Planetary symbols are used in astrology and traditionally in astronomy to represent a classical planet (which includes the Sun and the Moon) or one of the modern planets. The classical symbols were also used in alchemy for the seven metals known to the ancients , which were associated with the planets , and in calendars for the seven days of the week associated with the seven planets. The original symbols date to Greco-Roman astronomy ; their modern forms developed in the 16th century, and additional symbols would be created later for newly discovered planets.
54-1165: Erdal Gender Male Origin Language(s) Turkish Meaning Youthful person (composed of er ("brave, capable man") and dal ("branch", "scion")) Erdal may refer to: Given name [ edit ] Erdal Akdarı (born 1993), Turkish footballer Erdal Arıkan (born 1958), Turkish professor in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department at Bilkent University Erdal Beşikçioğlu (born 1970), Turkish actor Erdal Bibo (born 1977), Turkish professional basketball player Erdal Çelik (born 1988), Turkish-German footballer Erdal Ceylanoğlu (born 1945), retired Turkish general Erdal Erzincan (born 1971), Turkish folk music musician, composer, and singer Erdal Gezik , contemporary writer on Alevis and honor crimes in Turkey Erdal İnönü (1926-2007), Turkish theoretical physicist and politician Erdal Karamercan (born 1950),
108-598: A caduceus and a winged cap; Venus has a necklace and a shining mirror; Mars has a war-helmet and a spear; Jupiter has a laurel crown and a staff; Saturn has a conical headdress and a scythe; the Sun has rays emanating from his head; and the Moon has a crescent atop her head. The written symbols for Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn have been traced to forms found in late Greek papyri. Early forms are also found in medieval Byzantine codices which preserve horoscopes. A diagram in
162-547: A lunar phase , as part of a sequence of four symbols for "new moon" (U+1F311 🌑︎), "waxing" (U+263D ☽︎), "full moon" (U+1F315 🌕︎) and "waning" (U+263E ☾︎). The symbol ☿ for Mercury is a caduceus (a staff intertwined with two serpents), a symbol associated with Mercury / Hermes throughout antiquity. Some time after the 11th century, a crosshatch was added to the bottom of the staff to make it seem more Christian. The ☿ symbol has also been used to indicate intersex , transgender , or non-binary gender . A related usage
216-495: A sexual system called androdioecy . They can also coexist with females and hermaphrodites, a sexual system called trioecy . The sex of a particular organism may be determined by a number of factors. These may be genetic or environmental, or may naturally change during the course of an organism's life. Although most species have only two sexes (either male or female), hermaphroditic animals, such as worms , have both male and female reproductive organs. Not all species share
270-421: A Latin translation of Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi 's De Magnis Coniunctionibus printed at Venice in 1506, represented as the corresponding gods riding chariots. Earth is not one of the classical planets, as "planets" by definition were "wandering stars" as seen from Earth's surface. Earth's status as planet is a consequence of heliocentrism in the 16th century. Nonetheless, there is a pre-heliocentric symbol for
324-685: A brand of shoe polish sold by Werner & Mertz Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Erdal . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erdal&oldid=1259593630 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with given-name-holder lists Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Turkish-language surnames Turkish masculine given names Masculine given names Hidden categories: Short description
378-455: A common sex-determination system . In most animals , including humans , sex is determined genetically ; however, species such as Cymothoa exigua change sex depending on the number of females present in the vicinity. Most mammals , including humans , are genetically determined as such by the XY sex-determination system where males have XY (as opposed to XX in females) sex chromosomes . It
432-461: A convention introduced by Carl Linnaeus in the 1750s. The origins of the planetary symbols can be found in the attributes given to classical deities. The Roman planisphere of Bianchini (2nd century, currently in the Louvre , inv. Ma 540) shows the seven planets represented by portraits of the seven corresponding gods, each a bust with a halo and an iconic object or dress, as follows: Mercury has
486-627: A female, but some organisms can reproduce both sexually and asexually . Most male mammals , including male humans, have a Y chromosome , which codes for the production of larger amounts of testosterone to develop male reproductive organs . In humans, the word male can also be used to refer to gender , in the social sense of gender role or gender identity . The use of "male" in regard to sex and gender has been subject to discussion . The existence of separate sexes has evolved independently at different times and in different lineages , an example of convergent evolution . The repeated pattern
