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104-541: A EuroPsy Specialist Certificate in Psychotherapy , or a EuroPsy Specialist Certificate in Work and Organisational Psychology can be issued to a psychologist with more advanced education and training, and experience in a field of practice (not in all countries). There is a Register of EuroPsy psychologists with national listings of certificate holders that can be consulted by any person or organisation seeking services of

208-530: A medical model and those based on a humanistic model . In the medical model, the client is seen as unwell and the therapist employs their skill to help the client back to health. The extensive use of the DSM-IV , the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders in the United States is an example of a medically exclusive model. The humanistic or non-medical model in contrast strives to depathologise

312-708: A causal network account of well-being in The Good Life: Unifying the Philosophy and Psychology of Well-being . The causal network account holds that well-being is the product of many factors—feelings, beliefs, motivations, habits, resources, etc.—that are causally related in ways that explain increases in well-being or ill-being. More recently causal network theories of ill-being have been applied to depression and digital technology. Network approaches have also been applied to mental health more generally. Diener 's tripartite model of subjective well-being

416-445: A clear criterion could be provided why all and only the items within their selections are relevant factors. Three subdisciplines in psychology are critical for the study of psychological well-being: According to Corey Keyes' five-component model, social well-being is constituted by the following factors: There are two approaches typically taken to understand psychological well-being: According to Guttman and Levy (1982) well-being

520-478: A committee of experts finds that a complaint of professional misconduct brought against a psychologist is justified. The educational requirements for the Basic EuroPsy Certificate normally include a five-year full-time university curriculum in psychology, consisting of a Bachelors phase (3 years) and a Masters phase (2 years). After completion a further year of supervised semi-independent work

624-442: A comprehensive understanding of mental well-being. Gallup's wellbeing research finds that 33% of workers globally are thriving, 55% struggling and 11% suffering. Focusing on wellbeing as a political goal involves prioritizing citizens' overall quality of life, encompassing factors like health, education, and social harmony. It emphasizes policies that enhance happiness and fulfillment for a more holistic approach to governance. Both

728-417: A few years later, psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck developed a form of psychotherapy known as cognitive therapy . Both of these included relatively short, structured and present-focused techniques aimed at identifying and changing a person's beliefs, appraisals and reaction-patterns, by contrast with the more long-lasting insight-based approach of psychodynamic or humanistic therapies. Beck's approach used primarily

832-408: A less medical or "professional" focus. Somatotherapy refers to the use of physical changes as injuries and illnesses, and sociotherapy to the use of a person's social environment to effect therapeutic change. Psychotherapy may address spirituality as a significant part of someone's mental / psychological life, and some forms are derived from spiritual philosophies, but practices based on treating

936-493: A period of internship which is only open to physicians or titulars of a master's degree in psychology or psychoanalysis. Austria and Switzerland (2011) have laws that recognize multi-disciplinary functional approaches. In the United Kingdom, the government and Health and Care Professions Council considered mandatory legal registration but decided that it was best left to professional bodies to regulate themselves, so

1040-553: A pleasure-pain-balance or desire-satisfaction besides factors that are independent of the subject's attitudes, like friendship or having virtues. Objective list theories face the problem of explaining how subject-independent factors can determine a person's well-being even if this person does not care about these factors. Another objection concerns the selection of the specific factors included. Different theorists have provided very different combinations of basic objective goods. These groupings seem to constitute arbitrary selections unless

1144-684: A primary treatment for numerous disorders. A "third wave" of cognitive and behavioral therapies developed, including acceptance and commitment therapy and dialectical behavior therapy , which expanded the concepts to other disorders and/or added novel components and mindfulness exercises. However the "third wave" concept has been criticized as not essentially different from other therapies and having roots in earlier ones as well. Counseling methods developed include solution-focused therapy and systemic coaching . Postmodern psychotherapies such as narrative therapy and coherence therapy do not impose definitions of mental health and illness, but rather see

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1248-621: A psychotherapy permit by completing certain educational and practice requirements; their professional oversight is provided by their own professional orders. Some other professionals who were practising psychotherapy before the current system came into force continue to hold psychotherapy permits alone. On 1 July 2019, Ontario's Missing Persons Act came into effect, with the purpose of giving police more power to investigate missing persons. It allows police to require (as opposed to permit) health professionals, including psychotherapists, to share otherwise confidential documents about their client, if there

1352-761: A qualified psychologist. EuroPsy falls under the auspices of the General Assembly of the European Federation of Psychologists' Associations (EFPA), with a national member association in each of 36 countries in Europe. The regulations governing EuroPsy (EFPA, 2014), approved by the General Assembly, can be found on the EFPA website (www.efpa.eu). A discussion of the various aspects of the EuroPsy system, including its background and history, can be found at

1456-470: A recognized academic education programme in psychology, (ii) demonstrated competence in the performance of professional roles during supervised practice, and (iii) underwriting the EFPA Meta-code of ethics (http://ethics.efpa.eu/meta-code/) and the professional code of ethics in the country of practice. The national code in each country with membership in EFPA entails that sanctions can be imposed when

