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57-437: FCD may refer to: Health and medicine [ edit ] Fibrocystic disease Fleck corneal dystrophy Focal cortical dysplasia Food composition data Fuchs' corneal dystrophy Other uses [ edit ] Family Computer Disk System , an add-on for Nintendo's Family Computer game console FC Dallas , an American soccer team First Chief Directorate ,

114-496: A KGB intelligence organ Floating car data , also known as floating cellular data Forum for Democratic Change , a political party in Uganda Foundation for Child Development Free City of Danzig , a semi-autonomous city-state that existed between 1920 and 1939 Freedom from Chemical Dependency , a non-profit organization that provides substance abuse prevention education for schools. Topics referred to by

171-743: A function is called cellular differentiation . Cells of meristematic tissue differentiate to form different types of permanent tissues. There are 2 types of permanent tissues: Simple permanent tissue is a group of cells which are similar in origin, structure, and function. They are of three types: Parenchyma (Greek, para – 'beside'; enchyma– infusion – 'tissue') is the bulk of a substance. In plants, it consists of relatively unspecialized living cells with thin cell walls that are usually loosely packed so that intercellular spaces are found between cells of this tissue. These are generally isodiametric, in shape. They contain small number of vacuoles or sometimes they even may not contain any vacuole. Even if they do so

228-604: A function of providing mechanical support. They do not have inter-cellular spaces between them. Lignin deposition is so thick that the cell walls become stronger, rigid and impermeable to water, which are also known as a stone cells or sclereids. These tissues are mainly of two types: sclerenchyma fiber and sclereids. Sclerenchyma fiber cells have a narrow lumen and are long, narrow and unicellular. Fibers are elongated cells that are strong and flexible, often used in ropes. Sclereids have extremely thick cell walls and are brittle, and are found in nutshells and legumes. The entire surface of

285-436: A late age or not at all. It is not a disease but represents normal breast changes. Diagnosis involves ruling out breast cancer . Fibrocystic changes include fibroadenomas , fibrosis , papillomas of the breast, and apocrine -type metaplasia . Management may involve education about the condition, using a well fitting bra , and pain medication , if needed. Occasionally danazol or tamoxifen may be used for pain. It

342-412: A physician's office. The needle used in this procedure is slightly larger than the one used in a fine-needle biopsy because the procedure is intended to remove a small cylinder of tissue that will be sent to the laboratory for further examination. A newer type of breast biopsy technique is the stereotactic biopsy which relies on a three-dimensional X-ray to guide the needle of non-palpable mass. The biopsy

399-439: A relative risk of 1.88 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.66 to 2.12) for proliferative changes without atypia and of 1.27 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.15 to 1.41) for nonproliferative lesions. The strength of the family history of breast cancer, available for 4808 women, was a risk factor that was independent of histologic findings. No increased risk was found among women with no family history and nonproliferative findings. In

456-452: A strong familial history of breast cancer, the risk of future breast cancer is roughly doubled, independent of histological status. The article further states "The relative risk of breast cancer for the cohort was 1.56 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.45 to 1.68), and this increased risk persisted for at least 25 years after biopsy. The relative risk associated with atypia was 4.24 (95 percent confidence interval, 3.26 to 5.41), as compared with

513-535: A supporting tissue in stems of young plants. It provides mechanical support, elasticity, and tensile strength to the plant body. It helps in manufacturing sugar and storing it as starch. It is present in the margin of leaves and resists tearing effect of the wind. Sclerenchyma (Greek, Sclerous means hard and enchyma means infusion) consists of thick-walled, dead cells and protoplasm is negligible. These cells have hard and extremely thick secondary walls due to uniform distribution and high secretion of lignin and have

570-536: A thin and elastic primary cell wall made of cellulose . They are compactly arranged without inter-cellular spaces between them. Each cell contains a dense cytoplasm and a prominent cell nucleus . The dense protoplasm of meristematic cells contains very few vacuoles . Normally the meristematic cells are oval, polygonal , or rectangular in shape. Meristematic tissue cells have a large nucleus with small or no vacuoles because they have no need to store anything, as opposed to their function of multiplying and increasing

627-594: A wide range of stretch lengths. It is found in such organs as sea anemone tentacles and the body wall of sea cucumbers . Skeletal muscle contracts rapidly but has a limited range of extension. It is found in the movement of appendages and jaws. Obliquely striated muscle is intermediate between the other two. The filaments are staggered and this is the type of muscle found in earthworms that can extend slowly or make rapid contractions. In higher animals striated muscles occur in bundles attached to bone to provide movement and are often arranged in antagonistic sets. Smooth muscle