540-454: A few species. Anisogamy appears to have evolved multiple times from isogamy; for example, female Volvocales (a type of green algae) evolved from the plus mating type. Although sexual evolution emerged at least 1.2 billion years ago, the lack of anisogamous fossil records make it hard to pinpoint when males evolved. One theory suggests male evolved from the dominant mating type (called mating type minus). A common symbol used to represent
594-735: A planet. The original planetary symbol for Pluto was [REDACTED] , a monogram of the letters P and L. Astrologers generally use a bident with an orb. NASA has used the bident symbol since Pluto's reclassification. These symbols are encoded as U+2647 ♇ PLUTO and U+2BD3 ⯓ PLUTO FORM TWO . In the 19th century, planetary symbols for the major asteroids were also in use, including 1 Ceres (a reaper's sickle , encoded U+26B3 ⚳ CERES ), 2 Pallas (a lance, U+26B4 ⚴ PALLAS ) and 3 Juno (a sceptre, encoded U+26B5 ⚵ JUNO ). Encke (1850) used symbols for 5 Astraea , 6 Hebe , 7 Iris , 8 Flora and 9 Metis in
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#1732772859018648-535: A small cross below it. It has been interpreted as a depiction of the hand-mirror of the goddess, which may also explain Venus's association with the planetary metal copper, as mirrors in antiquity were made of polished copper, though this is not certain. In the Greek Oxyrhynchus Papyri 235 , the symbols for Venus and Mercury did not have the cross on the bottom stem, and Venus appears without
702-418: A way of displaying traits that signify their fitness . Sexual selection is believed to be the driving force behind the development of these characteristics. Differences in physical size and the ability to fulfill the requirements of sexual selection have contributed significantly to the outcome of secondary sex characteristics in each species. In many species, males differ from females in more ways than just
756-439: Is U+2643 ♃ JUPITER . Salmasius and earlier attestations show that the symbol for Saturn, ♄, derives from the initial letters ( Kappa , rho ) of its ancient Greek name Κρόνος ( Kronos ), with a stroke to indicate an abbreviation . By the time of Kamateros (12th century), the symbol had been reduced to a shape similar to a lower-case letter eta η, with the abbreviation stroke surviving (if at all) in
810-462: Is also possible in a variety of species, including humans, to be XX male or have other karyotypes . During reproduction , a male can give either an X sperm or a Y sperm, while a female can only give an X egg. A Y sperm and an X egg produce a male, while an X sperm and an X egg produce a female . The part of the Y-chromosome which is responsible for maleness is the sex-determining region of
864-403: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Male Male ( symbol : ♂ ) is the sex of an organism that produces the gamete (sex cell) known as sperm , which fuses with the larger female gamete, or ovum , in the process of fertilisation . A male organism cannot reproduce sexually without access to at least one ovum from
918-405: Is for the 'worker' or 'neuter' sex among social insects that is neither male nor (due to its lack of reproductive capacity) fully female, such as worker bees . It was also once the designated symbol for hermaphroditic or 'perfect' flowers , but botanists now use ⚥ for these. Its Unicode codepoint is U+263F ☿ MERCURY . The Venus symbol , ♀, consists of a circle with
972-423: Is sexual reproduction in isogamous species with two or more mating types with gametes of identical form and behavior (but different at the molecular level) to anisogamous species with gametes of male and female types to oogamous species in which the female gamete is very much larger than the male and has no ability to move. There is a good argument that this pattern was driven by the physical constraints on
1026-513: Is true for many species of birds where the male displays more vibrant colors than the female, making them more noticeable to potential mates. These characteristics have evolved over time as a result of sexual selection, as males who exhibited these traits were more successful in attracting mates and passing on their genes. Planet symbols The seven classical planets, their symbols, days and most commonly associated planetary metals are: The International Astronomical Union (IAU) discourages
1080-446: Is used to represent the male sex (alongside the astrological symbol for Venus representing the female sex), following a convention introduced by Linnaeus in the 1750s. The symbol dates from at latest the 11th century, at which time it was an arrow across or through a circle, thought to represent the shield and spear of the god Mars; in the medieval form, for example in the 12th-century Compendium of Astrology by Johannes Kamateros,
1134-422: Is worn by lunar deities ( Selene/Luna , Artemis/Diana , Men , etc.) either on the head or behind the shoulders, with its horns pointing upward. The representation of the moon as a simple crescent with the horns pointing to the side (as a heraldic crescent increscent or crescent decrescent ) is attested from late Classical times. The same symbol can be used in a different context not for the Moon itself but for
