Misplaced Pages

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52-446: First, a folio (abbreviated fo or 2 ) is a book or pamphlet made up of one or more full sheets of paper, on each of which four pages of text are printed, two on each side; each sheet is then folded once to produce two leaves . Each leaf of a folio book thus is one half the size of the original sheet. Ordinarily, additional printed folio sheets would be inserted inside one another to form a group or "gathering" of leaves prior to binding

104-426: A leaflet or it may consist of a few pages that are folded in half and saddle stapled at the crease to make a simple book. For the "International Standardization of Statistics Relating to Book Production and Periodicals", UNESCO defines a pamphlet as "a non- periodical printed publication of at least 5 but not more than 48 pages, exclusive of the cover pages, published in a particular country and made available to

156-537: A tract concerning a contemporary issue was a product of the heated arguments leading to the English Civil War ; this sense appeared in 1642. In some European languages, this secondary connotation, of a disputatious tract, has come to the fore: compare libelle , from the Latin libellus , denoting a "little book". Pamphlets functioned in place of magazine articles in the pre-magazine era, which ended in

208-406: A "folio in 8s." The Gutenberg Bible was printed in about 1455 as a folio, in which four pages of text were printed on each sheet of paper, which were then folded once. The page size is 12 x 17.5 inches (307 x 445 mm), a "double folio" size. Several such folded conjugate pairs of leaves were inserted inside one another to produce the sections or gatherings, which were then sewn together to form

260-456: A B format and the next larger A format (just like C sits between A and the next larger B). The remaining formats fit in between all these formats, such that the sequence of formats A4, E4, C4, G4, B4, F4, D4, *H4, A3 is a geometric progression , in which the dimensions grow by a factor 2 16 {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{16}]{2}}} from one size to the next. However, this SIS standard does not define any size between

312-619: A D format and the next larger A format (called *H in the previous example). Of these additional formats, G5 (169 × 239 mm) and E5 (155 × 220 mm) are popular in Sweden and the Netherlands for printing dissertations, but the other formats have not turned out to be particularly useful in practice. They have not been adopted internationally and the Swedish standard has been withdrawn. The Swedish and German D series basically contain

364-435: A result, B0 is 1 metre wide, and other sizes of the series are a half, a quarter, or further fractions of a metre wide: in general, every B size has exactly one side of length 1 m 2 n {\displaystyle {\frac {1\operatorname {m} }{2^{n}}}} for n ∈ N {\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} } . That side is the short side for B0, B2, B4, etc., and

416-528: A sheet is folded, the length to width ratio does not change. Briefly after the introduction of the metric system , a handful of new paper formats equivalent to modern ones were developed in France, having been proposed by the mathematician Lazare Carnot , and published for judicial purposes in 1798 during the French Revolution . These were never widely adopted, however: Early in the 20th century,

468-444: A sliding window of size 2) will automatically correspond to the dimensions of a standard paper format in the series. The tolerances specified in the standard are The German standard DIN 476 was published on 18 August 1922 and is the original specification of the A , B and C sizes . In 1991, it was split into DIN 476-1 for the A and B formats and 476-2 for the C series. The former has been withdrawn in 2002 in favor of adopting

520-462: A standard, DIN 198, that was just a table of recommended A series formats for a number of business applications. The 1976 edition of this standard introduced a size 2 ⁄ 3 A4 198 mm × 210 mm and suggested it for some forms and slips. The Swedish standard SIS 01 47 11 generalized the ISO system of A , B , and C formats by adding D, E, F, and G formats to it. Its D format sits between

572-399: A time. As a result, it became nearly impossible to determine the actual format (i.e., number of leaves formed from each sheet fed into a press). The term "folio" as applied to such books may refer simply to the size, i.e., books that are approximately 15 inches (38 cm) tall. At present, the term folio in the context of paper size is commonly used to refer to foolscap folio , which