1560-623: A similar restriction on the title "psychotherapist", which may only be used by professionals who have gone through a post-graduate training in psychotherapy and then applied for a licence, issued by the National Board of Health and Welfare . Legislation in France restricts the use of the title "psychotherapist" to professionals on the National Register of Psychotherapists, which requires a training in clinical psychopathology and

1664-453: A small number of sessions over a few weeks or months may be classified as brief therapy (or short-term therapy), others, where regular sessions take place for years, may be classified as long-term. Some practitioners distinguish between more "uncovering" (or " depth ") approaches and more "supportive" psychotherapy. Uncovering psychotherapy emphasizes facilitating the client's insight into the roots of their difficulties. The best-known example

1768-469: A specific psychotherapy; or (in some cases) academic or scientifically trained professionals. In addition to the training, many countries require psychotherapist to register with a professional body in order to be permitted to offer services. Psychiatrists are trained first as physicians, and as such they may prescribe prescription medication ; and specialist psychiatric training begins after medical school in psychiatric residencies: however, their specialty

1872-456: A technique of " evenly-suspended attention " to avoid becoming overly focused on specific details during sessions, as he believed extensive note-taking could interfere with the therapeutic process. This tension between accurate documentation and the therapeutic relationship continued to shape early discussions on clinical documentation. As the field of psychotherapy grew, standardized note-taking practices emerged to promote consistency and improve

1976-530: A variable ranging from none to a high degree of well-being. This usage of well-being has in later times been widened to also include a negative aspect. With the aim of understanding how different route environmental variables affect the wellbeing during walking or cycling, the term "environmental unwellbeing" has been coined. Different forms of well-being, such as mental, physical, economic, or emotional are often closely interlinked. For example, improved physical well-being (e.g., by reducing or ceasing an addiction)

2080-559: A world without sentient beings. In this sense, welfarists may agree that the cited examples are valuable in some form but disagree that they are intrinsically valuable . Some authors see welfarism as including the ethical thesis that morality fundamentally depends on well-being. On this view, welfarism is also committed to the consequentialist claim that actions, policies, or rules should be evaluated based on how their consequences affect everyone's well-being. Research on positive psychology, well-being, eudaimonia and happiness, and

2184-551: A year-long internship at an accredited psychiatric institution, six months of clinical work at an outpatient facility, 600 hours of supervised psychotherapy in an outpatient setting, and at least 600 hours of theoretical seminars. Social workers may complete the specialist training for child and teenage clients. Similarly in Italy, the practice of psychotherapy is restricted to graduates in psychology or medicine who have completed four years of recognised specialist training. Sweden has

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2288-461: Is PERMA : Positive emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning and purpose, and Accomplishments. It is a mnemonic for the five elements of Martin Seligman's well-being theory: The Biomedical approach was challenged by George Engel in 1977 as it gave little importance to various factors like beliefs, upbringing , trauma, etc. and put main emphasis on biology. The biopsychosocial model replaces

2392-438: Is "...a special case of attitude". This approach serves two purposes in the study of well-being: "developing and testing a [systematic] theory for the structure of [interrelationships] among varieties of well-being, and integration of well-being theory with the ongoing cumulative theory development in the fields of attitude of related research". Many different models have been developed. Philosopher Michael Bishop developed

2496-945: Is "...based on the idea that how each person thinks and feels about his or her life is important". Carol Ryff 's multidimensional model of psychological well-being has philosophical foundation based on Aristotle's eudaimonia. It postulates six factors which are key for well-being with smaller subsections for each minor school of thought: According to Corey Keyes , who collaborated with Carol Ryff, mental well-being has three components, namely emotional or subjective well-being (also called hedonic well-being), psychological well-being, and social well-being (together also called eudaimonic well-being). Emotional well-being concerns subjective aspects of well-being, in concreto, feeling well, whereas psychological and social well-being concerns skills, abilities, and psychological and social functioning. Keyes' model of mental well-being has received extensive empirical support across cultures. Well-being

2600-719: Is a central concept in positive psychology . Positive psychology is concerned with eudaimonia , "the good life", reflection about what holds the greatest value in life – the factors that contribute the most to a well-lived and fulfilling life. While not attempting a strict definition of the good life, positive psychologists agree that one must live a happy , engaged, and meaningful life in order to experience "the good life". Martin Seligman referred to "the good life" as "using your signature strengths every day to produce authentic happiness and abundant gratification". In Flourish (2011) Seligman argued that "meaningful life" can be considered as five different categories. The resulting acronym

2704-540: Is a regulated activity which is restricted to psychologists, medical doctors, and holders of a psychotherapy permit issued by the Ordre des psychologues du Québec, the Quebec order of psychologists. Members of certain specified professions, including social workers , couple and family therapists, occupational therapists , guidance counsellors , criminologists , sexologists , psychoeducators , and registered nurses may obtain

