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62-639: Observers: The Eurasian Economic Union ( EAEU or EEU ) is an economic union of five post-Soviet states located in Eurasia . The EAEU has an integrated single market . As of 2023, it consists of 183 million people and a gross domestic product of over $ 2.4 trillion. The Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union was signed on 29 May 2014 by the leaders of Belarus , Kazakhstan , and Russia , and came into force on 1 January 2015. Treaties aiming for Armenia 's and Kyrgyzstan 's accession to

124-661: A Customs Union . Its purpose was to gradually lead the way toward the creation of open borders without passport controls between member states. In 1996, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Kyrgyzstan signed the Treaty on Increased Integration in the Economic and Humanitarian Fields to begin economic integration between countries to allow for the creation of common markets for goods, services, capital, labour, and developing single transport, energy and information systems. In 1999, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan signed

186-706: A roadmap for future integration and established the Eurasian Economic Commission (modelled on the European Commission ). The Eurasian Economic Commission serves as the regulatory agency for the Eurasian Customs Union, the Single Economic Space and the Eurasian Economic Union. In 2011, the then- Prime Minister of Russia , Vladimir Putin , announced his support for Nursultan Nazarbayev's idea for

248-653: A "powerful, supra-national union" of sovereign states like the European Union, uniting economies, legal systems , customs services, and military capabilities to form a bridge between Europe and Asia to balance the EU and the U.S. In May 2015, an integration agreement was signed between the Russian Federation and South Ossetia. If South Ossetia were to join, it would be by acceding to the Russian Federation. In 2023, South Ossetia began implementing and integrating

310-495: A Customs Union between the three countries. The Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia (now the Eurasian Customs Union ) came into existence on 1 January 2010. The Customs Union's priorities were the elimination of intra-bloc tariffs, establishing a common external tariff policy and the elimination of non-tariff barriers. It was launched as a first step towards forming a broader single market inspired by

372-593: A common market for its member states. The Eurasian Economic Community was modelled on the European Economic Community . The two had a comparable population size of 171 million and 169 million, respectively. A Treaty on a Single Economic Space by Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine was signed in 2003 and ratified in 2004, but the process was stalled after the Orange revolution . In 2007, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia signed an agreement to create

434-459: A political organisation; we are forming a purely economic union." He further stated "it is a pragmatic means to get benefits. We don't meddle into what Russia is doing politically, and they cannot tell us what foreign policy to pursue." By October, the treaty had received parliamentary approval from all three states. On 9 October 2014, a Treaty to enlarge the EAEU to Armenia was signed. Kyrgyzstan signed

496-673: A prospective member in statements made in August 2013. The Eurasian Economic Union has sought to base its model on the European Union . All institutions carry out their work in compliance with the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) and the international agreements that provide the legal and regulatory framework of the Customs Union and the Single Economic Space. The Supreme Council, which

558-482: A single unitary state with a single set of economic rules, or among the members of a strong national federation . For example, the sovereign states of the United States do to some degree have different local economic regulations (e.g. licensing requirements for professionals, rules and pricing for utilities and insurance, consumer safety laws, environmental laws, minimum wage) and taxes, but are subordinate to

620-426: A single market can have a negative impact on some sectors of a national economy due to increased international competition. Enterprises that previously enjoyed national market protection and national subsidy (and could therefore continue in business despite falling short of international performance benchmarks) may struggle to survive against their more efficient peers, even for its traditional markets. Ultimately, if

682-451: Is a type of trade bloc in which most trade barriers have been removed (for goods ) with some common policies on product regulation, and freedom of movement of the factors of production ( capital and labour ) and of enterprise and services . The goal is that the movement of capital, labour, goods, and services between the members is as easy as within them. The physical (borders), technical (standards) and fiscal (taxes) barriers among

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744-438: Is commonly described as "frontier-free". However, several barriers remain such as differences in national tax systems, differences in parts of the services sector and different requirements for e-commerce. In addition separate national markets still exist for financial services , energy and transport . Laws concerning the recognition of professional qualifications also may not be fully harmonized. The Eurasian Economic Union ,

806-478: Is composed by the heads of state of the member states, makes important decisions for the union. It approves the budget and the distribution of the contribution of the Member States. The Supreme Council also determines the strategy, direction and prospects of integration and takes decisions aimed at achieving the goals of the union. The Eurasian Commission was established as the supranational governing body of

