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108-872: Ford introduced the C-Max in the United States as its first hybrid-only line of vehicles, which includes the C-Max Hybrid , released in September 2012, and the C-Max Energi plug-in hybrid , launched in October 2012. Although the C-Max was initially available only in Europe, the first generation was partially available in New Zealand. The Ford Focus C-Max is preceded by the eponymous show car , which

216-535: A 3D printed drive system and lightweight housing, altogether weighing less than 4.5 kg. Active cooling keeps plastic parts from softening. The prototype uses a regular electric bicycle charge port. Hybrid power trains use diesel–electric or turbo-electric to power railway locomotives, buses, heavy goods vehicles, mobile hydraulic machinery , and ships. A diesel / turbine engine drives an electric generator or hydraulic pump, which powers electric/hydraulic motors—strictly an electric/hydraulic transmission (not

324-533: A Leitra tricycle (European patent EP 1165188). Until 2005 they built several prototype SH tricycles and quadricycles . In 1999 Harald Kutzke described an "active bicycle": the aim is to approach the ideal bicycle weighing nothing and having no drag by electronic compensation. A SHEPB prototype made by David Kitson in Australia in 2014 used a lightweight brushless DC electric motor from an aerial drone and small hand-tool sized internal combustion engine , and

432-494: A series-hybrid using two motor-in-wheel-hub arrangements with an internal combustion generator set providing the electric power; Porsche's hybrid set two-speed records. While liquid fuel/electric hybrids date back to the late 19th century, the braking regenerative hybrid was invented by David Arthurs, an electrical engineer from Springdale, Arkansas, in 1978–79. His home-converted Opel GT was reported to return as much as 75 mpg with plans still sold to this original design, and

540-715: A "typical" older switching/yard engine. The advantages hybrid cars have for frequent starts and stops and idle periods apply to typical switching yard use. "Green Goat" locomotives have been purchased by Canadian Pacific , BNSF , Kansas City Southern Railway and Union Pacific among others. Railpower Technologies engineers working with TSI Terminal Systems are testing a hybrid diesel–electric power unit with battery storage for use in Rubber Tyred Gantry (RTG) cranes . RTG cranes are typically used for loading and unloading shipping containers onto trains or trucks in ports and container storage yards. The energy used to lift

648-472: A 2.0-liter four-cylinder Atkinson cycle engine mated to an electric motor and a 1.4 kWh lithium-ion battery for total power output of 188 horsepower (140 kW; 191 PS). The top speed in all-electric mode of 65 mph (105 km/h) and the car's top speed in hybrid mode is 115 mph (185 km/h). The hybrid has a maximum cargo volume of 52.6 cu ft (1,490 L) with rear seats folded flat, and 24.5 cu ft (690 L) in

756-499: A Proton-Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell/lithium-ion battery hybrid system to power an electric motor, which is coupled to a conventional propeller. The fuel cell provides all power for the cruise phase of flight. During takeoff and climb, the flight segment that requires the most power, the system draws on lightweight lithium-ion batteries. The demonstrator aircraft is a Dimona motor glider, built by Diamond Aircraft Industries of Austria, which also carried out structural modifications to

864-526: A constant RPM for peak efficiency. In 1978 students at Minneapolis, Minnesota's Hennepin Vocational Technical Center, converted a Volkswagen Beetle to a petro-hydraulic hybrid with off-the shelf components. A car rated at 32 mpg was returning 75 mpg with the 60 hp engine replaced by a 16 hp engine, and reached 70 mph. In the 1990s, engineers at EPA's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory developed

972-403: A gasoline-electric hybrid rail-car propulsion system in early 1889, and for a similar hybrid boat propulsion system in mid 1889. There is no evidence that his hybrid boat met with any success, but he built a prototype hybrid tram and sold a small hybrid locomotive . In 1899, Henri Pieper developed the world's first petro-electric hybrid automobile. In 1900, Ferdinand Porsche developed

1080-526: A generally compact electric motor (usually <20 kW) to provide auto-stop/start features and to provide extra power assist during the acceleration, and to generate on the deceleration phase (also known as regenerative braking ). On-road examples include Honda Civic Hybrid , Honda Insight 2nd generation, Honda CR-Z , Honda Accord Hybrid , Mercedes Benz S400 BlueHYBRID , BMW 7 Series hybrids, General Motors BAS Hybrids , Suzuki S-Cross , Suzuki Wagon R and Smart fortwo with micro hybrid drive. In

1188-490: A generator charging the batteries. Modern versions such as the Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive have a second electric motor/generator connected to the planetary gear. In cooperation with the traction motor/generator and the power-split device, this provides a continuously variable transmission. Mercury Mariner The Mercury Mariner is a compact crossover SUV that was introduced in 2005. It

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1296-466: A hands-free power lift gate, rear-view camera, park assist, and panoramic sunroof. HD radio, Sirius XM, Sync, dual-zone climate control system, and a navigation system come as standard or as available options on the different trim lines. The aerodynamics ( drag coefficient , c w ) of the car has been improved, being 0,30 for the five-seater and 0,32 for the Grand C-Max. Like the previous C-Max,

