20-671: [REDACTED] Look up for or FOR in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. For or FOR may refer to: English language [ edit ] For, a preposition For, a complementizer For, a grammatical conjunction Science and technology [ edit ] Fornax , a constellation for loop , a programming language statement Frame of reference , in physics Field of regard , in optoelectronics Forced outage rate , in reliability engineering Other uses [ edit ] Fellowship of Reconciliation ,
40-610: A complementizer expresses a semantic meaning that is also expressed by another marker in the phrase, the complementizer that carries the redundant meaning may be omitted. Consider the complementizer be in Mbula , which expresses uncertainty, in the following example: Nio NOM . 1SG aη-so 1SG -say [(= be ) [( COMP ) ni NOM . 3SG ko UC i-mar]. 3SG -come] Nio aη-so [(= be ) ni ko i-mar]. NOM.1SG 1SG-say [( COMP ) NOM.3SG UC 3SG-come] 'I think (that) he will come.' Here,
60-405: A complementizer, but other interrogative words are often used as well, as in the following colloquial English example in which unstressed how is roughly equivalent to that . With non-finite clauses, English for in sentences like I would prefer for there to be a table in the corner shows a preposition that has arguably developed into a complementizer. (The sequence for there in this sentence
80-414: A historic form of international commercial term or Incoterm "For", a song by Dreamcatcher from Apocalypse: Save Us , 2022 See also [ edit ] Four (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title For . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
100-414: A historic form of international commercial term or Incoterm "For", a song by Dreamcatcher from Apocalypse: Save Us , 2022 See also [ edit ] Four (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title For . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
120-511: A more general sense, the proposed empty complementizer parallels the suggestion of near-universal empty determiners . Various analyses have been proposed to explain when the empty complementizer ∅ can substitute for a phonologically overt complementizer. One explanation is that complementizers are eligible for omission when they are epistemically neutral or redundant. For example, in many environments, English's epistemically neutral that and Danish's at can be omitted. In addition, if
140-569: A number of religious nonviolent organizations Fortaleza Airport (IATA airport code), an airport in Brazil Revolutionary Workers Ferment ( Fomento Obrero Revolucionario ), a small left communist international Fast oil recovery , systems to remove an oil spill from a wrecked ship Field of Research, a component of the Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification FOR, free on rail,
160-418: A number of religious nonviolent organizations Fortaleza Airport (IATA airport code), an airport in Brazil Revolutionary Workers Ferment ( Fomento Obrero Revolucionario ), a small left communist international Fast oil recovery , systems to remove an oil spill from a wrecked ship Field of Research, a component of the Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification FOR, free on rail,
180-430: Is C . The complementizer is often held to be the syntactic head of a full clause, which is therefore often represented by the abbreviation CP (for complementizer phrase ). Evidence of the complementizer functioning as the head of its clause includes that it is commonly the last element in a clause in head-final languages like Korean or Japanese in which other heads follow their complements , but it appears at
200-537: Is a functional category (part of speech) that includes those words that can be used to turn a clause into the subject or object of a sentence . For example, the word that may be called a complementizer in English sentences like Mary believes that it is raining . The concept of complementizers is specific to certain modern grammatical theories. In traditional grammar, such words are normally considered conjunctions . The standard abbreviation for complementizer
220-437: Is common for the complementizers of a language to develop historically from other syntactic categories, a process known as grammaticalization . Across world languages, pronouns and determiners are especially commonly used as complementizers (e.g., English that ). Another frequent source of complementizers is the class of interrogative words . It is especially common for a form that otherwise means what to be borrowed as
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#1732772278010240-454: Is no word even though the rules of grammar expect one. The complementizer (for example, "that") is usually said to be understood. An English-speaker knows that it is there and so it does not need to be said. Its existence in English has been proposed based on the following type of alternation: Because that can be inserted between the verb and the embedded clause without changing the meaning,
260-411: Is not a prepositional phrase under this analysis.) In many languages of West Africa and South Asia , the form of the complementizer can be related to the verb say . In those languages, the complementizer is also called the quotative , which performs many extended functions. Some analyses allow for the possibility of invisible or "empty" complementizers . That is considered to be present if there
280-403: The complementizer can be omitted without loss of grammaticality but may result in semantic ambiguity. For example, consider the English sentence "The newspaper reported that a new mayor was elected and ( that ) there was a riot." Listeners can infer a causal relationship between the two events reported by the newspaper. A new mayor was elected, and as a result, there was a riot. Alternatively,
300-505: The free dictionary. For or FOR may refer to: English language [ edit ] For, a preposition For, a complementizer For, a grammatical conjunction Science and technology [ edit ] Fornax , a constellation for loop , a programming language statement Frame of reference , in physics Field of regard , in optoelectronics Forced outage rate , in reliability engineering Other uses [ edit ] Fellowship of Reconciliation ,
320-424: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=For&oldid=1247835818 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages for [REDACTED] Look up for or FOR in Wiktionary,
340-455: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=For&oldid=1247835818 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Complementizer In linguistics (especially generative grammar ), a complementizer or complementiser ( glossing abbreviation : comp )
360-466: The marker ko also expresses epistemic uncertainty, so be can be replaced by the phonologically null complementizer without affecting meaning or grammaticality. Complementizers are present in a wide range of environments. In some, C is obligatorily overt and cannot be replaced by the empty complementizer. For example, in English, CPs selected for by manner-of-speaking verbs ( whisper, mutter, groan , etc) resist C-drop: In other environments,
380-442: The original sentence without a visible complementizer would be reanalyzed as Where the symbol ∅ C represents the empty (or "null") complementizer, that suggests another interpretation of the earlier "how" sentence: where "how" serves as a specifier to the empty complementizer, which allows for a consistent analysis of another troublesome alternation: where "OP" represents an invisible interrogative known as an operator . In
400-904: The start of a clause in head-initial languages such as English in which heads normally precede their complements. The trees below illustrate the phrase "Taro said that he married Hanako" in Japanese and English; syntactic heads are marked in red and demonstrate that C falls in head-final position in Japanese, and in head-initial position in English. 太郎 ( たろう ) は Taro-wa Taro- TOP 「 花子 ( はなこ ) と Hanako-to Hanako-and 結婚 ( けっこん ) した」と kekkonsi-ta-to marry- PST - COMP 言 ( い ) った it-ta. say- PST 太郎 ( たろう ) は 「 花子 ( はなこ ) と 結婚 ( けっこん ) した」と 言 ( い ) った Taro-wa Hanako-to kekkonsi-ta-to it-ta. Taro-TOP Hanako-and marry-PST-COMP say-PST 'Taro said that he married Hanako.' It
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