2808-486: Is a theory of value based on well-being. It states that well-being is the only thing that has intrinsic value , i.e. that is good in itself and not just good as a means to something else. On this view, the value of a situation or whether one alternative is better than another only depends on the degrees of well-being of each entity affected. All other factors are relevant to value only to the extent that they have an impact on someone's well-being. The well-being in question

2912-437: Is also scientifically dependent on endogenous molecules that impact feelings of happiness such as dopamine, serotonin, endorphins, oxytocin, cortisol and more "Well-being related markers" or "Well-being bio markers" play an important role in the regulation of an organism's metabolism, and when not working in proper order can lead to malfunction. Well-being is the central subject of positive psychology , which aims to discover

3016-768: Is associated with improved emotional well-being. And better economic well-being (e.g., possessing more wealth) tends to be associated with better emotional well-being even in adverse situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic . Well-being plays a central role in ethics since what a person ought to do depends, at least to some degree, on what would make someone's life get better or worse. According to welfarism , there are no other values besides well-being. The terms well-being, pleasure , and happiness are used in overlapping ways in everyday language, but their meanings tend to come apart in technical contexts like philosophy or psychology. Pleasure refers to experience that feels good and

3120-511: Is classical psychoanalysis. Supportive psychotherapy by contrast stresses strengthening the client's coping mechanisms and often providing encouragement and advice, as well as reality-testing and limit-setting where necessary. Depending on the client's issues and situation, a more supportive or more uncovering approach may be optimal. These psychotherapies, also known as " experiential ", are based on humanistic psychology and emerged in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis, being dubbed

3224-425: Is completed at a postgraduate level, often at a master's degree (or doctoral) level, over four years, with significant supervised practice and clinical placements. Mental health professionals that choose to specialize in psychotherapeutic work also require a program of continuing professional education after basic professional training. A listing of the extensive professional competencies of a European psychotherapist

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3328-419: Is essential to all forms of well-being. Hedonistic theories equate well-being with the balance of pleasure over pain. Desire theories hold that well-being consists in desire-satisfaction: the higher the number of satisfied desires, the higher the well-being. Objective list theories state that a person's well-being depends on a list of factors that may include both subjective and objective elements. Well-being

3432-500: Is in mental disorders or forms of mental illness. Clinical psychologists have specialist doctoral degrees in psychology with some clinical and research components. Other clinical practitioners, social workers , mental health counselors, pastoral counselors, and nurses with a specialization in mental health, also often conduct psychotherapy. Many of the wide variety of psychotherapy training programs and institutional settings are multi-professional. In most countries, psychotherapy training

3536-475: Is needed within a particular area of professional psychology. Such a year of training can either be part of a university curriculum or arranged through some other institution, such as a work organization. The training should enable the supervisee to develop the competences needed by a psychologist in professional practice. The supervisors assess the trainee’s achievements; the Certificate can only be awarded if

3640-405: Is often dubbed as a "talking therapy" or "talk therapy", particularly for a general audience, though not all forms of psychotherapy rely on verbal communication . Children or adults who do not engage in verbal communication (or not in the usual way) are not excluded from psychotherapy; indeed some types are designed for such cases. The American Psychological Association adopted a resolution on

3744-555: Is often regarded as crucial to psychotherapy. Common factors theory addresses this and other core aspects thought to be responsible for effective psychotherapy. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), a Viennese neurologist who studied with Jean-Martin Charcot in 1885, is often considered the father of modern psychotherapy. His methods included analyzing his patient's dreams in search of important hidden insights into their unconscious minds. Other major elements of his methods, which changed throughout

3848-418: Is one of the most comprehensive models of well-being in psychology. It was synthesized by Diener in 1984, positing "three distinct but often related components of wellbeing: frequent positive affect, infrequent negative affect, and cognitive evaluations such as life satisfaction". Cognitive, affective and contextual factors contribute to subjective well-being. According to Diener and Suh, subjective well-being

3952-463: Is probably the first journal to use the term. Thus psychotherapy initially meant "the treatment of disease by psychic or hypnotic influence, or by suggestion". Sigmund Freud visited the Nancy School and his early neurological practice involved the use of hypnotism. However following the work of his mentor Josef Breuer —in particular a case where symptoms appeared partially resolved by what

4056-469: Is reason to believe their client is missing. Some have expressed concern that this legislation undermines psychotherapy confidentiality and could be abused maliciously by police, while others have praised the act for how it respects privacy and includes checks and balances. Psychotherapy can be said to have been practiced through the ages, as medics, philosophers, spiritual practitioners and people in general used psychological methods to heal others. In

4160-508: Is suggested that the value of experiences only depends on their duration and the intensity of pleasure or pain present in them. Various counterexamples have been formulated against this view. They usually involve cases where lower aggregate pleasure are intuitively preferable, for example, that the intellectual or aesthetic pleasures are superior to sensory pleasures or that it would be unwise to enter Robert Nozick 's experience machine . These counter-examples are not necessarily conclusive, yet