1404-764: A hybrid engine. The engine uses a mixture of compressed air and gasoline injected into the cylinders. A key aspect of the hybrid engine is the "active chamber", which is a compartment heating air via fuel doubling the energy output. Tata Motors of India assessed the design phase towards full production for the Indian market and moved into "completing detailed development of the compressed air engine into specific vehicle and stationary applications". Petro-hydraulic configurations have been common in trains and heavy vehicles for decades. The auto industry recently focused on this hybrid configuration as it now shows promise for introduction into smaller vehicles. In petro-hydraulic hybrids,

1512-448: A hybrid), unless it can accept power from outside. With large vehicles, conversion losses decrease and the advantages in distributing power through wires or pipes rather than mechanical elements become more prominent, especially when powering multiple drives—e.g. driven wheels or propellers. Until recently most heavy vehicles had little secondary energy storage, e.g. batteries/ hydraulic accumulators —excepting non-nuclear submarines , one of

1620-470: A multi-informational gauge cluster and color display screen, keyless entry, alloy wheels, and split-folding rear bench seat, plus a security alarm. The SEL adds leather seating surfaces, MyFord Touch with AM/FM HD radio stereo with single-disc CD/MP3 player and USB and auxiliary input jacks, a Sony premium surround sound system, SIRIUS Satellite Radio , power dual front seats, keyless access, push-button start system, and other luxury features. For

1728-457: A new liftgate, a higher beltline, new doors, and new wheels. The interior was also significantly updated with higher quality materials and included more features. The engines remained the same but the 3.0 L Duratec V6 has been modified to reduce fuel consumption by 10%. Mariner and its Ford Escape sibling were the first vehicles to feature Ford's pull-drift steering compensation, an enhancement made possible by applying software control to

1836-490: A partnership can be arranged. Another form of a hybrid vehicle are the human-powered electric vehicles. These include such vehicles as the Sinclair C5 , Twike , electric bicycles , electric skateboards , and Electric motorcycles and scooters In a parallel hybrid vehicle, an electric motor and an internal combustion engine are coupled such that they can power the vehicle either individually or together. Most commonly

1944-601: A petro-hydraulic powertrain for a typical American sedan car. The test car achieved over 80 mpg on combined EPA city/highway driving cycles. Acceleration was 0-60 mph in 8 seconds, using a 1.9-liter diesel engine. No lightweight materials were used. The EPA estimated that produced in high volumes the hydraulic components would add only $ 700 to the cost. Under EPA testing, a hydraulic hybrid Ford Expedition returned 32 mpg (7.4 L/100 km) City, and 22 mpg (11 L/100 km) highway. UPS currently has two trucks in service using this technology. Since 1985,

2052-408: A power-split hybrid electric drive train, there are two motors: a traction electric motor and an internal combustion engine. The power from these two motors can be shared to drive the wheels via a power split device, which is a simple planetary gear set. The ratio can be from 100% for the combustion engine to 100% for the traction electric motor, or anything in between. The combustion engine can act as

2160-567: A technical review, the official EPA rating in EV mode was downgraded to 88 MPG-e (88 mpg ‑US (2.7 L/100 km; 105.7 mpg ‑imp )). In a similar way, initially the EPA rating in hybrid-gasoline mode was 43 mpg ‑US (5.5 L/100 km; 52 mpg ‑imp ), but it was later downgraded to 38 mpg ‑US (6.2 L/100 km; 46 mpg ‑imp ). EPA's rating for combined EV/hybrid operation

2268-399: A test bed to prove viability. The BMW 530i gave double the mpg in city driving compared to the standard car. This test was using the standard 3,000 cc engine, with a smaller engine the figures would have been more impressive. The design of petro-hydraulic hybrids using well sized accumulators allows downsizing an engine to average power usage, not peak power usage. Peak power is provided by

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2376-559: A total of 4,612 sales, up 142% over October 2011. Ford reported that 25% of C-Max Hybrid sales took place in California, with Los Angeles and San Francisco as the top-selling regional markets. A total of 10,935 C-Max Hybrids were sold during 2012, and a total of 28,056 units in 2013. After Ford cut the car's EPA fuel economy rating by 4 mpg ‑US (59 L/100 km; 4.8 mpg ‑imp ) to 43 mpg ‑US (5.5 L/100 km; 52 mpg ‑imp ) in

2484-480: A typical American sedan car. The test car achieved over 80 mpg on combined EPA city/highway driving cycles. Acceleration was 0-60 mph in 8 seconds, using a 1.9 L diesel engine. No lightweight materials were used. The EPA estimated that produced in high volumes the hydraulic components would add only $ 700 to the base cost of the vehicle. The petro-hydraulic hybrid system has a faster and more efficient charge/discharge cycling than petro-electric hybrids and

2592-405: A variety of fuels, generally gasoline or Diesel engines ) and electric motors to power the vehicle. The energy is stored in the fuel of the internal combustion engine and an electric battery set . There are many types of petroleum-electric hybrid drivetrains , from Full hybrid to Mild hybrid , which offer varying advantages and disadvantages. William H. Patton filed a patent application for