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#17327728590181188-579: The Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch . In the late 20th century, astrologers abbreviated the symbol for 4 Vesta (the sacred fire of Vesta , encoded U+26B6 ⚶ VESTA ), and introduced new symbols for 5 Astraea ( [REDACTED] , a stylised % sign, shift-5 on the keyboard for asteroid 5), 10 Hygiea encoded U+2BDA ⯚ HYGIEA ) and for 2060 Chiron , discovered in 1977 (a key, U+26B7 ⚷ CHIRON ). Chiron's symbol
1242-593: The Alchemical Symbols block. Both symbols have been used alchemically for gold, as have more elaborate symbols showing a disk with multiple rays or even a face. The Mars symbol , ♂, is a depiction of a circle with an arrow emerging from it, pointing at an angle to the upper right in Europe and to the upper left in India. It is also the old and obsolete symbol for iron in alchemy. In zoology and botany, it
1296-487: The globus cruciger , [REDACTED] (the globe surmounted by a Christian cross ) – is also used as a planetary symbol; it resembles an inverted symbol for Venus. The planetary symbols for Earth are encoded in Unicode at U+1F728 🜨 ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VERDIGRIS and U+2641 ♁ EARTH . The crescent shape has been used to represent the Moon since antiquity. In classical antiquity, it
1350-454: The Bureau des Longitudes announced its decision to follow prevailing astronomical practice and adopt the choice of Neptune , with Arago refraining from participating in this decision. The planetary symbol was Neptune's trident , with the handle stylized either as a crosshatch [REDACTED] , following Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, and the asteroids, or as an orb [REDACTED] , following
1404-882: The Chief Executive Officer and President of Eczacıbaşı Holding Erdal Keser (born 1961), Turkish footballer Erdal Kılıçaslan (born 1984), Turkish-German footballer Erdal Kızılçay (born 1950), multi-instrumental (bass guitar, oud) musician of Turkish birth Erdal Merdan (1949-2010), German dramatist, actor, and stage director of Turkish origin Erdal Özyağcılar (born 1948), Turkish actor Erdal Pekdemir (born 1992), Turkish footballer who plays for Orduspor Erdal Rakip (born 1996), Swedish footballer Erdal Saygın (1931-2007), Turkish educator and university administrator Erdal Sunar (born 1982), Turkish weightlifter Surname [ edit ] Bahoz Erdal (born 1969), Kurdish member and commander of
1458-702: The Kurdistan Workers' Party Eldrid Erdal (1901-1997), Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party Fehriye Erdal (born 1977), female political activist from Turkey Jennie Erdal (1951-2020), Scottish writer Jorun Erdal (born 1963), Norwegian singer and musical theatre artist Leiv Erdal (1915-2009), Norwegian military officer, bailiff, and politician for the Centre Party Marcel Erdal (born 1945), linguist and Turkologist, professor and head of
1512-744: The Turkology department at Goethe University Paul Erdal (1902-1985), Norwegian boxer who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics Yasin Erdal (born 1986), Turkish-Dutch futsal player Ziya Erdal (born 1988), Turkish professional footballer Other uses [ edit ] Erdal, Vestland , a village in Askøy municipality in Vestland county, Norway Erdal IL , a sports club in Askøy, Norway Erdal (brand) [ de ] ,
1566-653: The Y-chromosome, the SRY . The SRY activates Sox9 , which forms feedforward loops with FGF9 and PGD 2 in the gonads , allowing the levels of these genes to stay high enough in order to cause male development; for example, Fgf9 is responsible for development of the spermatic cords and the multiplication of Sertoli cells , both of which are crucial to male sexual development. The ZW sex-determination system , where males have ZZ (as opposed to ZW in females) sex chromosomes, may be found in birds and some insects (mostly butterflies and moths ) and other organisms. Members of
1620-453: The alchemical symbols for iron , ♂, and gold , ☉. Gold and iron are the planetary metals for the Sun and Mars, and so share their symbols. Several orientations were suggested, but an upright arrow is now universal. Another symbol, [REDACTED] , was suggested by Lalande in 1784. In a letter to Herschel , Lalande described it as "a globe surmounted by the first letter of your name". The platinum symbol tends to be used by astronomers, and
1674-467: The astronomical compendium by Johannes Kamateros (12th century) closely resembles the 11th-century forms shown above, with the Sun represented by a circle with a single ray, Jupiter by the letter zeta (the initial of Zeus , Jupiter's counterpart in Greek mythology), Mars by a round shield in front of a diagonal spear, and the remaining classical planets by symbols resembling the modern ones, though without
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1728-548: The book titled Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus . Unicode encodes the symbol as U+2640 ♀ FEMALE SIGN , in the Miscellaneous Symbols block. The modern astronomical symbol for the Sun, the circumpunct ( U+2609 ☉ SUN ), was first used in the Renaissance . It possibly represents Apollo's golden shield with a boss ; it is unknown if it traces descent from