4264-478: Is the human givens approach, introduced in 1998–99. It is a solution-focused intervention based on identifying emotional needs—such as for security, autonomy and social connection—and using various educational and psychological methods to help people meet those needs more fully or appropriately. Insight-oriented psychotherapies focus on revealing or interpreting unconscious processes. Most commonly referring to psychodynamic therapy , of which psychoanalysis

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4368-442: Is the goal of existential therapy . Existential therapy is in turn philosophically associated with phenomenology . Person-centered therapy , also known as client-centered, focuses on the therapist showing openness, empathy and "unconditional positive regard", to help clients express and develop their own self . Humanistic Psychodrama (HPD) is based on the human image of humanistic psychology. So all rules and methods follow

4472-485: Is the oldest and most intensive form, these applications of depth psychology encourage the verbalization of all the patient's thoughts, including free associations , fantasies, and dreams, from which the analyst formulates the nature of the past and present unconscious conflicts which are causing the patient's symptoms and character problems. Well-being Well-being , or wellbeing , also known as wellness , prudential value , prosperity or quality of life ,

4576-865: Is the use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction , to help a person change behavior, increase happiness, and overcome problems. Psychotherapy aims to improve an individual's well-being and mental health , to resolve or mitigate troublesome behaviors, beliefs, compulsions, thoughts, or emotions, and to improve relationships and social skills . Numerous types of psychotherapy have been designed either for individual adults, families, or children and adolescents. Certain types of psychotherapy are considered evidence-based for treating some diagnosed mental disorders ; other types have been criticized as pseudoscience . There are hundreds of psychotherapy techniques, some being minor variations; others are based on very different conceptions of psychology. Most involve one-to-one sessions, between

4680-415: Is usually not restricted to human well-being but includes animal well-being as well. Different versions of welfarism offer different interpretations of the exact relation between well-being and value. Pure welfarists offer the simplest approach by holding that only the overall well-being matters, for example, as the sum total of everyone's well-being. This position has been criticized in various ways. On

4784-427: Is usually seen as one constituent of well-being. But there may be other factors, such as health, virtue, knowledge or the fulfillment of desires. Happiness for example, often seen either as "the individual's balance of pleasant over unpleasant experience" or as the state of being satisfied with one's life as a whole, is also commonly taken to be a constituent of well-being. Theories of well-being try to determine what

4888-541: Is well-being. But they allow aspects of well-being other than its overall degree to have an impact on value, e.g. how well-being is distributed. Pure welfarists sometimes argue against this approach since it seems to stray away from the core principle of welfarism: that only well-being is intrinsically valuable. But the distribution of well-being is a relation between entities and therefore not intrinsic to any of them. Some objections based on counterexamples are directed against all forms of welfarism. They often focus on

4992-553: Is what is intrinsically valuable relative to someone. So the well-being of a person is what is ultimately good for this person, what is in the self-interest of this person. Well-being can refer to both positive and negative well-being. In its positive sense, it is sometimes contrasted with ill-being as its opposite. The term " subjective well-being " denotes how people experience and evaluate their lives, usually measured in relation to self-reported well-being obtained through questionnaires. Well-being has been traditionally treated as

5096-467: Is worthwhile, our day to day emotional experiences (happiness and anxiety) and our wider mental wellbeing. The ONS then introduced four questions pertaining to wellbeing in their 2011 national survey of the UK population, relating to evaluative well-being, eudemonic well-being, and positive and negative affect. They later switched to referring to the construct being measured as "personal well-being". Welfarism

5200-475: The EuroPsy website and in a book by Lunt et al. (2014). See Regulations at www.europsy.eu A major goal of the EuroPsy initiative is to protect members of the public from unqualified providers of services and to promote the availability for every citizen and institution in Europe of competent psychologists. A EuroPsy Certificate is awarded to an applicant on the basis of: (i) demonstrated completion of

5304-734: The Professional Standards Authority for Health and Social Care (PSA) launched an Accredited Voluntary Registers scheme. Counseling and psychotherapy are not protected titles in the United Kingdom. Counsellors and psychotherapists who have trained and qualify to a certain standard (usually a level 4 Diploma) can apply to be members of the professional bodies who are listed on the PSA Accredited Registers. In some states, counselors or therapists must be licensed to use certain words and titles on self-identification or advertising. In some other states,

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5408-459: The Western tradition , by the 19th century, a moral treatment movement (then meaning morale or mental) developed based on non-invasive non-restraint therapeutic methods. Another influential movement was started by Franz Mesmer (1734–1815) and his student Armand-Marie-Jacques de Chastenet, Marquis of Puységur (1751–1825). Called Mesmerism or animal magnetism, it would have a strong influence on

5512-923: The human givens approach. A survey of over 2,500 US therapists in 2006 revealed the most utilized models of therapy and the ten most influential therapists of the previous quarter-century. The practice of documenting psychotherapy sessions originated in the late 19th century with early pioneers in psychoanalysis . Sigmund Freud , often referred to as the father of psychoanalysis, was known for his meticulous record-keeping, which he used to study patient progress and deepen his understanding of human psychology. In his correspondence with Wilhelm Fleiss , Freud described his habit of taking daily notes to track his patients' progress, and he sometimes shared his observations with colleagues to discuss emerging theories and techniques. While Freud valued thorough documentation, he also recognized its potential drawbacks. In his Recommendations to Physicians Practicing Psycho-Analysis , he suggested