868-506: Is enshrined in the country's legislation. In March 2020, Uzbekistan announced that it wished to become a Eurasian Union observer state. In September 2023, Uzbekistan estimated that it will join EAEU in 2–3 years. In October 2024, the chair of a parliamentary commission examining the potential for Uzbekistan to join the EAEU as a full member stated that "our conclusion is that Uzbekistan is best served by maintaining its observer status." Moldova , Ukraine and Georgia have been offered by both

930-401: Is formed from contributions by the union's member states. In 2015, 6 billion roubles will be allocated for the activity of the Eurasian Economic Commission , 463 million roubles will be set aside for financing the operation and further development of the EAEU integrated information system designed to promote and inform consumers of the EAEU's activities, and over 290 millions roubles will finance

992-460: Is in charge of dispute resolution and the interpretation of the legal order within the Eurasian Economic Union. Its headquarters is in Minsk . The court is composed of two judges from each member state, appointed by the heads of government of the member states. Their term of office is nine years. The approved budget of the Eurasian Economic Union for 2015 exceeds 6.6 billion Russian roubles. The budget

1054-495: Is the last stage and ultimate goal of a single market. It requires the total free movement of goods and services, capital and people without regard to national boundaries. A common market allows for the free movement of capital and services but large amounts of trade barriers remain. It eliminates all quotas and tariffs  – duties on imported goods – from trade in goods within it. However non-tariff barriers to trade remain, such as differences between

1116-553: Is the only country of the EAEU that has no common border with the other member states of the union. Georgia guaranteed a free transit corridor for exporting its goods to the Eurasian Economic Union, Armenian deputy economic minister Emil Tarasyan stated. Moldova was granted Observer Status in April 2017. Uzbekistan and Cuba became observer members on 11 December 2020. After the presidential elections in December 2021, Uzbekistan

1178-512: The EU member state special territories , are sometimes treated as separate customs territory from their mainland state or have varying arrangements of formal or de facto customs union , common market and currency union (or combinations thereof) with the mainland and in regards to third countries through the trade pacts signed by the mainland state. Common markets A single market , sometimes called common market or internal market ,

1240-536: The Eurasian Customs Union in September 2013. President Serj Sargsyan announced the decision after talks with his Russian counterpart President Vladimir Putin in Moscow . The treaty enlarging the EAEU to Armenia was signed on 9 October 2014. By signing this contract, Armenia has accepted corresponding application, and thereby gained access to the EAEU single market with a population of 170 million citizens. Armenia

1302-437: The European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union to join their integration unions. All three countries signed Association Agreements with the EU on 21 March 2014. However, break-away regions of Moldova ( Transnistria ), Ukraine ( Donetsk and Luhansk ) and Georgia ( South Ossetia and Abkhazia ) have expressed a desire to join the Eurasian Customs Union and integrate into the Eurasian Economic Union. Association Agreements with

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1364-603: The European Union , with the objective of forming an alliance between former Soviet states . The member states planned to continue with economic integration and were set to remove all customs borders between each other after July 2011. On 1 January 2012, the three states established the Eurasian Economic Space which ensures the effective functioning of a single market for goods, services, capital and labour, and to establish coherent industrial, transport, energy and agricultural policies. The agreement included

1426-623: The Gulf Cooperation Council , CARICOM and the European Union are current examples of single markets, although the GCC 's single market has been described as "malfunctioning" in 2014. The European Union is the only economic union whose objective is "completing the single market". A completed, unified market usually refers to the complete removal of barriers and integration of the remaining national markets. Complete economic integration can be seen within many countries, whether in

1488-488: The 'Bodies of the Union'. Economic union The purposes for establishing an economic union normally include increasing economic efficiency and establishing closer political and cultural ties between the member countries. Economic union is established through trade pact . Note: Every economic and monetary union includes an economic union. Additionally the autonomous and dependent territories, such as some of

1550-646: The 1990s, Russia and the Central Asian republics were weakened economically and faced declines in GDP as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union. The member states of the union underwent economic reforms and privatisation . The process of Eurasian integration began immediately after the break-up of the Soviet Union. When the USSR began to fall in 1991, the presidents of Belarus , Kazakhstan and Russia of