2700-424: A vehicle establishes contact with an electrified rail, plate, or overhead wires on the highway via an attached conducting wheel or other similar mechanisms (see conduit current collection ). The vehicle's batteries are recharged by this process—on the highway—and can then be used normally on other roads until the battery is discharged. For example, some of the battery-electric locomotives used for maintenance trains on

2808-531: Is 115 mph (185 km/h). The C-Max Energi uses a regenerative braking system capable of capturing and reusing more than 95% of the braking energy normally lost during the braking process. The charging time for the C-Max Energi is 7 hours with a 120-volt charger, and 2.5 hours with a 240-volt charger. The charge port has an LED light ring like the Ford Focus Electric and is located on

2916-491: Is 51 MPG-e (4.6 L gasoline equivalent/100 km), which allows the C-Max Energi to rank in sixth place, together with the Fusion Energi, among the top ten EPA-Rated Fuel Sippers since 1984. The C-Max Energi has an all-electric range of 20 miles (32 km), for a total EPA certified range of 550 miles (890 km), which in 2012 surpassed both the first-generation Chevrolet Volt (380 miles (610 km)), and

3024-639: Is a sibling of the Mazda Tribute and Ford Escape , although it is more upmarket than the other two. The Mariner is Mercury's first car-based SUV, and is slotted below the Mountaineer in the lineup. When Ford eliminated the Mercury brand, the Mariner ended production in October 2010. The Mariner was officially offered in the U.S., Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the U.A.E. Introduced during

3132-423: Is a very rare mass-produced diesel hybrid vehicle powered by a Mercedes-Benz OM651 engine developing 152 kW (204 hp) paired with a 20 kW (27 hp) electric motor, positioned between the engine and the gearbox, for a combined output of 170 kW (228 hp). The vehicle has a fuel consumption rate of 24–26 km/L (56–62 mpg ‑US ; 67–74 mpg ‑imp ). These types use

3240-570: Is also cheaper to build. The accumulator vessel size dictates total energy storage capacity and may require more space than an electric battery set. Any vehicle space consumed by a larger size of accumulator vessel may be offset by the need for a smaller sized charging engine, in HP and physical size. Research is underway in large corporations and small companies. The focus has now switched to smaller vehicles. The system components were expensive which precluded installation in smaller trucks and cars. A drawback

3348-720: Is charged when in low energy demanding vehicle operation. The charging engine runs at optimum speed and load for efficiency and longevity. Under tests undertaken by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a hydraulic hybrid Ford Expedition returned 32 miles per US gallon (7.4 L/100 km; 38 mpg ‑imp ) City, and 22 miles per US gallon (11 L/100 km; 26 mpg ‑imp ) highway. UPS currently has two trucks in service using this technology. Although petro-hydraulic hybrid technology has been known for decades and used in trains as well as very large construction vehicles,

Ford C-Max - Misplaced Pages Continue

3456-523: Is still better than the 42 mpg ‑US (5.6 L/100 km; 50 mpg ‑imp ) combined rating for the Toyota Prius v. A second downward revision was made during June 2014. Ford boosted the on-road fuel efficiency of its three 2013 model year hybrids through changes in the cars' vehicle control software in an effort to improve customer satisfaction. The upgrade was offered free of charge to existing owners of these hybrids. Some of

3564-416: Is to create a blank paper design new car, to maximize the packaging of petro-hydraulic hybrid components in the vehicle. All bulky hydraulic components are integrated into the chassis of the car. One design has claimed to return 130 mpg in tests by using a large hydraulic accumulator which is also the structural chassis of the car. The small hydraulic driving motors are incorporated within the wheel hubs driving

3672-538: Is wasted for idling: ≈60–85% of the time for these types of locomotives. It is unclear if regenerative braking is used; but in principle, it is easily utilized. Since these engines typically need extra weight for traction purposes anyway the battery pack's weight is a negligible penalty. The diesel generator and batteries are normally built on an existing "retired" "yard" locomotive's frame. The existing motors and running gear are all rebuilt and reused. Fuel savings of 40–60% and up to 80% pollution reductions are claimed over

3780-735: The Ford Escape Hybrid . It was launched to the U.S. market in 2006 and was discontinued in 2010 with the rest of the brand. The Mariner hybrid sold a total of 12,300 units. Like the Ford Escape Hybrid, the Mariner Hybrid is a "full" hybrid electric system, meaning the system can switch automatically between pure electric power, pure gasoline engine power, or a combination of electric battery and gasoline engine operating together, for maximum performance and efficiency at all speeds and loads. When braking or decelerating,

3888-593: The Electric Power Steering (EPS) system. The first 2008 Mercury Mariner was unveiled at the South Florida International Auto Show on October 6, 2006, and was touted as a new direction for the Mercury brand. The 2009 Ford Escape and Mercury Mariner were unveiled at the 2008 Washington Auto Show. Sporting a 2.5-liter engine and 6-speed automatic transmission that replaced the four-speed automatic transmission ,