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624-687: A twelfth-century amatory comic poem with an old flavor , Pamphilus, seu de Amore ("Pamphilus: or, Concerning Love"), written in Latin . Pamphilus's name is derived from the Greek name Πάμφιλος , meaning "beloved of all". The poem was popular and widely copied and circulated on its own, forming a slim codex . The earliest appearance of the word is in The Philobiblon (1344) of Richard de Bury , who speaks of " panfletos exiguos " {" little pamphlets "} (ch. viii.). Its modern connotations of

676-410: Is a historical term for someone who produces or distributes pamphlets, especially for a political cause. Due to their ephemeral nature and to the wide array of political and religious perspectives given voice by the format's ease of production, pamphlets are prized by many book collectors . Substantial accumulations have been amassed and transferred to ownership of academic research libraries around

728-546: Is defined as having an area of 1 m ; given an aspect ratio of 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} , the dimensions of A0 are: or, rounded to the nearest millimetre, 1,189 mm × 841 mm (46.8 in × 33.1 in). A series sizes are related in that the smaller dimension of a given size is the larger dimension of the next smaller size, and folding an A series sheet in half in its larger dimension—that is, folding it in half parallel to its short edge—results in two halves that are each

780-495: Is only very roughly 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} . The short side of the size is always 4 mm longer than the long side of the next smaller size. The long side of the size is always exactly – i.e. without further rounding – twice as long as the short side of the next smaller size. The Bureau of Indian Standards recommends the "ISO-A series" size of drawing sheet for engineering drawing works. The Bureau of Indian Standards specifies all

832-548: Is print paper sized 8.5×13.5 in (216×343 mm), slightly larger (by 18.7%) than A4 paper . From the earliest days of printing, folios were often used for expensive, prestigious volumes. In the seventeenth century, plays of the English Renaissance theatre were printed as collected editions in folio. Thirty-six of Shakespeare's plays, for example, were included in the First Folio collected edition of 1623, which

884-493: Is proven as follows: where a is the long side and b is the short side. The aspect ratio for the new dimensions of the folded paper is: The advantages of basing a paper size upon an aspect ratio of 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} were noted in 1786 by the German scientist and philosopher Georg Christoph Lichtenberg . He also observed that some raw sizes already adhered to that ratio so that when

936-455: Is rather different. A folio (from Latin foliō, abl. of folium, leaf) is a book or pamphlet made up of one or more full sheets of paper, on each sheet of which four pages of text are printed, two on each side; each sheet is then folded one time to produce two leaves. Each leaf of a folio book thus is one half the size of the original sheet. This contrasts with a quarto , folding each sheet twice, and octavo , folding each sheet three times. Unlike

988-688: Is the C series of ISO 269 . The international paper size standard is ISO 216 . It is based on the German DIN 476 standard for paper sizes. Each ISO paper size is one half of the area of the next larger size in the same series. ISO paper sizes are all based on a single aspect ratio of the square root of 2 , or approximately 1:1.41421. There are different series, as well as several extensions. The following international paper sizes are included in Cascading Style Sheets (CSS): A3 , A4 , A5 , B4 , B5 . There are 11 sizes in

1040-576: Is the Shiroku-ban and the Kiku paper sizes. The Chinese standard GB/T 148–1997, which replaced GB 148–1989, documents the standard ISO series, A and B, but adds a custom D series. This Chinese format originates from the Republic of China (1912–1949) . The D series is not identical to the German or Swedish D series. It does not strictly follow the same principles as ISO paper sizes: The aspect ratio

1092-521: Is turned over "f1 v." is on the left and "f2 r." on the right of the "opening", or two pages that are visible. For books in Arabic, Hebrew, Japanese and other languages, where the book is begun from the back in Western terms, with the open page edges at the reader's left, the numbering also follows the sequence in which the reader encounters. In the discussion of two-columned manuscripts, a/b/c/d can denote

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1144-460: Is used to print two US letter or A4 pages side by side using imposition ; four pages would be printed on B2, eight on B1, etc. The C series is defined in ISO 269 , which was withdrawn in 2009 without a replacement, but is still specified in several national standards. It is primarily used for envelopes. The area of C series sheets is the geometric mean of the areas of the A and B series sheets of