1612-491: The Customs Union and the Common Economic Space is proceeding at a much faster pace because we could draw on the experience of the EU and other regional associations. We see their strengths and weaknesses. And this is our obvious advantage since it means we are in a position to avoid mistakes and unnecessary bureaucratic superstructures. — Vladimir Putin, "A new integration project for Eurasia: The future in

1674-401: The EAEU signed a free trade agreement with Iran that will eliminate customs duties on almost 90% of goods. The agreement serves to replace a similar temporary agreement that has been in force since 2019. The treaty establishing the Eurasian Economic Union was formally signed by three states which were part of the former Soviet Union : Belarus , Kazakhstan , and Russia . Agreements to enlarge

1736-463: The EAEU to the other post-Soviet states of Armenia and Kyrgyzstan were signed on 9 October and 23 December 2014, respectively. For Kyrgyzstan, facilitation of labour migration regulations with Russia was seen as the main benefit of joining the Eurasian Economic Union. The population migration indicator had an inverse dependence with GDP per capita , consumer price index , minimum wage , and unemployment rate . Armenia announced its decision to join

1798-471: The EAEU's common tariffs. Tajikistan was formally invited to join the union and has expressed its interest in acceding. It is recognized as a potential candidate and membership negotiations are underway. In 2015, further efforts were made to integrate Tajikistan into the EAEU. It took Europe 40 years to move from the European Coal and Steel Community to the full European Union. The establishment of

1860-405: The EU are exclusionary to EAEU observer status, as in 2017 Moldova became the EAEU's first observer state and has attended EAEU forums in years since. Ukraine submitted an application to participate in the Eurasian Economic Union as an observer in August 2013. Viktor Yanukovych 's decision to abandon an association agreement with the European Union and exclusively pursue integration with the EAEU

1922-465: The EU. Turkey was extended an invitation to join the EAEU by Kazakhstan 's President Nursultan Nazarbayev on 6 June 2014 but the country prefers to join the EU. Georgia's Prime Minister Bidzina Ivanishvili said in September 2013 he was studying the possibility of acceding to the Union, although he later clarified that Georgia's main strategy was still to integrate into the European Union. Russia's Prime Minister Dmitri Medvedev included Georgia as

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1984-487: The Eurasian Economic Space on 1 January 2012. The commission was modelled on the European Commission . Its headquarters are in Moscow . The commission monitors subordinate branches and advisory bodies. Its departments were greatly expanded on 1 January 2015, and the number of international employees increased from 150 to 1,200. The Eurasian Commission can take decisions on not only the customs policy of

2046-406: The Eurasian Economic Union were signed on 9 October and 23 December 2014, respectively. Armenia's accession treaty came into force on 2 January 2015. Kyrgyzstan's accession treaty came into effect on 6 August 2015. Kyrgyzstan participated in the EAEU from the day of its establishment as an acceding state. The EAEU encourages the free movement of goods and services, and provides for common policies in

2108-402: The Member States' rules on product safety, packaging requirements and national administrative procedures. These prevent manufacturers from marketing the same goods in all member states. The objective of a common market is most often economic convergence and the creation of an integrated single market. It is sometimes considered as the first stage of a single market. The European Economic Community

2170-609: The Supreme Eurasian Council for a four-year renewable term. The commissioners also receive the status of federal ministers in their respective countries. The Board of the commission is the executive body of the commission. It convenes once every week at least, and is responsible for the day-to-day running of the Eurasian Economic Union. It has a wide range of activities, including monitoring the implementation of treaties, submitting annual progress reports and making recommendations. The Board also assists member states in

2232-529: The Treaty on 23 December 2014 and became a member of the Eurasian Union on 6 August 2015. As a result of Russia's invasion of Ukraine , the US and EU placed sanctions upon Russia and Belarus. On 10 March 2022, Russia suspended exports of wheat, meslin, rye, barley, and corn to the Eurasian Economic Union to secure the country's food supplies. The ban was reversed on 1 April 2022, although other restrictions on

2294-524: The Treaty on the Customs Union and the Single Economic Space by clarifying the goals and policies the states would undertake in order to form the Eurasian Customs Union and the Single Economic Space. To promote further economic integration and more cooperation, in 2000 Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan established the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) which Uzbekistan joined in 2006. The treaty established