3996-494: The Ford S-Max , launched in 2006. The facelift brought the car in line with Ford's "Kinetic Design" design language, evidenced through its twin trapezoidal grilles, large wheel arches, and angular headlights. As the car does not have a bodyshell originally designed for Kinetic Design, though, Ford officially states that the car contains only "elements" of the design language. Alongside the third-generation Ford Focus Mk III ,

4104-799: The Georgia Institute of Technology . For the North American market, the C-Max Hybrid was assembled alongside the 2012 Focus and Ford Focus Electric at Ford's Wayne plant in Michigan. The C-Max Energi was also assembled in Michigan. Since 2015, all European versions are built in the Saarlouis Body & Assembly, Germany. Ford of Europe announced that it would end production of both the C-Max and Grand C-Max in Germany by

4212-683: The KiHa E200 , with roof-mounted lithium-ion batteries . India Indian railway launched one of its kind CNG -Diesel hybrid trains in January 2015. The train has a 1400 hp engine which uses fumigation technology. The first of these trains is set to run on the 81 km long Rewari-Rohtak route. CNG is less-polluting alternative for diesel and petrol and is popular as an alternative fuel in India. Already many transport vehicles such as auto-rickshaws and buses run on CNG fuel. North America In

4320-504: The Saturn Vue , Toyota Prius , Toyota Yaris , Toyota Camry Hybrid , Ford Escape Hybrid , Ford Fusion Hybrid , Toyota Highlander Hybrid , Honda Insight , Honda Civic Hybrid , Lexus RX 400h , and 450h , Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid , Hyundai Sonata Hybrid , Hyundai Elantra Hybrid , Kia Sportage Hybrid , Kia Niro Hybrid , Kia Sorento Hybrid and others. A petroleum-electric hybrid most commonly uses internal combustion engines (using

4428-511: The energy recovery rate is high and therefore the system is more efficient than electric battery charged hybrids using the current electric battery technology, demonstrating a 60% to 70% increase in energy economy in US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) testing. The charging engine needs only to be sized for average usage with acceleration bursts using the stored energy in the hydraulic accumulator, which

Ford C-Max - Misplaced Pages Continue

4536-416: The "Mother Earth News" modified version on their website. The plug-in-electric-vehicle (PEV) is becoming more and more common. It has the range needed in locations where there are wide gaps with no services. The batteries can be plugged into house (mains) electricity for charging, as well being charged while the engine is running. Some battery electric vehicles can be recharged while the user drives. Such

4644-401: The 1.6 Ecoboost changed to the three-cylinder 1.0 Ecoboost along with the 1.6 TDCI 115PS Duratorq changing to the 1.5 TDCI single-overhead-cam unit. Ford developed the C-Max Hybrid with the aim to become "America’s most affordable hybrid utility vehicle." The gasoline-electric hybrid model base pricing started at US$ 24,995 , including destination and delivery. The front-wheel drive hybrid has

4752-470: The 2.0 Duratec engine. A CVT automatic was also available In December 2006, the facelifted version of the C-Max was revealed at the 2006 Bologna Motor Show and went on sale in late spring 2007. The pre-facelift version of the car (2003–2007) was called the Ford Focus C-Max. The name change to C-Max is attributable to Ford's MPV strategy of creating a 'Max' branded line of MPVs, starting with

4860-688: The 2005 refresh of the Ford Escape, the Mercury Mariner was positioned above both it and the Mazda Tribute in the compact sport utility vehicle group. It also includes stylistic differences, such as a two-tone interior, turn signal repeaters borrowed from the European-market Ford Maverick , monotone cladding, and the signature Mercury "waterfall" front grille. Unlike its counterparts, a manual transmission

4968-408: The 2011 model year, the Mariner featured HD Radio as a standard, but continued with the same features as the 2010 models. This version of the Mariner was its last, as Ford discontinued the Mercury brand due to declining sales. Ford ended production of the Mariner in October 2010. The last Mariner was assembled on October 5, 2010. The Mariner Hybrid powertrain was identical to its sibling ,

5076-667: The 2017 model year, the SEL trim level on both the C-Max Hybrid and Energi were renamed to the Titanium trim level and also all the 2017 Ford C-Max Hybrids and plug-in Energis were expected to have restyled headlights and taillights. The Energi Plug-In Hybrid was only available in SEL trim, but for the 2017 model year, the C-Max Energi was also available on the SE trim level. Ford's design aimed for

5184-653: The C-Max Energi and Hybrid are five-seat only. They replace the Ford Escape Hybrid and Mercury Mariner Hybrid since Ford discontinued the Mercury brand after the 2011 model year and the Escape Hybrid after the 2012 year model. The C-Max is Ford's first hybrid-only line of vehicles. Both the plug-in and hybrid versions are based on the European gasoline- and diesel-powered versions. The C-Max Hybrid

5292-561: The C-Max Energi plug-in hybrid to deliver better miles per gallon equivalent (MPG-e) in all-electric mode than the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid . Initially, the EPA rated the Energi combined city/highway fuel economy in all-electric mode at 100 MPG-e (100 mpg ‑US (2.4 L/100 km; 120.1 mpg ‑imp )). Later, when owners complained of not achieving the sticker fuel economy, and following