1782-630: The context of gender , such as for gender role or gender identity of a man or boy . For example, according to Merriam-Webster, "male" can refer to "having a gender identity that is the opposite of female". According to the Cambridge Dictionary, "male" can mean "belonging or relating to men". Male can also refer to a shape of connectors . Species that are divided into females and males are classified as gonochoric in animals, as dioecious in seed plants and as dioicous in cryptogams . Males can coexist with hermaphrodites,
1836-728: The cross (⚲) in Johannes Kamateros (12th century). In botany and biology , the symbol for Venus is used to represent the female sex , alongside the symbol for Mars representing the male sex, following a convention introduced by Linnaeus in the 1750s. Arising from the biological convention, the symbol also came to be used in sociological contexts to represent women or femininity . This gendered association of Venus and Mars has been used to pair them heteronormatively , describing women and men stereotypically as being so different that they can be understood as coming from different planets, an understanding popularized in 1992 by
1890-399: The crosshatch-marks seen in modern versions of Mercury, Venus, Jupiter and Saturn. These cross-marks first appear in the late 15th or early 16th century. According to Maunder, the addition of crosses appears to be "an attempt to give a savour of Christianity to the symbols of the old pagan gods." The modern forms of the classical planetary symbols are found in a woodcut of the seven planets in
1944-424: The curl on the bottom-right end. Its Unicode codepoint is U+2644 ♄ SATURN . The symbols for Uranus were created shortly after its discovery in 1781. One symbol, ⛢, invented by J. G. Köhler and refined by Bode , was intended to represent the newly discovered metal platinum ; since platinum, commonly called white gold, was found by chemists mixed with iron, the symbol for platinum combines
1998-425: The dominant individual in a group becomes female while the other ones are male. In many arthropods , sex is determined by infection with parasitic , endosymbiotic bacteria of the genus Wolbachia . The bacterium can only be transmitted via infected ova, and the presence of the obligate endoparasite may be required for female sexual viability. Male animals have evolved to use secondary sex characteristics as
2052-400: The female and male gamete-producing organisms and structures but also the structures of the sporophytes that give rise to male and female plants. The evolution of anisogamy led to the evolution of male and female function. Before the evolution of anisogamy, mating types in a species were isogamous : the same size and both could move, catalogued only as "+" or "-" types. In anisogamy,
2106-503: The hand of Eris is a traditional Discordian symbol) were devised by Denis Moskowitz, a software engineer in Massachusetts. From 1845 to 1855, many symbols were created for newly discovered asteroids. But by 1851, the spate of discoveries had led to a general abandonment of these symbols in favour of numbering all asteroids instead. Moskowitz, who designed symbols for the trans-Neptunian dwarf planets, also designed symbols for
2160-479: The historical evidence favours "the conclusion of the French classical scholar Claude de Saumaise (Salmasius, 1588–1683)" that it is derived from θρ , the contraction of a Greek name for the planet Mars, which is Thouros . Borrowed from Old French masle , from Latin masculus ("masculine, male, worthy of a man"), diminutive of mās ("male person or animal, male"). In humans, the word male can be used in
2214-529: The insect order Hymenoptera , such as ants and bees , are often determined by haplodiploidy , where most males are haploid and females and some sterile males are diploid . However, fertile diploid males may still appear in some species, such as Cataglyphis cursor . In some species of reptiles, such as alligators , sex is determined by the temperature at which the egg is incubated. Other species, such as some snails , practice sex change: adults start out male, then become female. In tropical clown fish ,
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2268-522: The male sex is the Mars symbol ♂, a circle with an arrow pointing northeast . The Unicode code-point is: The symbol is identical to the planetary symbol of Mars . It was first used to denote sex by Carl Linnaeus in 1751. The symbol is sometimes seen as a stylized representation of the shield and spear of the Roman god Mars . According to William T. Stearn , however, this derivation is "fanciful" and all
2322-494: The mating type is called a gamete. The male gamete is smaller than the female gamete, and usually mobile. Anisogamy remains poorly understood, as there is no fossil record of its emergence. Numerous theories exist as to why anisogamy emerged. Many share a common thread, in that larger female gametes are more likely to survive, and that smaller male gametes are more likely to find other gametes because they can travel faster. Current models often fail to account for why isogamy remains in
