24-640: Ex parte Yarbrough (also known as the Ku Klux Cases ), 110 U.S. 651 (1884), was a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States involving Congress's power to punish individuals who interfere with the right to vote in federal elections. The Court sustained the convictions of Jasper Yarbrough and seven others, who had been found guilty of beating and injuring an African-American man to prevent him from voting. The decision marked one of
48-410: A particular purpose lawsuit. The Supreme Court held that under the circumstances of this case (shoddy construction of a bridge), the buyer had the right to rely and necessarily relied on the judgment of the seller and not upon his own. In ordinary circumstances, the buyer has the opportunity to inspect the article sold and the seller is not the maker, so they stand on equal grounds of ignorance. But when
72-404: A prominent role in the voter registration campaign of the 1960s, and Sefton writes that it "forms part of the philosophical foundation of the constitutional law of all civil rights". According to the scholar William Gillette, Miller's "remarkable" opinion "began to build the judicial foundation for the civil rights movement ". List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 110 This
96-403: A writ of habeas corpus , arguing that Congress's power to regulate elections did not permit it to regulate the conduct of individuals. The Supreme Court heard arguments in the case on January 23 and 24, 1884. The Court rendered its decision on March 3, 1884. In a unanimous opinion by Justice Samuel F. Miller , the justices rejected the appeal and upheld Yarbrough's conviction. Miller interpreted
120-601: Is a list of cases reported in volume 110 of United States Reports , decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1884. The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States , which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set
144-766: Is the Christopher H. Browne Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania . He was the president of the American Political Science Association (APSA) for 2018–2019. Born in Spartanburg, South Carolina , and raised in Springfield, Illinois , Smith graduated with a B.A. in political science from James Madison College, Michigan State University in 1974, including study abroad at
168-711: Is the Christopher H. Browne Distinguished Professor of Political Science . Smith was the founding chair of the Penn Program on Democracy, Citizenship, and Constitutionalism, later the Andrea Mitchell Center for the Study of Democracy, from 2006 to 2017. Smith was also a co-founder of the Teachers Institute of Philadelphia, a partnership between the university and public schools. He co-chaired its advisory council from 2006 until 2018. Smith
192-578: Is used for case names, citations, and jurisdictions. Rogers Smith Rogers M. Smith (born September 20, 1953) is an American political scientist and author noted for his research and writing on American constitutional and political development and political thought , with a focus on issues of citizenship and racial , gender , and class inequalities . His work identifying multiple, competing traditions of national identity including “liberalism, republicanism, and ascriptive forms of Americanism” has been described as "groundbreaking." Smith
216-747: The Enforcement Act of 1870 ) and 5520 (derived from Section 2 of the Ku Klux Act of 1871) of the Revised Statutes, which prevented individuals from conspiring to deprive others of their constitutional rights and their right to vote in federal elections. The defendants were tried and convicted in the Circuit Court for the Northern District of Georgia, and five were sentenced to two years' imprisonment each. They sought
240-682: The Revised Statutes (formerly Section 2 of the Ku Klux Act of 1871 ), which prevented individuals from interfering with legally protected rights, in United States v. Harris (1883). Jasper Yarbrough and seven fellow members of the Ku Klux Klan beat and injured Berry Saunders, an African-American man, in order to keep him from casting a vote in a Georgia congressional election. They were charged with violating two provisions of federal law: Sections 5508 (derived from Section 6 of
264-601: The University of Kent in England . He attended graduate school at Harvard University , completing his M.A. in 1978 and his PhD degree in government in 1980. Smith taught at Yale University from 1980 to 2001, as the Alfred Cowles Professor of Government and the co-director of the Center for the Study of Race, Inequality, and Politics. In 2001 he moved to the University of Pennsylvania , where he
SECTION 10
#1732798367170288-671: The post-Reconstruction era . In subsequent years, the Court's interpretation of the Fifteenth Amendment continued to change: in a decision in James v. Bowman (1903) that did not mention Yarbrough , it struck down by a 6–2 vote another provision of the Enforcement Acts on the grounds that it was not authorized by the Fifteenth Amendment. Yarbrough has received limited attention from scholars, although recent analyses have emphasized it more strongly. The decision played
312-402: The Fifteenth Amendment broadly, arguing that it directly conferred a right to vote in federal elections. Once an individual met the qualifications to vote imposed by state law, the Court concluded, he had a right to vote, and Congress could exercise its power "to protect the citizen in the exercise of rights conferred by the Constitution of the United States essential to the healthy organization of
336-548: The Fifteenth Amendment, but the federal judiciary was reluctant to protect former slaves' right to vote. In United States v. Reese (1876), the Supreme Court struck down several sections of the Enforcement Act of 1870 that outlawed racial discrimination on the part of local elections officials. The Court invalidated an anti-discrimination law in the Civil Rights Cases (1883), and it voided Section 5519 of
360-624: The Migration and Citizenship section of APSA from 2013 to 2015. He served as president of the American Political Science Association in 2018–2019. Smith's writings have received numerous awards. Civic Ideals (1997) was a finalist for the 1998 Pulitzer Prize in history , and won several awards from the American Political Science Association (APSA), the Organization of American Historians , and
384-526: The combinations of those who respect no right but brute force on the one hand, and unprincipled corruptionists on the other. The Court in Yarbrough "fused the Fifteenth Amendment and article I, section 4 to come up with a bold, highly nationalist approach to black voting rights", in the words of the scholar Richard M. Valelly. According to the political scientist Rogers Smith , it was "the one Supreme Court decision markedly favorable to black voting rights" in
408-432: The federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction ( i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region. Bluebook citation style
432-477: The few times that the post- Reconstruction Court upheld Congress's ability to protect civil rights. The Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states that "the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude", and it gives Congress the ability to enforce that right "by appropriate legislation". Congress passed several laws to enforce
456-461: The government itself". Miller cited Article I, Section 4 of the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to regulate federal elections. In closing, he wrote: If the recurrence of such acts as these prisoners stand convicted of are too common in one quarter of the country, and give omen of danger from lawless violence, the free use of money in elections, arising from the vast growth of recent wealth in other quarters, presents equal cause for anxiety. If
480-409: The government of the United States has within its constitutional domain no authority to provide against these evils, – if the very sources of power may be poisoned by corruption or controlled by violence and outrage, without legal restraint, – then, indeed, is the country in danger, and its best powers, its highest purposes, the hopes which it inspires, and the love which enshrines it, are at the mercy of
504-587: The number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven , nine , ten , and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice). When the cases in volume 110 U.S. were decided the Court comprised the following nine members: Kellogg Bridge Company v. Hamilton , 110 U.S. 108 (1884) , involved an Implied warranty of fitness for
SECTION 20
#1732798367170528-445: The seller is the manufacturer, the fair presumption is that it understands the process of manufacture and knows of any latent defect caused by such process which reasonable diligence might have prevented. In Hurtado v. California , 110 U.S. 516 (1884) , the Supreme Court allowed state governments , as distinguished from the federal government , to avoid using grand juries in criminal prosecutions. The Court ruled that Hurtado, who
552-635: Was associate dean for the social sciences in the School of Arts and Sciences at the University of Pennsylvania from 2014 to 2018. Smith was president of the Politics and History section of American Political Science Association (APSA) for 2001–2002 and served on the APSA Council in 2005 and 2006. He was vice president of the American Political Science Association in 2008–2009 and co-president of
576-574: Was convicted of murder and sentenced to death, was not deprived of due process by lack of a grand jury hearing. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over
#169830