1196-568: The ISO B-series ), so the length ratio is approximately 1.22 times the length of the corresponding A-series paper. The aspect ratio of the paper is the same as for the A-series paper. Both A- and B-series paper are widely available in Japan, Taiwan and China, and most photocopiers are loaded with at least A4 and either one of A3, B4, and B5 paper. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) only supports

1248-623: The 1976 revision for compatibility with photography sizes: C8 closely matches 6×9 photos , and C9 and C10 closely match 7×7 and 5×5 slides , respectively. DIN 476 provides for formats larger than A0, denoted by a prefix factor. In particular, it lists the formats 2A0 and 4A0, which are twice and four times the size of A0 respectively. However, ISO 216:2007 notes 2A0 and 4A0 in the table of Main series of trimmed sizes (ISO A series) as well: "The rarely used sizes [2A0 and 4A0] which follow also belong to this series." DIN 476 also used to specify slightly tighter tolerances than ISO 216: There used to be

1300-594: The A series, designated A0–A10, all of which have an aspect ratio of a b = 2 ≈ 1.41421 … {\displaystyle {\frac {a}{b}}={\sqrt {2}}\approx 1.41421\ldots } , where a is the long side and b is the short side. Since A series sizes share the same aspect ratio ( 2 ) , {\displaystyle ({\sqrt {2}}),} they can be scaled to other A series sizes without being distorted, and two sheets can be reduced to fit on exactly one sheet without any cutoff or margins. The A0 base size

1352-458: The ISO standard, e.g. DIN C6/C5 (also known as C65) is 114 mm × 229 mm where the common side to C5 and C6 is 162 mm. This format allows an envelope holding an A-sized paper folded in three, e.g. for the C65, an A4. The α {\displaystyle \alpha } variables are the distinct first terms in the three geometric progressions of the same common ratio equal to

1404-517: The actual printing format of the books, which may even be unknown as is the case for many modern books. Other common book formats are quarto and octavo , which are both also printing formats, involving two and three folds in the sheet respectively. Famous folios (in both senses) include the Gutenberg Bible , printed in about 1455, and the First Folio collected edition of Shakespeare 's plays, printed in 1623; however, their actual size

1456-451: The book. Second, folio is used in terms of page numbering for some books and most manuscripts that are bound but without page numbers as an equivalent of "page" (both sides), "sheet" or "leaf", using " recto " and " verso " to designate the first and second sides, and (unlike the usage in printing) disregarding whether the leaf concerned is actually physically still joined with another leaf. This usually appears abbreviated: "f26r." means

1508-411: The catalogue. In the discussion of manuscripts, a folio means a leaf with two pages, the recto being the first the reader encounters, and the verso the second. In Western books, which are read by turning the pages over from right to left, when the book is begun with the open page edges at the reader's right, the first page to be seen is "folio 1 recto", typically abbreviated to "f1 r.". When this page

1560-632: The final book. Shakespeare's First Folio edition is printed as a folio and has a page height of 12.5 inches (320 mm), making it a rather small folio size. Folios were a common format of books printed in the incunabula period (books printed before 1501), although the earliest printed book, surviving only as a fragment of a leaf, is a quarto . The British Library Incunabula Short Title Catalogue currently lists about 28,100 different editions of surviving books, pamphlets and broadsides (some fragmentary only) printed before 1501, of which about 8,600 are folios, representing just over 30 percent of all works in

1612-550: The first side of the 26th leaf in a book. This will be on the right hand side of the opening of any book composed in a script that is read from left to right, such as Latin (as used in English), Cyrillic , or Greek , and will be opposite for books composed in a script that is read from right to left, such as Hebrew and Arabic . Third, folio is also used as an approximate term for a size of book, typically about 15 inches (38 cm) tall, and as such does not necessarily indicate