5616-542: The psyche 's conscious / unconscious influence on external relationships and the self. Sessions tended to number into the hundreds over several years. Behaviorism developed in the 1920s, and behavior modification as a therapy became popularized in the 1950s and 1960s. Notable contributors were Joseph Wolpe in South Africa, M.B. Shapiro and Hans Eysenck in Britain, and John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner in

5720-566: The socratic method , and links have been drawn between ancient stoic philosophy and these cognitive therapies. Cognitive and behavioral therapy approaches were increasingly combined and grouped under the umbrella term cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in the 1970s. Many approaches within CBT are oriented towards active/directive yet collaborative empiricism (a form of reality-testing), and assessing and modifying core beliefs and dysfunctional schemas. These approaches gained widespread acceptance as

5824-564: The "third force". They are primarily concerned with the human development and needs of the individual, with an emphasis on subjective meaning, a rejection of determinism , and a concern for positive growth rather than pathology . Some posit an inherent human capacity to maximize potential, "the self-actualizing tendency"; the task of therapy is to create a relational environment where this tendency might flourish. Humanistic psychology can, in turn, be rooted in existentialism —the belief that human beings can only find meaning by creating it. This

5928-635: The 1990 Strasbourg Declaration on Psychotherapy, which is dedicated to establishing an independent profession of psychotherapy in Europe, with pan-European standards. The EAP has already made significant contacts with the European Union & European Commission towards this end. Given that the European Union has a primary policy about the free movement of labor within Europe, European legislation can overrule national regulations that are, in essence, forms of restrictive practices. In Germany,

6032-477: The 21st century there were over a thousand different named psychotherapies—some being minor variations while others are based on very different conceptions of psychology, ethics (how to live) or technique. In practice therapy is often not of one pure type but draws from a number of perspectives and schools—known as an integrative or eclectic approach. The importance of the therapeutic relationship , also known as therapeutic alliance, between client and therapist

6136-543: The American Psychological Association requires its members to adhere to its published Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct . The American Board of Professional Psychology examines and certifies "psychologists who demonstrate competence in approved specialty areas in professional psychology". Regulation of psychotherapy is in the jurisdiction of, and varies among, the provinces and territories. In Quebec , psychotherapy

6240-572: The Biomedical model of wellbeing. The Biopsychosocial model of well being emphasises the modifiable components needed for an individual to have a sense of wellbeing. These are: The UK ONS defines wellbeing: as having 10 broad dimensions which have been shown to matter most to people in the UK as identified through a national debate. The dimensions are: Personal well-being is a particularly important dimension which we define as how satisfied we are with our lives, our sense that what we do in life

6344-638: The Influence of the Mind upon the Body in Health and Disease , in which he also proposed making a science of animal magnetism . Hippolyte Bernheim and colleagues in the " Nancy School" developed the concept of "psychotherapy" in the sense of using the mind to heal the body through hypnotism , yet further. Charles Lloyd Tuckey's 1889 work, Psycho-therapeutics, or Treatment by Hypnotism and Suggestion popularized

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6448-501: The Italian concept benessere . The well-being of a person is what is good for the person. Theories of well-being try to determine which features of a state are responsible for this state contributing to the person's well-being. Theories of well-being are often classified into hedonistic theories , desire theories, and objective list theories . Hedonistic theories and desire theories are subjective theories. According to them,

6552-462: The United States. Behavioral therapy approaches relied on principles of operant conditioning , classical conditioning and social learning theory to bring about therapeutic change in observable symptoms. The approach became commonly used for phobias , as well as other disorders. Some therapeutic approaches developed out of the European school of existential philosophy . Concerned mainly with

6656-860: The administration of EuroPsy EFPA has established a European Awarding Committee (EAC) . The EAC delegates the authority to award EuroPsy Certificates to a recognized National Awarding Committee (NAC) , appointed by the EFPA members association in a country. The EAC works in close cooperation with the EFPA Head Office in Brussel. 1. EFPA (European Federation of Psychologists Associations) (2013). EuroPsy: European certificate in psychology . Brussels: EFPA. 2. Lunt, I., Peiro, J. M., Poortinga, Y. H., & Roe, R. (2014). EuroPsy: Standards and quality in education for psychologists. Bern: Hogrefe Verlag. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy (also psychological therapy , talk therapy , or talking therapy )

6760-494: The agent. Desire theorists have tried to avoid this objection by holding that what matters are not actual desires but the desires the agent would have if she was fully informed. Thus, desire theories can incorporate what is plausible about subjective theories of well-being with the lack of personal bias of objective list theories. Objective list theories state that a person's well-being depends on many different basic objective goods. These goods often include subjective factors like

