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43-735: [REDACTED] Look up escambia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Escambia may refer to: Escambia County, Alabama Escambia County, Florida Escambia River , a river in Florida Fusconaia escambia , a mollusc Ships [ edit ] Escambia class fleet oiler SS Escambia , a steam ship registered in Liverpool USS Escambia See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing Escambia Topics referred to by

86-480: A female householder with no husband present, and 29.40% were non-families. 26.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.99. In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.10% under the age of 18, 9.70% from 18 to 24, 28.90% from 25 to 44, 23.70% from 45 to 64, and 13.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

129-679: A genocide. The first removal treaty signed was the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek on September 27, 1830, in which Choctaws in Mississippi ceded land east of the river in exchange for payment and land in the West. The Treaty of New Echota was signed in 1835 and resulted in the removal of the Cherokee on the Trail of Tears. The Seminoles and other tribes did not leave peacefully, as they resisted

172-566: A mass influx of settlers, that the federal government was unable to prevent. As Robert V. Remini stated: Jackson genuinely believed that what he had accomplished rescued these people from inevitable annihilation. And although that statement sounds monstrous, and although no one in the modern world wishes to accept or believe it, that is exactly what he did. He saved the Five Civilized Nations from probable extinction. Similarly, historian Francis Paul Prucha argued that removal

215-511: A policy of political and military action for the removal of Natives from these lands and worked toward enacting a law for "Indian removal". In his 1829 State of the Union address , Jackson called for Indian removal . The Indian Removal Act was put in place to annex Native land and then transfer that ownership to Southern states, especially Georgia . The Act was passed in 1830, although dialogue had been ongoing since 1802 between Georgia and

258-637: A practice of cultural assimilation, meaning that tribes such as the Cherokee were forced to adopt aspects of white civilization. This acculturation was originally proposed by George Washington and was well underway among the Cherokee and the Choctaw by the beginning of the 19th century. Native peoples were encouraged to adopt European customs. First, they were forced to convert to Christianity and abandon traditional religious practices. They were also required to learn to speak and read English , although there

301-467: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Escambia County, Alabama Escambia County is a county located in the south central portion of the U.S. state of Alabama . As of the 2020 census , the population was 36,757. Its county seat is Brewton . Escambia County is coextensive with the Atmore, AL Micropolitan Statistical Area; which

344-551: Is itself a constituent part of the larger Pensacola-Ferry Pass, FL-AL Combined Statistical Area. The county is the base of the state's only federally recognized Native American tribe, the Poarch Band of Creek Indians . They have developed gaming casinos and a hotel on their reservation here, but also a much larger business extending to locations in other states and the Caribbean. The name "Escambia" may have been derived from

387-744: The Cherokee (excluding the Treaty Party ) challenged their relocation, but were unsuccessful in the courts; they were forcibly removed by the United States government in a march to the west that later became known as the Trail of Tears . Since the 21st century, scholars have cited the act and subsequent removals as an early example of state-sanctioned ethnic cleansing or genocide or settler colonialism ; some view it as all three. Many European colonists saw Native Americans as savages. However, euro-native relations varied, particularly between

430-870: The Creek name Shambia , meaning "clearwater", or the Choctaw word for "cane-brake" or "reed-brake". Historic American Indian tribes in the area included the Muskogean -speaking Creek , Choctaw , and Alabama , who had inhabited the lands for centuries and had many settlements. The former two tribes were among those in the Southeast whom the European-American settlers called the Five Civilized Tribes , as they adopted some European-American cultural ways. Many of their members had close working relationships with traders and settlers moving into

473-599: The French and British colonies. New France , which was established in the Great Lakes region , generally pursued a cooperative relationship with the Native tribes, with the existence of certain traditions such as marriage à la façon du pays , a marriage between tradesmen ( coureur des bois ) and Native women. This tradition was seen as a fundamental social and political institution that helped maintain relations and bond

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516-862: The National Register of Historic Places , the Atmore Commercial Historic District the Brewton Historic Commercial District , and the Commercial Hotel-Hart Hotel . 31°07′36″N 87°09′44″W  /  31.12667°N 87.16222°W  / 31.12667; -87.16222 Indian Removal Act The U.S. Congress approved the Act by a narrow majority in the House of Representatives . The Indian Removal Act

559-453: The North 's history regarding Native nations within their claimed territory. Jackson stated that "progress requires moving forward." Humanity has often wept over the fate of the aborigines of this country and philanthropy has long been busily employed in devising means to avert it, but its progress never has for a moment been arrested, and one by one have many powerful tribes disappeared from

602-537: The Shawnee , and the Lenape . The Indian Removal Act was controversial. Many Americans during this time favored its passage, but there was also significant opposition. Many Christian missionaries protested against it, most notably missionary organizer Jeremiah Evarts . In Congress, New Jersey Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen , Kentucky Senator Henry Clay , and Tennessee Congressman Davy Crockett spoke out against