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684-466: Is a living tissue of primary body like Parenchyma . Cells are thin-walled but possess thickening of cellulose , water and pectin substances ( pectocellulose ) at the corners where a number of cells join. This tissue gives tensile strength to the plant and the cells are compactly arranged and have very little inter-cellular spaces. It occurs chiefly in hypodermis of stems and leaves. It is absent in monocots and in roots. Collenchymatous tissue acts as

741-578: Is a test used to confirm the suspected diagnosis only after imaging tests have already been performed and revealed unusual-looking areas. The procedure consists in removing a sample of breast tissue, which is then studied by a pathologist under a microscope . The specialist analyzing the tissue sample will be able to conclude if the breast changes are benign or malignant. There are four main types of procedures for breast biopsy that may be performed, including fine-needle , core-needle , stereotactic biopsy and surgical approach . A fine-needle aspiration biopsy

798-405: Is also known as conducting and vascular tissue. The common types of complex permanent tissue are: Xylem and phloem together form vascular bundles. Xylem (Greek, xylos = wood) serves as a chief conducting tissue of vascular plants. It is responsible for the conduction of water and inorganic solutes. Xylem consists of four kinds of cells: Xylem tissue is organised in a tube-like fashion along

855-696: Is an equally important plant tissue as it also is part of the 'plumbing system' of a plant. Primarily, phloem carries dissolved food substances throughout the plant. This conduction system is composed of sieve-tube member and companion cells, that are without secondary walls. The parent cells of the vascular cambium produce both xylem and phloem. This usually also includes fibers, parenchyma and ray cells. Sieve tubes are formed from sieve-tube members laid end to end. The end walls, unlike vessel members in xylem, do not have openings. The end walls, however, are full of small pores where cytoplasm extends from cell to cell. These porous connections are called sieve plates. In spite of

912-419: Is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer. There are two types of atypical hyperplasia: lobular and ductal; the lobular type is associated a greater cancer risk of approximately five-fold and especially high relative risk in premenopausal women. Atypical ductal hyperplasia is associated with a 2.4-fold risk. In contrast, a New England Journal of Medicine article states that for women with

969-440: Is called diffuse cystic mastopathy , or, if there is epithelial proliferation, fibrosclerosis of breast . Other names for the condition include chronic cystic mastitis , fibrocystic mastopathy and mammary dysplasia . The condition has also been named after several people (see eponyms below). Since it is a very common disorder, some authors have argued that it should not be termed a disease, whereas others feel that it meets

1026-508: Is called an extracellular matrix . This matrix can be liquid or rigid. For example, blood contains plasma as its matrix and bone's matrix is rigid. Connective tissue gives shape to organs and holds them in place. Blood, bone, tendon, ligament, adipose, and areolar tissues are examples of connective tissues. One method of classifying connective tissues is to divide them into three types: fibrous connective tissue, skeletal connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue. Muscle cells (myocytes) form

1083-449: Is closely related to the menstrual cycle. Post-menopausal women under hormone replacement therapy have also reported symptoms of fibrocystic breast changes, indicating hormones may play a major role. This condition is an accumulative process, partly caused by the normal hormonal variation during a woman's monthly cycle. The most important of these hormones include estrogen , progesterone and prolactin . These hormones directly affect

1140-564: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Fibrocystic disease Fibrocystic breast changes is a condition of the breasts where there may be pain , breast cysts , and breast masses . The breasts may be described as "lumpy" or "doughy". Symptoms may worsen during certain parts of the menstrual cycle due to hormonal stimulation. These are normal breast changes, not associated with cancer . Risk factors include an early age at first menstrual period and either having children at

1197-410: Is estimated that up to 60% of women are affected, most commonly between the ages of 30 and 50 years. The changes in fibrocystic breast disease are characterised by the appearance of fibrous tissue and a lumpy, cobblestone texture in the breasts. These lumps are smooth with well defined edges, and free-moving regarding adjacent structures. These lumps can sometimes be obscured by irregularities in