6864-457: The approach, like Fritz and Laura Perls in the creation of Gestalt therapy , as well as Marshall Rosenberg, founder of Nonviolent Communication , and Eric Berne , founder of transactional analysis . Later these fields of psychotherapy would become what is known as humanistic psychotherapy today. Self-help groups and books became widespread. During the 1950s, Albert Ellis originated rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT). Independently

6968-408: The axioms of humanistic psychology. The HPD sees itself as development-oriented psychotherapy and has completely moved away from the psychoanalytic catharsis theory. Self-awareness and self-realization are essential aspects in the therapeutic process. Subjective experiences, feelings and thoughts and one's own experiences are the starting point for a change or reorientation in experience and behavior in

7072-459: The client and therapist, but some are conducted with groups , including families . Psychotherapists may be mental health professionals such as psychiatrists, psychologists, mental health nurses, clinical social workers, marriage and family therapists, or professional counselors. Psychotherapists may also come from a variety of other backgrounds, and depending on the jurisdiction may be legally regulated, voluntarily regulated or unregulated (and

7176-579: The complex writings of existential philosophers (e.g., Søren Kierkegaard , Jean-Paul Sartre , Gabriel Marcel , Martin Heidegger , Friedrich Nietzsche ). The uniqueness of the patient-therapist relationship thus also forms a vehicle for therapeutic inquiry. A related body of thought in psychotherapy started in the 1950s with Carl Rogers . Based also on the works of Abraham Maslow and his hierarchy of human needs , Rogers brought person-centered psychotherapy into mainstream focus. The primary requirement

7280-407: The confidentiality and narrative depth that are essential to psychotherapy. Mental health professionals continue to explore best practices for balancing structured documentation with the more nuanced narrative elements that are critical in psychotherapy. There are hundreds of psychotherapy approaches or schools of thought. By 1980 there were more than 250; by 1996 more than 450; and at the start of

7384-504: The degree of well-being of a person depends on the subjective mental states and attitudes of this person. Objective list theories, on the other hand, allow that things can benefit a person independent of that person's subjective attitudes towards these things. For hedonistic theories , the relevant mental states are experiences of pleasure and pain. One example of such an account can be found in Jeremy Bentham 's works, where it

7488-702: The direction of more self-acceptance and satisfaction. Dealing with the biography of the individual is closely related to the sociometry of the group. Gestalt therapy , originally called "concentration therapy", is an existential/experiential form that facilitates awareness in the various contexts of life, by moving from talking about relatively remote situations to action and direct current experience. Derived from various influences, including an overhaul of psychoanalysis, it stands on top of essentially four load-bearing theoretical walls: phenomenological method , dialogical relationship, field-theoretical strategies, and experimental freedom. A briefer form of humanistic therapy

7592-480: The documentation process in psychotherapy. Electronic health records (EHRs) introduced significant benefits, such as enhanced accessibility and organization of patient records. Despite initial concerns about privacy and data security, studies have found that EHRs can increase documentation completeness, which improves information sharing and, ultimately, the quality of patient care. Digital note-taking also introduced new challenges, particularly in terms of maintaining

7696-420: The effectiveness of psychotherapy in 2012 based on a definition developed by American psychologist John C. Norcross : "Psychotherapy is the informed and intentional application of clinical methods and interpersonal stances derived from established psychological principles for the purpose of assisting people to modify their behaviors, cognitions, emotions, and/or other personal characteristics in directions that

7800-418: The factors that contribute to human well-being. Martin Seligman , for example, suggests that these factors consist in having positive emotions , being engaged in an activity, having good relationships with other people, finding meaning in one's life and a sense of accomplishment in the pursuit of one's goals. The Oxford English Dictionary traces the term well-being to a 16th-century calque of

7904-439: The goal of therapy as something constructed by the client and therapist in a social context. Systemic therapy also developed, which focuses on family and group dynamics—and transpersonal psychology , which focuses on the spiritual facet of human experience. Other orientations developed in the last three decades include feminist therapy , brief therapy , somatic psychology , expressive therapy , applied positive psychology and

8008-507: The human condition. The therapist attempts to create a relational environment conducive to experiential learning and help build the client's confidence in their own natural process resulting in a deeper understanding of themselves. The therapist may see themselves as a facilitator/helper. Another distinction is between individual one-to-one therapy sessions, and group psychotherapy , including couples therapy and family therapy . Therapies are sometimes classified according to their duration;

8112-413: The idea that there are things other than well-being that have intrinsic value. Putative examples include the value of beauty, virtue, or justice. Such arguments are often rejected by welfarists holding that the cited things would not be valuable if they had no relation to well-being. This is often extended to a positive argument in favor of welfarism based on the claim that nothing would be good or bad in

8216-476: The individual's ability to develop and preserve a sense of meaning and purpose throughout life, major contributors to the field (e.g., Irvin Yalom , Rollo May ) and Europe ( Viktor Frankl , Ludwig Binswanger , Medard Boss , R.D.Laing , Emmy van Deurzen ) attempted to create therapies sensitive to common "life crises" springing from the essential bleakness of human self-awareness, previously accessible only through