645-676: The United States Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 953 square miles (2,470 km ), of which 945 square miles (2,450 km ) is land and 8.1 square miles (21 km ) (0.8%) is water. Escambia County in Alabama and Escambia County in Florida are two of 22 counties or parishes in the United States with the same name to border each other across state lines. As of the census of 2020, there were 36,757 people, 13,089 households, and 8,019 families residing in

688-564: The United States Supreme Court handed down a decision stating that Indians could occupy and control lands within the United States but could not hold title to those lands. Jackson viewed the union as a federation of highly esteemed states , as was common before the American Civil War . He opposed Washington's policy of establishing treaties with Indian tribes as if they were sovereign foreign nations. Thus,

731-644: The Wilmot Proviso would have banned slavery in territories won from Mexico ... the Kansas-Nebraska bill would have failed." The Removal Act paved the way for the forced expulsion of tens of thousands of American Indians from their land into the West in an event widely known as the " Trail of Tears ," a forced resettlement of the Indian population. This forced resettlement has been characterized as

774-417: The federal government concerning the possibility of such an act. Ethan Davis states that "the federal government had promised Georgia that it would extinguish Indian title within the state's borders by purchase 'as soon as the such purchase could be made upon reasonable terms'". As time passed, Southern states began to speed up the expulsions by claiming that the deal between Georgia and the federal government

817-645: The poverty line , including 24.70% of those under age 18 and 17.80% of those age 65 or over. The Holman Correctional Facility of the Alabama Department of Corrections (ADOC) is in Atmore, 9 miles (14 km) north of the Atmore city center. Holman has a male death row and the State of Alabama execution chamber. In addition the ADOC Fountain Correctional Facility is also in Atmore, about 7 miles (11 km) north of

860-643: The 20th century, the Poarch Band of Creek Indians organized to gain recognition as a tribe, and established a government under a written constitution. It had control of some lands that were taken into trust on their behalf by the federal government as part of the federal recognition process. It is the only federally recognized tribe in the state. Since the late 20th century, they have developed three gaming resorts to generate revenues for tribal health and welfare. In addition, Alabama has recognized nine tribes, generally descendants of Choctaw, Creek, and Cherokee Native Americans who had historically lived here. According to

903-446: The Atmore city center. The city of Atmore annexed both prisons in 2008. Escambia County is reliably Republican at the presidential level. The last Democrat to win the county in a presidential election is Jimmy Carter , who won it by a majority in 1976 . The two school districts are Brewton City School District (City of Brewton) and Escambia County School District (all other locations). Escambia County has three sites listed on

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946-621: The House of Representatives passed the Act by a vote of 101 to 97. On May 28, 1830, the Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson. Historian Garry Wills has speculated that without the additional slave state votes in the House of Representatives due to the Three-Fifths Compromise , "slavery would have been excluded from Missouri ... Jackson's Indian removal policy would have failed ...

989-795: The Mississippi River. The Removal Act was strongly supported in the South, especially in Georgia , which was the largest state in 1802 and was involved in a jurisdictional dispute with the Cherokee. President Jackson hoped that removal would resolve the Georgia crisis. Besides the Five Civilized Tribes , additional people affected included the Wyandot , the Kickapoo , the Potowatomi ,

1032-543: The area in the early 19th century. Most of these nations were forced to cede their lands to the United States and to remove in the 1830s to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River . Escambia County was organized and established after the American Civil War , on December 10, 1868, during the Reconstruction era . The state legislature created it from parts of Baldwin and Conecuh counties, to

1075-546: The belief in European cultural and racial superiority was generally widespread among high ranking colonial officials and clergymen in this period. During American colonial times , many colonialists and particularly the English felt their civilization to be superior: they were Christians , and they believed their notions of private property to be a superior system of land tenure . Colonial and frontier encroachers inflicted

1118-528: The condition in which it was found by our forefathers. What good man would prefer a country covered with forests and ranged by a few thousand savages to our extensive Republic, studded with cities, towns, and prosperous farms, embellished with all the improvements which art can devise or industry execute, occupied by more than 12,000,000 happy people, and filled with all the blessings of liberty, civilization, and religion? According to historian H. W. Brands , Jackson sincerely believed that his population transfer

1161-420: The county was 64.40% White , 30.79% Black or African American , 3.01% Native American , 0.24% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 0.40% from other races , and 1.13% from two or more races. 0.99% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 14,297 households, out of which 32.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.70% were married couples living together, 15.10% had

1204-526: The county. According to the 2010 United States census : As of 2012 the largest self-reported ancestry groups in Escambia County were: As of the census of 2000, there were 38,440 people, 14,297 households, and 10,093 families residing in the county. The population density was 41 people per square mile (16 people/km ). There were 16,544 housing units at an average density of 18 units per square mile (6.9 units/km ). The racial makeup of

1247-615: The creation of Indian jurisdictions was a violation of state sovereignty under Article IV, Section 3 of the Constitution. As Jackson saw it, either Indians comprised sovereign states (which violated the Constitution) or were subject to the laws of existing states of the Union. Jackson urged Indians to assimilate and obey state laws. Further, he believed he could only accommodate the desire for Native self-rule in federal territories, which required resettlement on Federal lands west of