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1254-502: Is evidence that iodine deficiency contributes to fibrocystic breast changes by enhancing breast tissue sensitivity to estrogen . This is an exclusion diagnosis , mostly done based on the clinical presentation after ruling out breast cancer. Nipple fluid aspiration can be used as a classification cyst type method (and to some extent improve breast cancer risk prediction) but is rarely used in practice. Biopsy or fine-needle aspiration are rarely warranted. Fibrocystic breast disease

1311-411: Is found in the walls of the uterus , bladder , intestines , stomach , oesophagus , respiratory airways , and blood vessels . Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart , allowing it to contract and pump blood through the body. Cells comprising the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system are classified as nervous (or neural) tissue. In the central nervous system, neural tissues form

1368-404: Is high incidence of ipsilateral breast cancers, indicating a possible direct carcinogenetic link. The estimated prevalence of fibrocystic breast changes in women over their lifetime varies widely in the literature, ranging from 30 to 60% over about 50 to 60% to about 60 to 75% of all women. The condition is most common among women between 30 and 50 years of age. In ICD-10 the condition

1425-890: Is no widely accepted treatment or prevention strategy for this condition. When the patient is symptomatic, treatment may be necessary. The same guidelines are followed as for treatment for cyclical breast pain . There is still controversy whether benign breast conditions improve or worsen with the use of oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy . Small-scale studies have indicated that fibrocystic breast changes may improve by making dietary changes (especially by reducing caffeine intake and related methylxanthines found in chocolate or tea) and usage of vitamin supplements. Tentative evidence has shown beneficial effects of iodine supplementation in women with fibrocystic breast changes. There are usually no adverse side effects associated with this condition. In almost all cases it subsides after menopause . A possible complication arises through

1482-429: Is performed in a similar manner, by using a needle to remove a tissue sample, but locating the specific area of the breast is done by X-raying the breast from two different angles. Surgical biopsy is performed to remove the entire lump or a part of it. It may be painful and is done under local anesthesia. Most women with fibrocystic changes who are asymptomatic do not need treatment; closer follow-up may be advised. There

1539-520: Is present. Cells of this type of tissue are roughly spherical or polyhedral to rectangular in shape, with thin cell walls . New cells produced by meristem are initially those of meristem itself, but as the new cells grow and mature, their characteristics slowly change and they become differentiated as components of meristematic tissue, being classified as: There are two types of meristematic Tissue 1.Primary meristem. 2.Secondary meristem. The cells of meristematic tissue are similar in structure and have

1596-488: Is primarily diagnosed based on the symptoms, clinical breast exam and physical exam. During this examination, the doctor looks for unusual breast areas, both visually and manually. Also, the lymph nodes located in the axilla and lower neck are examined. A complete and accurate medical history is also helpful in the diagnosing process. If the patient's medical history and physical exam findings are consistent with normal breast changes, no additional tests are needed; otherwise

1653-477: Is somewhat variable. Most classification schemes combine a description of the cell-shape in the upper layer of the epithelium with a word denoting the number of layers: either simple (one layer of cells) or stratified (multiple layers of cells). However, other cellular features such as cilia may also be described in the classification system. Some common kinds of epithelium are listed below: Connective tissues are made up of cells separated by non-living material, which

1710-447: Is usually ordered when the doctor is almost certain that the lump is a cyst. This test is generally performed in conjunction with an ultrasound which is helpful in guiding the needle into a small or hard-to-find lump. The procedure consists in inserting a thin needle into the breast tissue while the lump is palpated and seen live under sonographic ultrasound waves. The core-needle biopsy is normally performed under local anesthesia and in

1767-557: Is usually the first imaging test to be ordered when unusual breast changes are found during a clinical breast examination. A diagnostic mammography consists of a series of X-rays that provide clear and specific visualization of areas in the breast. Ultrasounds and MRIs are commonly performed in conjunction with mammographies as they produce clear images of the breast that clearly distinguish between solid masses and fluid-filled breast cysts. These can better evaluate dense breast tissue , especially in young patients under 30. Breast biopsy

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1824-465: The histological stain , and the optical microscope . Developments in electron microscopy , immunofluorescence , and the use of frozen tissue-sections have enhanced the detail that can be observed in tissues. With these tools, the classical appearances of tissues can be examined in health and disease , enabling considerable refinement of medical diagnosis and prognosis . In plant anatomy , tissues are categorized broadly into three tissue systems:

1881-431: The brain and spinal cord . In the peripheral nervous system, neural tissues form the cranial nerves and spinal nerves , inclusive of the motor neurons . Mineralized tissues are biological tissues that incorporate minerals into soft matrices. Such tissues may be found in both plants and animals. Xavier Bichat introduced the word tissue into the study of anatomy by 1801. He was "the first to propose that tissue