8320-401: The needs of different therapeutic approaches, formats like DAP (Data, Assessment, Plan) and BIRP (Behavior, Intervention, Response, Plan) were introduced. These standardized approaches enabled better communication between providers, facilitated treatment planning, and ensured accountability and continuity of care. The advent of digital tools in the late 20th and early 21st centuries transformed

8424-404: The one hand, it has been argued that some forms of well-being, like sensory pleasures, are less valuable than other forms of well-being, like intellectual pleasures. On the other hand, certain intuitions indicate that what matters is not just the sum total but also how the individual degrees of well-being are distributed. There is a tendency to prefer equal distributions where everyone has roughly

8528-756: The participants deem desirable". Influential editions of a work by psychiatrist Jerome Frank defined psychotherapy as a healing relationship using socially authorized methods in a series of contacts primarily involving words, acts and rituals—which Frank regarded as forms of persuasion and rhetoric . Historically, psychotherapy has sometimes meant "interpretative" (i.e. Freudian ) methods, namely psychoanalysis , in contrast with other methods to treat psychiatric disorders such as behavior modification. Some definitions of counseling overlap with psychotherapy (particularly in non-directive client-centered approaches), or counseling may refer to guidance for everyday problems in specific areas, typically for shorter durations with

8632-400: The patient, Bertha Pappenheim , dubbed a " talking cure "—Freud began focusing on conditions that appeared to have psychological causes originating in childhood experiences and the unconscious mind . He went on to develop techniques such as free association , dream interpretation , transference and analysis of the id, ego and superego . His popular reputation as the father of psychotherapy

8736-578: The practice of psychotherapy for adults is restricted to qualified psychologists and physicians (including psychiatrists) who have completed several years of specialist practical training and certification in psychotherapy. As psychoanalysis, psychodynamic therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy meet the requirements of German health insurance companies, mental health professionals regularly opt for one of these three specializations in their postgraduate training. For psychologists, this includes three years of full-time practical training (4,200 hours), encompassing

8840-465: The proponent of hedonistic theories faces the challenge of explaining why common-sense misleads us in the problematic cases. Desire theories can avoid some of the problems of hedonistic theories by holding that well-being consists in desire-satisfaction: the higher the number of satisfied desires, the higher the well-being. One problem for some versions of desire theory is that not all desires are good: some desires may even have terrible consequences for

8944-564: The quality of patient care. One major advancement was the introduction of SOAP notes in the 1960s, developed by Dr. Lawrence Weed to structure clinical notes in four categories: Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan. This framework became widely used in both medical and mental health settings, offering a structured yet flexible approach to documentation that supported clinical reasoning and treatment planning. Progress notes also gained prominence in mental health, tracking clients’ clinical status and treatment progress across sessions. To meet

9048-495: The regulation and delivery of psychotherapy. Several countries have no regulation of the practice or no protection of the title. Some have a system of voluntary registration, with independent professional organizations, while other countries attempt to restrict the practice of psychotherapy to 'mental health professionals' (psychologists and psychiatrists) with state-certified training. The titles that are protected also vary. The European Association for Psychotherapy (EAP) established

9152-438: The regulatory psychotherapeutic organizations' codes of ethical practice. Examples of when it is typically accepted to break confidentiality include when the therapist has knowledge that a child or elder is being physically abused; when there is a direct, clear and imminent threat of serious physical harm to self or to a specific individual. As of 2015, there are still a lot of variations between different European countries about

9256-539: The restrictions on practice are more closely associated with the charging of fees. Licensing and regulation are performed by various states. Presentation of practice as licensed, but without such a license, is generally illegal. Without a license, for example, a practitioner cannot bill insurance companies. Information about state licensure of psychologists is provided by the American Psychological Association . In addition to state laws,

9360-442: The rise of dynamic psychology and psychiatry as well as theories about hypnosis . In 1853, Walter Cooper Dendy introduced the term "psycho-therapeia" regarding how physicians might influence the mental states of patients and thus their bodily ailments, for example by creating opposing emotions to promote mental balance. Daniel Hack Tuke cited the term and wrote about "psycho-therapeutics" in 1872 in his book Illustrations of

9464-489: The same degree instead of unequal distributions where there is a great divide between happy and unhappy people, even if the overall well-being is the same. Another intuition concerning the distribution is that people who deserve well-being, like the morally upright, should enjoy higher degrees of well-being than the undeserving. These criticisms are addressed by another version of welfarism: impure welfarism . Impure welfarists agree with pure welfarists that all that matters

9568-484: The second congress of experimental psychology, van Eeden attempted to take the credit for the term psychotherapy and to distance the term from hypnosis. In 1896, the German journal Zeitschrift für Hypnotismus, Suggestionstherapie, Suggestionslehre und verwandte psychologische Forschungen changed its name to Zeitschrift für Hypnotismus, Psychotherapie sowie andere psychophysiologische und psychopathologische Forschungen, which