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1664-432: The folio, these last, and further types involving more folds, require the pages of the book to be cut open after binding, which might be done mechanically by the printer, but in historic books was often left for the reader to do with a paper-knife . There are variations in how folios are produced. For example, bibliographers call a book printed as a folio (two leaves per full sheet), but bound in gatherings of 8 leaves each,

1716-409: The international standard as DIN EN ISO 216, but part 2 has been retained and was last updated in 2008. The first and the second editions of DIN 476 from 1922 and 1925 also included a D series. The smallest formats in the original specifications for each series were A13, B13, C8, and D8. Sizes A11 through A13 were no longer listed in the 1930 edition, nor were B11 through B13. C9 and C10 were added in

1768-400: The left- and right-hand columns of recto and verso pages (e.g. "f. 150a" and "f. 150b" are the left and right columns on the recto page, and "f. 150c" and "f. 150d" the left and right columns on the verso page). In the discussion of three-columned manuscripts, notation may make use of folio number + recto/verso + column a/b/c (e.g. "f. 3 v. col. c" references the third column on the verso side of

1820-414: The long side for B1, B3, B5, etc. While less common in office use, the B series is used for a variety of applications in which one A-series size would be too small but the next A-series size is too large, or because they are convenient for a particular purpose. The B-series is widely used in the printing industry to describe both paper sizes and printing press sizes, including digital presses . B3 paper

1872-785: The mid-nineteenth century. There were hundreds of them in the United States alone. They were a primary means of communication for people interested in political and religious issues, such as slavery . Pamphlets never looked at both sides of a question; most were avowedly partisan , trying not just to inform but to convince the reader. Pamphlets can contain anything from information on kitchen appliances to medical information and religious treatises. Pamphlets are very important in marketing because they are cheap to produce and can be distributed easily to customers. Pamphlets have also long been an important tool of political protest and political campaigning for similar reasons. A pamphleteer

1924-513: The most popular of the Japanese sizes, JIS-B4 and JIS-B5 . A popular size for books, dubbed AB, combines the shorter edges of A4 and B4. Another two with an aspect ratio approximating 16:9 are 20% narrower variants of A6 and B6, respectively, the latter resulting from cutting JIS B1 into 4 × 10 sheets (thus "B40"). There are also a number of traditional paper sizes, which are now used mostly by printers. The most common of these old series

1976-434: The public" and a book as "a non-periodical printed publication of at least 49 pages, exclusive of the cover pages". The UNESCO definitions are, however, only meant to be used for the particular purpose of drawing up their book production statistics. The word pamphlet for a small work ( opuscule ) issued by itself without covers came into Middle English c.  1387 as pamphilet or panflet , generalized from

2028-527: The ratio was used to specify the world format starting with 1 cm as the short edge of the smallest size. Walter Porstmann started with the largest sizes instead, assigning one an area of 1 m (A0) and the other a short edge of 1 m (B0). He thereby turned the forgotten French sizes (relatively few in number) into a logically-simple and comprehensive plan for a full range of paper sizes, while introducing systematic alphanumeric monikers for them. Generalized to nothing less than four series, this system

2080-624: The recommendations for engineering drawing sheets in its bulletin IS 10711: 2001. The Bureau extended the ISO-A series with a Special Elongated Sizes (Second Choice). These sizes are achieved by increasing the shorter dimensions of a sheet of the ISO A series to lengths that are multiples of the shorter dimensions of the chosen basic sheet; in effect, all of the Indian elongated sizes emulate having several regular-size sheets joined on their long edge. There

2132-500: The same number; for instance, the area of a C4 sheet is the geometric mean of the areas of an A4 sheet and a B4 sheet. This means that C4 is slightly larger than A4, and slightly smaller than B4. The practical usage of this is that a letter written on A4 paper fits inside a C4 envelope, and both A4 paper and C4 envelope fits inside a B4 envelope. Some envelope formats with mixed sides from adjacent sizes (and thus an approximate aspect ratio of 2:1) are also defined in national adaptations of