5400-511: The C-Max Hybrid to deliver better fuel economy than the Toyota Prius V. Ford had reduced its estimated fuel economy twice, once in 2013 and again in 2014, with the second revision placing fuel economy below the Prius V. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) initially rated the hybrid model at 47 mpg ‑US (5.0 L/100 km; 56 mpg ‑imp ) with the same rating for combined/city/highway cycles. These ratings allowed

5508-601: The C-Max Hybrid to improve the fuel economy of the Toyota Prius v by 3 mpg ‑US (78 L/100 km; 3.6 mpg ‑imp ) on the city cycle, by 7 mpg ‑US (34 L/100 km; 8.4 mpg ‑imp ) on the highway cycle and by 5 mpg ‑US (47 L/100 km; 6.0 mpg ‑imp ) combined. However, after criticism and lawsuits about worse-than-expected real-world fuel economy, in August 2013 Ford voluntarily lowered

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5616-425: The EPA ratings and issued customer rebates. The revised fuel economy ratings were reduced to 45 mpg ‑US (5.2 L/100 km; 54 mpg ‑imp ) for city driving, 43 mpg ‑US (5.5 L/100 km; 52 mpg ‑imp ) for combined and 40 mpg ‑US (5.9 L/100 km; 48 mpg ‑imp ) for highway. The revised rating for the updated 2013 C-Max Hybrid

5724-531: The Ford announcement, the EPA stated that it would update the test procedures used to assign fuel economy ratings to cars "to ensure that the requirements keep pace with industry trends and innovations in advanced high-efficiency vehicles." Ford used the Fusion Hybrid test to generate the fuel economy label for the C-Max Hybrid following EPA's rules. These, which date to the 1970s, specify that automakers can use

5832-515: The Fusion Hybrid in combined, city, and highway driving to the C-Max hybrid. Ford had no plans to change the fuel economy ratings on the 2013 Fusion hybrid. In June 2014, Ford found some glitches in their internal tests and had to drop the MPG ratings by 1-2 miles per gallon for a few models like the 2013-2014 Fusion and C-Max hybrids, including the plug-ins. To mitigate customers' concerns, the automaker provided financial compensation. Depending on whether

5940-484: The Kenworth T270 Class 6 that for city usage seems to be competitive. FedEx and others are investing in hybrid delivery vehicles—particularly for city use where hybrid technology may pay off first. As of December 2013 FedEx is trialling two delivery trucks with Wrightspeed electric motors and diesel generators; the retrofit kits are claimed to pay for themselves in a few years. The diesel engines run at

6048-494: The London Underground are capable of this mode of operation. Developing an infrastructure for battery electric vehicles would provide the advantage of virtually unrestricted highway range. Since many destinations are within 100 km of a major highway, this technology could reduce the need for expensive battery systems. However, private use of the existing electrical system is almost universally prohibited. Besides,

6156-494: The Mariner's hybrid system uses regenerative braking, where the electric drive motor becomes a generator, converting the vehicle's momentum back to electricity for storage in the batteries. With 155 hp (116 kW), the Mariner Hybrid has nearly the same acceleration performance as the conventional 200 hp (150 kW) V6 Mariner. Again, just like the Escape Hybrid, it gets a respectable average of 34 miles per US gallon (6.9 L/100 km; 41 mpg ‑imp ) and

6264-626: The Prius Plug-in Hybrid (540 miles (870 km)). Ford released the C-Max Energi in the U.S. market by mid October 2012, and during that month 144 units were delivered to U.S. retail customers, and ended with 2,374 units delivered in 2012. The C-Max Energi ranked as the fifth top selling plug-in electric car in the U.S. during 2013, and climbed to number fourth in 2014. Over 35,700 units have been sold in North America and Europe through December 2016, with 33,509 units delivered in

6372-662: The U.S. through December 2016, 967 units in Canada through December 2016, and 1,229 in the Netherlands in 2015. Ford Motor Company announced the C-MAX Solar Energi concept, a solar PV -powered vehicle to run electrically without depending on the electric grid for fuel. The C-MAX Solar Energi Concept was unveiled at the 2014 International CES in Las Vegas. This is a collaborative project of Ford, SunPower Corp. and

6480-451: The US military has been testing serial hybrid Humvees and have found them to deliver faster acceleration, a stealth mode with low thermal signature , near silent operation, and greater fuel economy. Ships with both mast-mounted sails and steam engines were an early form of a hybrid vehicle. Another example is the diesel–electric submarine . This runs on batteries when submerged and

6588-494: The US, General Electric made a locomotive with sodium–nickel chloride (Na-NiCl 2 ) battery storage. They expect ≥10% fuel economy. Variant diesel electric locomotive include the Green Goat (GG) and Green Kid (GK) switching/yard engines built by Canada's Railpower Technologies , with lead acid (Pba) batteries and 1000 to 2000 hp electric motors, and a new clean-burning ≈160 hp diesel generator. No fuel