9672-712: The spiritual as a separate dimension are not necessarily considered as traditional or 'legitimate' forms of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy may be delivered in person (one on one, or with couples, or in groups) or via telephone counseling or online counseling (see also § Telepsychotherapy ). There have also been developments in computer-assisted therapy, such as virtual reality therapy for behavioral exposure, multimedia programs to teach cognitive techniques, and handheld devices for improved monitoring or putting ideas into practice (see also § Computer-supported ). Most forms of psychotherapy use spoken conversation . Some also use various other forms of communication such as

9776-667: The systems of family treatment hold esteem. A portion of the thoughts emerging from therapy are presently pervasive and some are a piece of the tool set of ordinary clinical practice. They are not just medications, they additionally help to understand complex conduct. Therapy may address specific forms of diagnosable mental illness , or everyday problems in managing or maintaining interpersonal relationships or meeting personal goals. A course of therapy may happen before, during or after pharmacotherapy (e.g. taking psychiatric medication ). Psychotherapies are categorized in several different ways. A distinction can be made between those based on

9880-449: The term itself may be protected or not). The term psychotherapy is derived from Ancient Greek psyche ( ψυχή meaning "breath; spirit; soul") and therapeia ( θεραπεία "healing; medical treatment"). The Oxford English Dictionary defines it as "The treatment of disorders of the mind or personality by psychological means...", however, in earlier use, it denoted the treatment of disease through hypnotic suggestion. Psychotherapy

9984-566: The theories of Diener, Ryff, Keyes and Seligmann covers a broad range of levels and topics, including "the biological, personal, relational, institutional, cultural, and global dimensions of life". The World Happiness Report series provide annual updates on the global status of subjective well-being . A global study using data from 166 nations, provided a country ranking of psycho-social well-being. The latter study showed that subjective well-being and psycho-social well-being (i.e. eudaimonia) measures capture distinct constructs and are both needed for

10088-658: The trainee can be expected to perform adequately as a professional psychologist in the area of practice. The requirements for a Specialist EuroPsy Certificate differ somewhat per area of practice. At least three years of further work experience as well as further study are needed to qualify. EuroPsy Certificates have a limited validity. After a period of seven years the holder of a Certificate has to re-apply showing evidence of continued work experience and of professional development through activities such as, for example, participation in accredited courses and peer supervision meetings, and presentations to professional audiences. For

10192-558: The work of the Nancy School in English. Also in 1889 a clinic used the word in its title for the first time, when Frederik van Eeden and Albert Willem van Renterghem in Amsterdam renamed theirs "Clinique de Psycho-thérapeutique Suggestive" after visiting Nancy. During this time, travelling stage hypnosis became popular, and such activities added to the scientific controversies around the use of hypnosis in medicine. Also in 1892, at

10296-485: The written word, artwork , drama , narrative story or music. Psychotherapy with children and their parents often involves play , dramatization (i.e. role-play), and drawing, with a co-constructed narrative from these non-verbal and displaced modes of interacting. Psychotherapists traditionally may be mental health professionals like psychologists and psychiatrists; professionals from other backgrounds (family therapists, social workers, nurses, etc.) who have trained in

10400-411: The years, included identification of childhood sexuality, the role of anxiety as a manifestation of inner conflict, the differentiation of parts of the psyche (id, ego, superego), transference and countertransference (the patient's projections onto the therapist, and the therapist's emotional responses to that). Some of his concepts were too broad to be amenable to empirical testing and invalidation, and he

10504-654: Was critiqued for this by Jaspers. Numerous major figures elaborated and refined Freud's therapeutic techniques including Melanie Klein, Donald Winnicott, and others. Since the 1960s, however, the use of Freudian-based analysis for the treatment of mental disorders has declined substantially. Different types of psychotherapy have been created along with the advent of clinical trials to test them scientifically. These incorporate subjective treatments (after Beck), behavioral treatments (after Skinner and Wolpe) and additional time-constrained and centered structures, for example, interpersonal psychotherapy. In youth issue and in schizophrenia,

10608-500: Was developed by the European Association of Psychotherapy (EAP) in 2013. As sensitive and deeply personal topics are often discussed during psychotherapy, therapists are expected, and usually legally bound, to respect client or patient confidentiality. The critical importance of client confidentiality —and the limited circumstances in which it may need to be broken for the protection of clients or others—is enshrined in

10712-516: Was established by his use of the distinct term " psychoanalysis ", tied to an overarching system of theories and methods, and by the effective work of his followers in rewriting history. Many theorists, including Alfred Adler , Carl Jung , Karen Horney , Anna Freud , Otto Rank , Erik Erikson , Melanie Klein and Heinz Kohut , built upon Freud's fundamental ideas and often developed their own systems of psychotherapy. These were all later categorized as psychodynamic , meaning anything that involved

10816-424: Was that the client receive three core "conditions" from his counselor or therapist: unconditional positive regard, sometimes described as "prizing" the client's humanity; congruence [authenticity/genuineness/transparency]; and empathic understanding . This type of interaction was thought to enable clients to fully experience and express themselves, and thus develop according to their innate potential. Others developed

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