2356-508: The Union, and is responsible for the overall management of the Eurasian Commission. It monitors the commission by approving the draft budget of the union, the maximum number of personnel, and the qualification requirements for the commission's employees. The council convenes once every quarter. It also considers issues of customs cooperation, trade and development of Eurasian integration. The council regularly holds discussions on

2418-654: The Union, consisting of the Heads of the Member States . The second level of intergovernmental institutions is represented by the Eurasian Intergovernmental Council (consisting of the Heads of the governments of member states). The day-to-day work of the EAEU is done through the Eurasian Economic Commission , the executive body of the Union. There is also a judicial body – the Court of the EAEU . In

2480-478: The Union. Chairmanship is passed from country to country in alphabetical order in the Russian language . Armenia currently holds the chairmanship. Russian President Vladimir Putin has stated that Russia's goal was to enlarge the Customs Union to all post-Soviet states , excluding the three Baltic EU member states . According to The Guardian newspaper, Russia's plan is for the Eurasian Union to grow into

2542-465: The activities of the Court of the EAEU . Extra expenses of infrastructure and accommodation of commission workers are financed by Russia. In addition, Russia allocated US$ 1 billion to accelerate Kyrgyzstan's entry into the union. Another US$ 177 million was provided by Kazakhstan. According to Article 110 of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (2014) the Russian language is the working language of

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2604-627: The countries of single market. Consumers are benefited by the single market in the sense that the competitive environment brings them cheaper products, more efficient providers of products and also increased choice of products and their quality. What is more, businesses in competition will innovate to create new products; another benefit for consumers. Single market play significant role in increasing prosperity of nations involved in this area. For example, single market helps European Union to achieve annual growth of GDP with 2.2% p.a. between 1992 and 2006, rise in employment and job creation. Transition to

2666-511: The creation of a Eurasian Economic Union. On 18 November 2011, the presidents of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia signed an agreement setting a target of establishing the Eurasian Economic Union by 2015. The member states put together a joint commission on fostering closer economic ties. On 29 May 2014, the presidents of Kazakhstan, Belarus and Russia signed the treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union, which came into effect on 1 January 2015. The presidents of Armenia and Kyrgyzstan were also present at

2728-460: The creation of a Eurasian parliament was under consideration. However, it was considered too premature, and member states have instead begun harmonising national laws and legal codes. Russian president Vladimir Putin has upheld the idea of creating a parliament for the union. The Court of the Eurasian Economic Union replaced the Court of the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC Court) in 2015. It

2790-466: The dissolution of the Soviet Union and the size of the countries involved (Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan cover an area of about 20 million km). As a result, numerous treaties have been signed by member states to establish the regional trade bloc gradually. In 1995, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and later acceding states Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan signed the first agreements on the establishment of

2852-448: The federal government on any matter of interstate commerce the national government chooses to assert itself. Movement of people and goods among the states is unrestricted and without tariffs. A single market has many benefits: with full freedom of movement for all the factors of production between the member countries, the factors of production become more efficiently allocated, further increasing productivity. For both business within

2914-557: The founding republics signed the Belavezha Accords on 8 December 1991, declaring that the Soviet Union would cease to exist and proclaimed the Commonwealth of Independent States in its place. In 1994, during a speech at Moscow State University , the first President of Kazakhstan , Nursultan Nazarbayev , suggested the idea of creating a "Eurasian Union" as a regional trade bloc in order to connect to and profit from

2976-401: The future. Uzbekistan began its integration process when Russia announced it would write off US$ 865 million off debt owed by the country. Uzbekistan joined the Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area in 2014, meaning it has free trade with EAEU member states. According to some sources, Uzbekistan does not intend to become a full member of the EAEU, due to Uzbekistan's neutrality which

3038-594: The growing economies of Europe and East Asia . The vision would be to simplify the free flow of goods across Eurasia. The idea was quickly seen as a way to bolster trade, boost investment in Central Asia , Armenia and Belarus , and serve as a complement to the Eastern Partnership . During the 1990s, the Eurasian integration process was slow, possibly due to the economic crisis experienced after

3100-459: The important aspects of the EAEU and meets with business representatives of the member states. The Board is composed of ten commissioners, one of which is the chairman of the board. Each member state provides two commissioners to the Board of the Eurasian Commission who carry out the operational management and oversee the everyday work of the Eurasian Commission. All ten commissioners are appointed by