1938-463: The ectoderm and endoderm (or their precursor in sponges ), with a small contribution from the mesoderm , forming the endothelium , a specialized type of epithelium that composes the vasculature . By contrast, a true epithelial tissue is present only in a single layer of cells held together via occluding junctions called tight junctions , to create a selectively permeable barrier. This tissue covers all organismal surfaces that come in contact with

1995-406: The epidermis , the ground tissue , and the vascular tissue . Plant tissues can also be divided differently into two types: Meristematic tissue consists of actively dividing cells and leads to increase in length and thickness of the plant. The primary growth of a plant occurs only in certain specific regions, such as in the tips of stems or roots. It is in these regions that meristematic tissue

2052-424: The menstrual cycle . Symptoms tend to peak in the days to weeks before each period and decrease afterwards. At peak, breasts may feel full, heavy, swollen, and tender to the touch. No complications related to breastfeeding have been found. The exact mechanism of the condition is not fully understood, though it is known to be tied to hormone level fluctuation; the condition usually subsides after menopause and

2109-480: The French word " tissu ", the past participle of the verb tisser, "to weave". The study of tissues is known as histology or, in connection with disease, as histopathology . Xavier Bichat is considered as the "Father of Histology". Plant histology is studied in both plant anatomy and physiology . The classical tools for studying tissues are the paraffin block in which tissue is embedded and then sectioned,

2166-420: The active contractile tissue of the body. Muscle tissue functions to produce force and cause motion, either locomotion or movement within internal organs. Muscle is formed of contractile filaments and is separated into three main types; smooth muscle , skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle . Smooth muscle has no striations when examined microscopically. It contracts slowly but maintains contractibility over

2223-489: The age of 35. Over time, presumably driven by aberrant growth signals, such lesions may accumulate epigenetic, genetic and karyotypic changes such as modified expression of hormone receptors and loss of heterozygosity. Several variants of fibrocystic breast changes may be distinguished and may vary in cause and genetic predisposition. Adenosis involves an abnormal count and density of lobular units, while other lesions appear to mainly arise from ductal epithelial origins. There

2280-411: The breast associated with the condition. They are often found in the upper, outer sections of the breast (nearest to the armpit ), but can be found throughout the breast. Women with fibrocystic changes may experience a persistent or intermittent aching or breast tenderness related to periodic swelling. Breasts and nipples may also be tender or itchy . Symptoms follow a periodic trend closely tied to

2337-465: The breast tissue by causing cells to grow and multiply. Other hormones such as TSH , insulin , growth hormone and growth factors such as TGF-beta exert both direct and indirect effects by amplifying or regulating cell growth. Chronic hormonal fluctuations eventually produce small cysts and/or areas of dense or fibrotic tissue over the years. By the age of 30, multiple small cysts and breast pain may arise. Larger cysts usually do not occur until after

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2394-456: The colourless substance that covers the sieve plate. Callose stays in solution as long as the cell contents are under pressure. Phloem transports food and materials in plants upwards and downwards as required. Animal tissues are grouped into four basic types: connective , muscle , nervous , and epithelial . Collections of tissues joined in units to serve a common function compose organs. While most animals can generally be considered to contain

2451-589: The criteria for a disease. It is not a classic form of mastitis (breast inflammation). This entity has historically also been termed Bloodgood’s disease , Cooper's disease (after Sir Astley Paston Cooper, 1st baronet ), Phocas' disease , Reclus' disease and Reclus' syndrome (after Paul Reclus ), Reclus-Schimmelbusch disease , Schimmelbusch disease and Tillaux-Phocas disease . Tissue (biology) Biological organisms follow this hierarchy : Cells < Tissue < Organ < Organ System < Organism The English word "tissue" derives from

2508-433: The ends. They do not have end openings such as the vessels. The end overlap with each other, with pairs of pits present. The pit pairs allow water to pass from cell to cell. Though most conduction in xylem tissue is vertical, lateral conduction along the diameter of a stem is facilitated via rays. Rays are horizontal rows of long-living parenchyma cells that arise out of the vascular cambium. Phloem consists of: Phloem