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6696-592: The accumulator. A small fossil-fuelled piston engine sized for average power use charges the accumulator. The accumulator is sized at running the car for 15 minutes when fully charged. The aim is a fully charged accumulator that will produce a 0-60 mph acceleration speed of under 5 seconds using four wheel drive. In January 2011 industry giant Chrysler announced a partnership with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to design and develop an experimental petro-hydraulic hybrid powertrain suitable for use in large passenger cars. In 2012 an existing production minivan

6804-426: The aircraft. With a wingspan of 16.3 meters (53 feet), the airplane will be able to cruise at about 100 km/h (62 mph) on power from the fuel cell. Hybrid FanWings have been designed. A FanWing is created by two engines with the capability to autorotate and landing like a helicopter. When the term hybrid vehicle is used, it most often refers to a Hybrid electric vehicle . These encompass such vehicles as

6912-558: The appeal is growing,” says Sue Ciscke, Ford senior vice president, Sustainability, Environment and Safety Engineering. For the 2010 model year, the Mariner added Ford's MyKey and trailer sway controls as standard on all trim levels. The Mariner also saw the addition of Flex-Fuel , the ability to run using E85 fuel or regular unleaded gasoline with the V6 engine. Mercury removed the Euro-style turn signal repeaters for this model year. For

7020-491: The batteries can be recharged by the diesel engine when the craft is on the surface. As of 2022 , there are 550 ships with an average of 1.6 MWh of batteries. The average was 500 kWh in 2016. Newer hybrid ship-propulsion schemes include large towing kites manufactured by companies such as SkySails . Towing kites can fly at heights several times higher than the tallest ship masts, capturing stronger and steadier winds. The Boeing Fuel Cell Demonstrator Airplane has

7128-479: The cargo area behind the rear seats, providing more room than the regular Prius liftback, but less cargo room than the Prius V , which provides 67.3 cu ft (1,910 L) with the rear seats folded. The Hybrid is offered in two trims: The SE features eco-friendly cloth seating surfaces, Ford SYNC system with A/M-F/M stereo with single-disc CD/MP3 player, USB and auxiliary input jacks, six speakers,

7236-471: The changes include: A total of 969 units was sold during September 2012, allowing the C-Max Hybrid to rank as the ninth-best selling hybrid car in the United States that month. During October, its first full month in the market, 3,182 units were sold, outselling the Prius V by more than 400 units, which had ranked as the fourth-most sold hybrid in the previous months. Sales of the C-Max Hybrid also led Ford to achieve its best October hybrid sales month ever with

7344-547: The containers can be partially regained when they are lowered. Diesel fuel and emission reductions of 50–70% are predicted by Railpower engineers. First systems are expected to be operational in 2007. Hybrid systems are regularly in use for trucks, buses and other heavy highway vehicles. Small fleet sizes and installation costs are compensated by fuel savings, with advances such as higher capacity, lowered battery cost, etc. Toyota, Ford, GM and others are introducing hybrid pickups and SUVs. Kenworth Truck Company recently introduced

7452-478: The control blade independent rear suspension from the Focus. The available four-cylinder engines are the same as the Focus. The 1.6 L Duratec was the basic engine for C-Max, and the 1.6 L Ti-VCT Duratec was also available. The 1.8/2.0 L Duratec HE engines are the rest of available petrol engines. The 1.8 L Ford flexifuel, or 1.8f, was a flexible-fuel hybrid engine sourced from Volvo , B4204S5 , and

7560-481: The difference between 75 and 65 miles per hour (121 and 105 km/h) could produce a 7 mpg difference in fuel economy); outside temperature (the difference between 40 and 70 °F (4 and 21 °C) could result in a 5 mpg difference); and vehicle break-in (a 5 mpg difference could occur from the difference 0 to 6 miles (0.0 to 9.7 km)). Due to the criticism and lawsuits, in July 2013, Ford announced it would boost

7668-498: The driver’s side and near the front of the car. The light ring illuminates to indicate charge status. The battery is covered by an 8-year or 100,000-mile (160,000 km) component warranty. Ford equipped the C-Max Energi with a button mounted in the center stack that enables drivers to choose an electric-only driving mode, and allows the driver to switch vehicle operation between three modes - electric-only driving without gasoline engine power ("EV Now" setting); normal hybrid mode where

7776-448: The electric motor is more efficient at producing torque, or turning power, while the combustion engine is better for maintaining high speed. Improved efficiency, lower emissions, and reduced running costs relative to non-hybrid vehicles are three primary benefits of hybridization. Mopeds , electric bicycles , and even electric kick scooters are a simple form of a hybrid, powered by an internal combustion engine or electric motor and

7884-843: The end of the second quarter of 2019. In Europe, the C-Max is designed with lower VOC and allergens, along with several other Ford vehicles. Only models sold in Continental Europe and the British Isles are shown, overseas territories often have different offerings. Hybrid vehicle A hybrid vehicle is one that uses two or more distinct types of power, such as submarines that use diesel when surfaced and batteries when submerged. Other means to store energy include pressurized fluid in hydraulic hybrids . Hybrid powertrains are designed to switch from one power source to another to maximize both fuel efficiency and energy efficiency . In hybrid electric vehicles , for instance,

