anak . There are also the occasional Malay arts such as Tarsul and Badendang . Erau festival, held every September, has now been included in the Indonesian national tourism calendar of events. It is no longer associated with cultural tradition of the Kukar Sultanate palace, but rather to showcase
3969-570: Was operated by the conductor to notify the driver that it is safe to proceed. A vessel over 100 metres (330 ft) in length must carry a gong in addition to a bell and whistle, the volume of which is defined in the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea . A vessel at anchor or aground sounds the gong in the stern immediately after ringing a bell in her bows so as to indicate her length. Electromechanical, electromagnetic or electronic devices producing
#402597