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2184-507: The same sizes but are offset by one, i.e. DIN D4 equals SIS D5 and so on. The Japanese standard JIS P 0138 defines two main series of paper sizes. The JIS A-series is identical to the ISO A-series except that it has slightly different tolerances. The area of B-series paper is 1.5 times that of the corresponding A-paper (instead of the factor 2 = 1.414... {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}=1.414...} for

2236-588: The same way as leaflets or brochures. Paper size Paper size standards govern the size of sheets of paper used as writing paper, stationery, cards, and for some printed documents. The ISO 216 standard, which includes the commonly used A4 size, is the international standard for paper size. It is used across the world except in North America and parts of Central and South America, where North American paper sizes such as " Letter " and " Legal " are used. The international standard for envelopes

2288-532: The size of an A0 sheet, so if it is made from 80-g/m paper, it weighs 1 ⁄ 16 of 80 g, which is 5 g. The B series paper sizes are less common than the A series. They have the same aspect ratio as the A series: However, they have a different area. The area of B series sheets is in fact the geometric mean of successive A series sheets. B1 is between A0 and A1 in size, with an area of 1 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}} m , or about 0.707 m . As

2340-452: The size of the next smaller A series size. As such, a folded brochure of a given A-series size can be made by folding sheets of the next larger size in half, e.g. A4 sheets can be folded to make an A5 brochure. The fact that halving a sheet with an aspect ratio of 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} results in two sheets that themselves both have an aspect ratio of 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}}

2392-412: The square root of two. Each of the three geometric progressions (corresponding to the three series A , B , and C ) is formed by all possible paper dimensions (length and width) of the series arranged in decreasing order. This interesting arrangement of dimensions is also very useful—not only does it form a geometric progression with easy-to-remember formulae, but also each consecutive pair of values (like

2444-436: The standard spread to South America and was adopted by Uruguay (1942), Argentina (1943) and Brazil (1943), and afterwards spread to other countries: By 1975, so many countries were using the German system that it was established as an ISO standard, as well as the official United Nations document format. By 1977, A4 was the standard letter format in 88 of 148 countries. Today the standard has been adopted by all countries in

2496-466: The third folio). The actual size of a folio book depends on the size of the full sheet of paper on which it was printed, and in older periods these were not standardized, so the term's meaning is only approximate. Historically, printers used a range of names such as (with approximate maximum page height): From the mid-nineteenth century, technology permitted the manufacture of large sheets or rolls of paper on which books were printed, many text pages at

2548-551: The world except the United States and Canada. In Mexico, Costa Rica , Colombia , Venezuela , Chile, and the Philippines , the US letter format is still in common use, despite their official adoption of the ISO standard. The weight of an A-series sheet of a given paper weight can be calculated by knowing the ratio of its size to the A0 sheet. For example, an A4 sheet is 1 ⁄ 16

2600-705: The world. Particularly comprehensive collections of American political pamphlets are housed at New York Public Library , the Tamiment Library of New York University , and the Jo Labadie collection at the University of Michigan . The pamphlet has been widely adopted in commerce, particularly as a format for marketing communications. There are numerous purposes for pamphlets, such as product descriptions or instructions, corporate information, events promotions or tourism guides and they are often used in

2652-506: Was followed by additional folio editions, referred to as the Second Folio , etc. Other playwrights in this period also published their plays in folio editions, such as Ben Jonson 's collected works of 1616. Pamphlet A pamphlet is an unbound book (that is, without a hard cover or binding ). Pamphlets may consist of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths, called

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2704-554: Was introduced as a DIN standard (DIN 476) in Germany in 1922, replacing a vast variety of other paper formats. Even today, the paper sizes are called "DIN A4" ( IPA: [diːn.ʔaː.fiːɐ̯] ) in everyday use in Germany and Austria. The DIN 476 standard spread quickly to other countries. Before the outbreak of World War II , it had been adopted by the following countries in Europe: During World War II,

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