3162-402: The macroeconomic sphere, transport, industry and agriculture, energy, foreign trade and investment, customs, technical regulation, competition, and antitrust regulation. Provisions for a single currency and greater integration are envisioned for the future. The union operates through supranational and intergovernmental institutions. The Supreme Eurasian Economic Council is the supreme body of

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3224-592: The making" , Izvestia, 3 October 2011 Uzbekistan has been hesitant to join the Economic Union, with Uzbek officials making opposing claims on the prospect of integration. Originally, the country preferred not to pursue economic and political integration. Russian officials have stated that integration with the country would be slow and analysts state that as Russian influence and trade increases in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan it may persuade Uzbekistan to join in

3286-488: The market and consumers, a single market is a competitive environment, making the existence of monopolies more difficult. This means that inefficient companies will suffer a loss of market share and may have to close down. However, efficient firms can benefit from economies of scale , increased competitiveness and lower costs, as well as expecting profitability to increase as a result. This is true especially for companies selling goods and services easily distributed all around

3348-496: The member states are removed to the maximum extent possible. These barriers obstruct the freedom of movement of the four factors of production (goods, capital, services, workers). A common market is usually referred to as the first stage towards the creation of a single market. It usually is built upon a free trade area with no tariffs for goods and relatively free movement of capital, workers and services, but not so advanced in reduction of other trade barriers . A unified market

3410-436: The member states. The departments enable the Board of the Eurasian Commission to make decisions not only with regard to customs policies, but in such areas as macroeconomics , regulation of economic competition , energy policy and financial policy . The Commission departments are also involved in government procurement and labour migration control. As of 2015, the EAEU has no directly or indirectly elected body. In 2012,

3472-402: The settlement of disputes, and carries out the draft of the union's budget. Part of its activities include being the intermediary between the departments of the commission and the heads of state of the member states. A number of departments are headed by the commissioners. The lower rank staff is composed of 84% Russian officials, 10% Kazakhs and 6% Belarusians, proportional to the populations of

3534-451: The signing ceremony. Russian president Vladimir Putin stated, "Today we have created a powerful, attractive centre of economic development, a big regional market that unites more than 170 million people." Kazakh politicians emphasized the Eurasian Economic Union was not intended to be a political bloc, but a purely economic union. Bakytzhan Sagintayev , the first deputy prime minister of Kazakhstan and lead negotiator, said, "We are not creating

3596-411: The trade of foods were simultaneously introduced. On 29 March a Kazakh government official stated that Kazakhstan would abide by US and EU sanctions and would not facilitate any circumvention, despite its membership of the EAEU. The official explained that Kazakhstan does not wish to be targeted by secondary sanctions, and instead will be seeking to expand its cooperation with the EU. On 15 December 2023,

3658-655: The union, but also on the macro-economy, the competition regulations, the energy policy and the fiscal policy of the Eurasian Economic Union. It has strict anti-corruption laws. The Eurasian Economic Commission consists of two bodies: the Council and the Collegium. The council is composed of the Vice Prime Ministers of the member states. The council of the Commission oversees the integration processes in

3720-510: Was a key factor in the Euromaidan protests that ended his term as president of Ukraine followed by annexation of Crimea by Russia . The country's membership in the EAEU was seen by some analysts as the key to the success of the union as Ukraine has the second largest economy of any of the 15 former republics of the Soviet Union. With high tensions between Russia and Ukraine in the wake of the crisis, Ukraine decided to pursue integration with

3782-399: Was expected to obtain full membership by 2022 or 2023. In December 2022, Russian prime minister Mishustin mentioned the advantages of Uzbek full membership in EAEU. By February 2023, Uzbek prime minister Aripov announced the completion of the preparatory work to ensure harmonization of national technical regulations with the EAEU standards. Each year, a Member State is elected chairman to head

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3844-485: Was the first large-scale example of a common market. A single market allows for people, goods, services and capital to move around a union as freely as they do within a single country – instead of being obstructed by national borders and barriers as they were in the past. Citizens can study, live, shop, work and retire in any member state. Consumers enjoy a vast array of products from all member states and businesses have unrestricted access to more consumers. A single market

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