1290-450: The earth... But true philanthropy reconciles the mind to these vicissitudes as it does to the extinction of one generation to make room for another... In the monuments and fortresses of an unknown people, spread over the extensive regions of the West, we behold the memorials of a once powerful race, which was exterminated or has disappeared to make room for the existing savage tribes… Philanthropy could not wish to see this continent restored to

1333-673: The greatest number of and most powerful tribes tended to side with the French, though other tribes such as the Iroquois supported the English for various strategic reasons. For strategic economic and military purposes, the French also had a practice of building forts and trading posts within Native villages, such as that of Fort Miami in Indiana within the Miami village of Kekionga . However,

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1376-480: The historical comparisons between the United States concept of manifest destiny and Nazi Germany 's concept of Lebensraum and how American removal policy served as a model for racial policy during Generalplan Ost . An alternative view posits that the Indian Removal Act, despite the deaths and forced relocation, it benefitted those peoples by saving their societies from a worse fate that likely awaited them were they to remain in their home territories to face

1419-589: The legislation. The Removal Act passed only after a bitter debate in Congress. Clay extensively campaigned against it on the National Republican Party ticket in the 1832 United States presidential election . Jackson viewed the demise of Native nations as inevitable, pointing to the steady expansion of European-based lifestyles and the decimation of Native nations in the U.S.'s northeast region. He called his Northern critics hypocrites, given

1462-433: The newspaper he edited, The Cherokee Phoenix . Despite the adoption of white cultural values by many natives and tribes, the United States government began a systematic effort to remove Native peoples from the Southeast. The Chickasaw , Choctaw , Muscogee-Creek , Seminole , and original Cherokee nations had been established as autonomous nations in the southeastern United States. Andrew Jackson sought to renew

1505-694: The removal along with fugitive slaves . The Second Seminole War lasted from 1835 to 1842 and resulted in the government allowing them to remain in south Florida swampland. Only a small number remained, and around 3,000 were removed in the war. In the 21st century, scholars have cited the act and subsequent removals as an early example of state sanctioned ethnic cleansing or genocide or settler colonialism or as all three Forms of these. Historian Richard White wrote that because of "claimed parallels between ethnic cleansing and Indian removal, any examination of Indian removal will inevitably involve discussions of ethnic cleansing." Other scholarship has focused on

1548-483: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Escambia . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Escambia&oldid=1001921587 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Ship disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1591-528: The two cultures. Many of the missionaries were also known to teach the tribes how to use iron tools, build European-style homes, and improve farming techniques; teachings the Wyandot , who maintained a century long friendship with French Canadians , would spread on to other tribes as they relocated to the Maumee Valley . Throughout the 17th and 18th century during the Beaver and French and Indian Wars ,

1634-460: The west and north, respectively. The area was part of the coastal plain. It was largely agricultural into the 20th century. The county is subject to heavy winds and rains due to seasonal hurricanes . In September 1979, the county was declared a disaster area due to damage from Hurricane Frederic . It was declared a disaster area again in September 2004 due to damage from Hurricane Ivan . In

1677-417: Was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 102.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.70 males. The median income for a household in the county was $ 28,319, and the median income for a family was $ 36,086. Males had a median income of $ 30,632 versus $ 18,091 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 14,396. About 15.20% of families and 20.90% of the population were below

1720-519: Was a "wise and humane policy" that would save the Native Americans from "utter annihilation". Jackson portrayed the removal as a paternalistic act of mercy. According to Robert M. Keeton, proponents of the bill used biblical narratives to justify the forced resettlement of Native Americans. On April 24, 1830, the Senate passed the Indian Removal Act by a vote of 28 to 19. On May 26, 1830,

1763-575: Was interest in creating a writing and printing system for a few Native languages , especially Cherokee , exemplified by Sequoyah's Cherokee syllabary . The Native Americans also had to adopt settler values, such as monogamous marriage and abandon non-marital sex. Finally, they had to accept the concept of individual ownership of land and other property (including, in some instances, African people as slaves). Many Cherokee people adopted all, or some, of these practices, including Cherokee chief John Ross , John Ridge , and Elias Boudinot , as represented by

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1806-401: Was invalid and that Southern states could pass laws extinguishing Indian title themselves. In response, the federal government passed the Indian Removal Act on May 28, 1830, in which President Jackson agreed to divide the United States territory west of the Mississippi River into districts for tribes to replace the land from which they were removed. In the 1823 case of Johnson v. McIntosh ,

1849-540: Was supported by President Jackson and the Democratic Party, southern and white settlers, and several state governments, especially that of Georgia . Indigenous tribes and the Whig Party opposed the bill, as did other groups within white American society (e.g., some Christian missionaries and clergy). Legal efforts to allow Indian tribes to remain on their land in the eastern U.S. failed. Most famously,

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