2565-414: The external environment such as the skin , the airways, and the digestive tract. It serves functions of protection, secretion , and absorption, and is separated from other tissues below by a basal lamina . The connective tissue and the muscular are derived from the mesoderm. The nervous tissue is derived from the ectoderm. The epithelial tissues are formed by cells that cover the organ surfaces, such as

2622-417: The fact that cancerous tumors may be more difficult to detect in women with fibrocystic changes. Breast cancer risk is elevated in a defined fraction of the lesions. Except for people with a strong family history of breast cancer, where the risk is two-fold, nonproliferative lesions have no increased risk. Proliferative lesions also have approximately a two-fold risk: in particular, atypical hyperplasia which

2679-399: The fact that their cytoplasm is actively involved in the conduction of food materials, sieve-tube members do not have nuclei at maturity. It is the companion cells that are nestled between sieve-tube members that function in some manner bringing about the conduction of food. Sieve-tube members that are alive contain a polymer called callose, a carbohydrate polymer, forming the callus pad/callus,

2736-463: The first 10 years after the initial biopsy, an excess of cancers occurred in the same breast, especially in women with atypia." It is not well understood whether the lesions are precursors of breast cancer or only an indication of increased risk; for most types of lesions the chance of developing breast cancer is nearly the same in the affected and unaffected breast (side), indicating only coincidence of risk factors. For atypical lobular hyperplasia there

2793-400: The four tissue types, the manifestation of these tissues can differ depending on the type of organism. For example, the origin of the cells comprising a particular tissue type may differ developmentally for different classifications of animals. Tissue appeared for the first time in the diploblasts , but modern forms only appeared in triploblasts . The epithelium in all animals is derived from

2850-400: The girth and length of the plant, with no intercellular spaces. Permanent tissues may be defined as a group of living or dead cells formed by meristematic tissue and have lost their ability to divide and have permanently placed at fixed positions in the plant body. Meristematic tissues that take up a specific role lose the ability to divide. This process of taking up a permanent shape, size and

2907-471: The main axes of stems and roots. It consists of a combination of parenchyma cells, fibers, vessels, tracheids, and ray cells. Longer tubes made up of individual cellssels tracheids, while vessel members are open at each end. Internally, there may be bars of wall material extending across the open space. These cells are joined end to end to form long tubes. Vessel members and tracheids are dead at maturity. Tracheids have thick secondary cell walls and are tapered at

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2964-400: The patient will be asked to return a few weeks later for reassessment. Women may detect lumps in their breasts during self-examination; if this happens it is strongly advised to visit a health professional immediately. In order to establish whether the lump is a cyst or not, several imaging tests may be performed, which may include mammography, X-rays, MRIs and ultrasound studies. Mammography

3021-411: The plant consists of a single layer of cells called epidermis or surface tissue. The entire surface of the plant has this outer layer of the epidermis. Hence it is also called surface tissue. Most of the epidermal cells are relatively flat. The outer and lateral walls of the cell are often thicker than the inner walls. The cells form a continuous sheet without intercellular spaces. It protects all parts of

3078-464: The plant. The outer epidermis is coated with a waxy thick layer called cutin which prevents loss of water. The epidermis also consists of stomata (singular:stoma) which helps in transpiration . The complex permanent tissue consists of more than one type of cells having a common origin which work together as a unit. Complex tissues are mainly concerned with the transportation of mineral nutrients, organic solutes (food materials), and water. That's why it

3135-403: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title FCD . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FCD&oldid=1092184664 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

3192-639: The surface of skin , the airways , surfaces of soft organs, the reproductive tract , and the inner lining of the digestive tract . The cells comprising an epithelial layer are linked via semi-permeable, tight junctions ; hence, this tissue provides a barrier between the external environment and the organ it covers. In addition to this protective function, epithelial tissue may also be specialized to function in secretion , excretion and absorption . Epithelial tissue helps to protect organs from microorganisms, injury, and fluid loss. Functions of epithelial tissue: There are many kinds of epithelium, and nomenclature

3249-654: The vacuole is of much smaller size than of normal animal cells. This tissue provides support to plants and also stores food. Chlorenchyma is a special type of parenchyma that contains chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis. In aquatic plants, aerenchyma tissues, or large air cavities, give support to float on water by making them buoyant. Parenchyma cells called idioblasts have metabolic waste. Spindle shaped fibers are also present in this cell to support them and known as prosenchyma, succulent parenchyma also noted. In xerophytes , parenchyma tissues store water. Collenchyma (Greek, 'Colla' means gum and 'enchyma' means infusion)

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