2376-560: The mechanisms by which two gametes get together as required for sexual reproduction . Accordingly, sex is defined across species by the type of gametes produced (i.e.: spermatozoa vs. ova) and differences between males and females in one lineage are not always predictive of differences in another. Male/female dimorphism between organisms or reproductive organs of different sexes is not limited to animals; male gametes are produced by chytrids , diatoms and land plants , among others. In land plants, female and male designate not only
2430-530: The monogram by astrologers. For use in computer systems, the symbols are encoded U+26E2 ⛢ ASTRONOMICAL SYMBOL FOR URANUS and U+2645 ♅ URANUS . Several symbols were proposed for Neptune to accompany the suggested names for the planet. Claiming the right to name his discovery, Urbain Le Verrier originally proposed to name the planet for the Roman god Neptune and
2484-585: The name Herschel for Uranus , after that planet's discoverer Sir William Herschel , and Leverrier for the new planet, though it was used by anglophone institutions. Professor James Pillans of the University of Edinburgh defended the name Janus for the new planet, and proposed a key for its symbol. Meanwhile, Struve presented the name Neptune on December 29, 1846, to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences . In August 1847,
2538-443: The nearly identical Egyptian hieroglyph for the Sun. Bianchini's planisphere , produced in the 2nd century, shows a circlet with rays radiating from it. In late Classical times, the Sun is attested as a circle with a single ray. A diagram in Johannes Kamateros' 12th century Compendium of Astrology shows the same symbol. This older symbol is encoded by Unicode as U+1F71A 🜚 ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR GOLD in
2592-572: The production of sperm. For example, in some insects and fish, the male is smaller than the female. In seed plants, the sporophyte sex organ of a single organism includes both the male and female parts. In mammals, including humans, males are typically larger than females. This is often attributed to the need for male mammals to be physically stronger and more competitive in order to win mating opportunities. In humans specifically, males have more body hair and muscle mass than females. Birds often exhibit colorful plumage that attracts females. This
2646-402: The spear is drawn across the shield. The Greek Oxyrhynchus Papyri show a different symbol, perhaps simply a spear. Its Unicode codepoint is U+2642 ♂ MALE SIGN ( ♂ ). The symbol for Jupiter , ♃, was originally a Greek zeta, Ζ , with a stroke indicating that it is an abbreviation (for Zeus , the Greek equivalent of Roman Jupiter). Its Unicode codepoint
2700-515: The symbol of a trident , while falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes . In October, he sought to name the planet Leverrier , after himself, and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director, François Arago , who in turn proposed a new symbol for the planet, [REDACTED] . However, this suggestion met with resistance outside France, and French almanacs quickly reintroduced
2754-509: The symbols for Uranus, Earth, and Mars. The crosshatch variant is the more common today. For use in computer systems, the symbols are encoded as U+2646 ♆ NEPTUNE and U+2BC9 ⯉ NEPTUNE FORM TWO . Pluto was almost universally considered a planet from its discovery in 1930 until its re-classification as a dwarf planet (planetoid) by the IAU in 2006. Planetary geologists and astrologers continue to treat it as
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#17327728590182808-410: The use of these symbols in modern journal articles, and their style manual proposes one- and two-letter abbreviations for the names of the planets for cases where planetary symbols might be used, such as in the headings of tables. The modern planets with their traditional symbols and IAU abbreviations are: The symbols of Venus and Mars are also used to represent female and male in biology following
2862-454: The world, now used as a planetary symbol for the Earth. This is a circle crossed by two lines, horizontal and vertical, representing the world divided by four rivers into the four quarters of the world (often translated as the four "corners" of the world): [REDACTED] . A variant, now obsolete, had only the horizontal line: [REDACTED] . A medieval European symbol for the world –
2916-538: Was adapted as additional centaurs were discovered; symbols for 5145 Pholus and 7066 Nessus have been encoded in Unicode. The abbreviated Vesta symbol is now universal, and the astrological symbol for Pluto has been used astronomically for Pluto as a dwarf planet. In the early 21st century, symbols for the trans-Neptunian dwarf planets have come into use, particularly Eris (the hand of Eris , ⯰, but also ⯱), Sedna , Haumea , Makemake , Gonggong , Quaoar and Orcus which are in Unicode. All (except Eris, for which
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