9-647: Caddoidea Phalangioidea The Eupnoi are a suborder of harvestmen , with more than 200 genera, and about 1,700 described species. They consist of two superfamilies, the Phalangioidea with many long-legged species common to northern temperate regions, and the small group Caddoidea, which have prominent eyes and spiny pedipalps . Examples of this suborder include Hadrobunus grandis (Sclerosomatidae), Phalangium opilio and Dicranopalpus ramosus (Phalangiidae). Caddoidea are mostly found in temperate zones of both hemispheres; however, they are known from
18-621: A few species found in Southeast Asia . Oligolophinae are holarctic, with most species found in Europe. Platybuninae are also found from Europe to the Caucasus, with one find from Sumatra . Two different views exist at the moment: in the traditional view Eupnoi and Dyspnoi form a clade , with Laniatores as a sister group; however recently it has been proposed that Eupnoi are sister to a clade formed by Dyspnoi and Laniatores. Although
27-486: The Americas , Australia and New Zealand. Also they include Austropsopilio from Chile, eastern Australia & Tasmania and with those from the latter locality being treated by some as Tasmanopilio . Also it now includes Caddella , which is endemic to southern South Africa. Another genus Hesperopilio , with species from Australia and Chile, has also historically been included in a wider concept of Caddidae, remains in
36-879: The Indo-Malayan and neotropical region, Gyinae at high elevations in the Caucasus , Alps and Nepal , Leiobuninae in the holarctic region down to Costa Rica , and Sclerosomatinae only in the Palearctic. In the Phalangiidae, the Phalangiinae are most diverse in the Mediterranean, with several endemic genera in nearby coastal Africa. Although there are several Phalangiinae in the Nearctic, they are all introduced. Opilioninae are mostly palearctic, with
45-739: The Palearctic only from Japan , and from Baltic amber (about 40 million years old). One species known from Japan is also found in North America , where several more species are found. Other species occur in Southern South America , Venezuela , New Zealand and Australia . Neopilionidae show a Gondwanan distribution, with species found in South America, South Africa and Australia. Sclerosomatidae are divided into several subfamilies, with Gagrellinae found in
54-585: The Neopilionidae Enantiobuninae by Taylor (2011). Caddoidea Caddoidea superfamily of harvestmen arachnids with a single family Caddidae , which now only contains 2 extant species. The family previously contained many more taxa under a previous wider concept, but the familial definition was narrowed after restudy. They are part of the suborder Eupnoi . They have mostly a body length between one and three millimeters. Caddids are widely but discontinuously distributed. In
63-585: The Suborder Dyspnoi , but has since been transferred to Phalangioidea , although not clearly placed in any established family. Under the previous wider concept of Caddidae, the complex pattern of biogeography suggested that separation occurred in several steps: during the Neogene (eastern North America and Japan); at the beginning or before the Tertiary (South America and Australia), and during
72-571: The subfamily Caddinae, Caddo is found in eastern North America and Japan with the Kuril Islands . Other similar lineages have previously been grouped together ias a wider concept of Caddidae (After Shear, 1974). Notable some previously in a second subfamily Acropsopilioninae have since been restored to their own family Acropsopilionidae . These are now placed within the Suborder Dyspnoi , as originally established by Roewer, 1923. The lineage includes Acropsopilio from scattered localities in
81-439: The two recognized superfamilies Caddoidea and Phalangoidea are probably monophyletic, the limits of families and subfamilies are uncertain in many cases, and are in urgent need of further study. The supposed family " Stygophalangiidae ", with its sole described species Stygophalangium karamani Oudemans, 1933 from former Yugoslavia is not a harvestman, but very likely a species of mite . For Monoscutidae , See transfer to
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