7992-407: The energy stored in the accumulator. A smaller more efficient constant speed engine reduces weight and liberates space for a larger accumulator. Current vehicle bodies are designed around the mechanicals of existing engine/transmission setups. It is restrictive and far from ideal to install petro-hydraulic mechanicals into existing bodies not designed for hydraulic setups. One research project's goal

8100-406: The engine is detached from the drivetrain, serving solely to charge the energy accumulator. The transmission is seamless. Regenerative braking can be used to recover some of the supplied drive energy back into the accumulator. A French company, MDI , has designed and has running models of a petro-air hybrid engine car. The system does not use air motors to drive the vehicle, being directly driven by

8208-683: The fact that driving styles, driving conditions, and other factors can cause mileage to vary." A few days later, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) said it would review claims that two new Ford hybrid vehicles were not delivering the advertised 47 mpg. Linc Wehrly, Director of Light-duty Vehicle Center Compliance Division at EPA's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory in Ann Arbor, Michigan , commented that hybrids had far more variability in miles per gallon than conventional vehicles. All vehicles are run through

8316-475: The high costs of the equipment precluded the systems from lighter trucks and cars. In the modern sense, an experiment proved the viability of small petro-hydraulic hybrid road vehicles in 1978. A group of students at Minneapolis, Minnesota's Hennepin Vocational Technical Center, converted a Volkswagen Beetle car to run as a petro-hydraulic hybrid using off-the-shelf components. A car rated at 32 mpg ‑US (7.4 L/100 km; 38 mpg ‑imp )

8424-493: The internal combustion engine, the electric motor and gearbox are coupled by automatically controlled clutches. For electric driving, the clutch between the internal combustion engine is open while the clutch to the gearbox is engaged. While in combustion mode the engine and motor run at the same speed. The first mass-production parallel hybrid sold outside Japan was the 1st generation Honda Insight . The Mercedes-Benz E 300 BlueTEC HYBRID released in 2012 only in European markets

8532-708: The magazine found that C-Max hybrid achieved a combined fuel economy average of 37 mpg ‑US (6.4 L/100 km; 44 mpg ‑imp ), with 35 mpg ‑US (6.7 L/100 km; 42 mpg ‑imp ) and 38 mpg ‑US (6.2 L/100 km; 46 mpg ‑imp ) for city and highway. Green Car Reports found that the C-Max delivered 37 mpg ‑US (6.4 L/100 km; 44 mpg ‑imp ) over 50 mi (80 km) of mixed freeway and urban driving, and 40 mpg ‑US (5.9 L/100 km; 48 mpg ‑imp ) over 240 mi (390 km) mostly at freeway speeds. Consumer Reports concluded that

8640-474: The magazine has previously found was 7 and 6 mpg ‑US (34 and 39 L/100 km; 8.4 and 7.2 mpg ‑imp ) for the Toyota Prius C and the Prius hatchback , respectively. Ford responded in a statement, saying, "Early C-MAX Hybrid and Fusion Hybrid customers praise the vehicles and report a range of fuel economy figures, including some reports above 47 mpg ‑US (5.0 L/100 km; 56 mpg ‑imp ). This reinforces

8748-476: The market at the end of 2010 (except Russia, where there is only the 7-seat model). At the 2011 North American International Auto Show , Ford announced a seven-seat C-MAX for the North American market, but this model was cancelled prior to launch. Ford unveiled the Ford C-Max Energi plug-in hybrid and the C-Max Hybrid at the 2011 North American International Auto Show . Like the conventional C-Max,

8856-616: The middle of 2012, the car experienced its three worst sales months since it debuted in the U.S. Since its inception, a total of 72,330 units had been sold in the United States through December 2015. In December 2012, Motor Trend reported that Consumer Reports magazine and Green Car Reports have found that the 2013 Ford C-Max Hybrid and 2013 Ford Fusion Hybrid , which share the same powertrain, do not deliver their triple 47 mpg ‑US (5.0 L/100 km; 56 mpg ‑imp ) EPA ratings in real-world use. After running both vehicles through Consumer Reports real-world tests,

8964-530: The new C-Max also came with a range of petrol and diesel four-cylinder engines , which were shared with the Focus: Transmissions mated with the engines are the Ford IB5 (1.6 Duratec Ti-VCT), B6 (1.6 EcoBoost/1.6 Duratorq), Durashift MMT6 (2.0 Duratorq) manual, and Ford Powershift double-clutch transmission available with the 2.0 Duratorq engine. The Ford C-MAX was facelifted in 2015 and

9072-412: The new powertrain improved the EPA fuel economy by 1 mile per gallon and increased power by 11% to 170 horsepower (130 kW). The existing 3.0-liter Duratec V6 was bumped from 200 hp (150 kW) to 240 hp (180 kW). The new 4-cylinder engine was also used in Ford's Escape Hybrid and Mercury Mariner Hybrid. “For every eight Escape and Mariner vehicles we sell, one of them is a hybrid, and

