Extraction in chemistry is a separation process consisting of the separation of a substance from a matrix . The distribution of a solute between two phases is an equilibrium condition described by partition theory. This is based on exactly how the analyte moves from the initial solvent into the extracting solvent. The term washing may also be used to refer to an extraction in which impurities are extracted from the solvent containing the desired compound .
6-595: An extract (essence) is a substance made by extracting a part of a raw material , often by using a solvent such as ethanol , oil or water . Extracts may be sold as tinctures , absolutes or in powder form. The aromatic principles of many spices, nuts, herbs, fruits, etc., and some flowers, are marketed as extracts, among the best known of true extracts being almond , cinnamon , cloves , ginger , lemon , nutmeg , orange , peppermint , pistachio , rose , spearmint , vanilla , violet , rum , and wintergreen . Most natural essences are obtained by extracting
12-573: A variety of esters with special oils. Suitable coloring is generally obtained by the use of dyes . Among the esters most generally employed are ethyl acetate and ethyl butyrate . The chief factors in the production of artificial banana, pineapple, and strawberry extract are amyl acetate and amyl butyrate . Artificial extracts generally do not possess the delicacy of natural fruit flavor but usually taste sufficiently similar to be useful when true essences are unobtainable or too expensive. Extraction (chemistry) Liquid-liquid extractions in
18-463: The Hildebrand solubility parameter : ethyl acetate < acetone < ethanol < methanol < acetone:water (7:3) < ethanol:water (8:2) < methanol:water (8:2) < water Solid-liquid extractions at laboratory scales can use Soxhlet extractors . A solid sample containing the desired compound along with impurities is placed in the thimble. An extracting solvent is chosen in which
24-515: The essential oil from the feedstock , such as blossoms , fruit , and roots , or from intact plants through multiple techniques and methods: The distinctive flavors of nearly all fruits are desirable adjuncts to many food preparations, but only a few are practical sources of sufficiently concentrated flavor extract, such as from lemons, oranges, and vanilla beans. The majority of concentrated fruit flavors, such as banana, cherry, peach, pineapple, raspberry, and strawberry, are produced by combining
30-424: The impurities are insoluble and the desired compound has at least limited solubility. The solvent is refluxed and condensed solvent falls into the thimble and dissolves the desired compound which then passes back through the filter into the flask. After extraction is complete the solvent can be removed and the desired product collected. Boiling tea leaves in water extracts the tannins, theobromine, and caffeine out of
36-504: The laboratory usually make use of a separatory funnel , where two immiscible phases are combined to separate a solute from one phase into the other, according to the relative solubility in each of the phases. Typically, this will be to extract organic compounds out of an aqueous phase and into an organic phase, but may also include extracting water-soluble impurities from an organic phase into an aqueous phase. Common extractants may be arranged in increasing order of polarity according to
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