9180-575: The oldest production hybrids, running on diesel while surfaced and batteries when submerged. Both series and parallel setups were used in World War II-era submarines. Europe The new Autorail à grande capacité (AGC or high-capacity railcar) built by the Canadian company Bombardier for service in France is diesel/electric motors, using 1500 or 25,000 V on different rail systems. It

9288-468: The on-road fuel efficiency of the C-Max and its other two 2013 hybrids through changes in the vehicle control software, in an effort to improve customer satisfaction. The carmaker voluntarily reduced the official EPA ratings in August 2013. It also announced it would issue rebates to some 32,000 C-Max owners, who would be notified by mail. The payment would be US$ 550 to U.S. customers who purchased C-Maxes, and US$ 325 to customers who had leased them. After

9396-460: The overall fuel economy for the C-Max Hybrid is off by 10 mpg ‑US (24 L/100 km; 12 mpg ‑imp ), representing a deviation of about 20%. The consumer magazine said that their overall fuel economy results are usually close to the EPA's combined-mpg estimate, and among current models tested, more than 80% fall within 2 mpg ‑US (120 L/100 km; 2.4 mpg ‑imp ) margin. The largest discrepancy

9504-664: The powertrain blends electric and gasoline engine power as appropriate ("EV Auto" setting); or a battery-saving mode that reserves the battery power for later use ("EV Later" setting). Like the Ford Fusion Hybrid , the C-Max Energi comes with a SmartGauge with EcoGuide that provides in-vehicle customizable displays, including instantaneous fuel economy readings and coaching functions to help drivers understand and optimize their fuel efficiency . The plug-in hybrid also features ECO Cruise which saves energy by relaxing acceleration compared to standard cruise control . Ford designed

9612-628: The rider's muscles. Early prototype motorcycles in the late 19th century used the same principle. The first published prototype of an SHB is by Augustus Kinzel (US Patent 3'884'317) in 1975. In 1994 Bernie Macdonalds conceived the Electrilite SHB with power electronics allowing regenerative braking and pedaling while stationary. In 1995 Thomas Muller designed and built a "Fahrrad mit elektromagnetischem Antrieb" for his 1995 diploma thesis. In 1996 Jürg Blatter and Andreas Fuchs of Berne University of Applied Sciences built an SHB and in 1998 modified

9720-484: The same EPA fuel-efficiency tests, but they are not administered by the EPA; instead, the automakers conduct the test and EPA often conducts reviews. Most vehicles' real-world gas mileage levels are less than the EPA sticker number, and can often be 20% less. depending on speed, temperature, and other factors. The EPA explained that with hybrids, the gap was much wider, as high as 30%. The problem lay with EPA's rules that allowed automakers to group similar vehicles and apply

9828-428: The same engine to be hybrids, although to avoid confusion with hybrids as described above and to use correctly the terms, these are perhaps more correctly described as dual mode vehicles: Hydraulic hybrid and pneumatic hybrid vehicles use an engine or regenerative braking (or both) to charge a pressure accumulator to drive the wheels via hydraulic (liquid) or pneumatic (compressed gas) drive units. In most cases

9936-488: The same fuel economy numbers for similar-sized vehicles equipped with the same engines and transmissions. The EPA requires automakers to test the fuel economy of the biggest-selling model in a specific category. In its midsized hybrid class, Ford tested the Fusion sedan version because it was the top seller, and Ford was allowed to apply the 47 mpg ‑US (5.0 L/100 km; 56 mpg ‑imp ) achieved with

10044-584: The same ratings, which Ford did with the Fusion hybrid and C-Max hybrids. Ford Motor Co. officials said the real-world fuel efficiency in the C-Max Hybrid depended on driving style and other factors, and that the company did not expect the car's fuel efficiency numbers to change, as they followed EPA's test guidelines. Ford said they were working closely with the EPA to determine if their hybrid vehicle testing procedures needed to be changed. They explained that several factors could affect hybrid fuel economy more than that of regular gasoline engines, including speed (as

10152-530: The second-generation C-Max (C344) is built on Ford's new Global C platform . The appearance is inspired by the Iosis Max concept, shown at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show . In addition, Ford added a long-wheelbase, seven-seat minivan variant of the C-Max, the Ford Grand C-Max. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show . Early European models include 5 seats, and 7-seat models entered

10260-509: The size of the electric motor and the power-delivery capability of the battery pack, and delivered a total system power of 195 horsepower (145 kW; 198 PS) in charge-depleting mode (EV mode). The C-Max Energi is capable of reaching a top electric-only speed of 85 mph (137 km/h), exceeding the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid (Prius Prime in North America) by more than 20 mph (32 km/h). The top speed in hybrid mode

10368-519: The technology for such electrical infrastructure is largely outdated and, outside some cities, not widely distributed (see Conduit current collection , trams , electric rail , trolleys , third rail ). Updating the required electrical and infrastructure costs could perhaps be funded by toll revenue or by dedicated transportation taxes. In addition to vehicles that use two or more different devices for propulsion , some also consider vehicles that use distinct energy sources or input types (" fuels ") using

10476-456: The vehicle was bought or leased, owners got from $ 150 to $ 1,050 to help cover the increase in fuel costs due to the new ratings. The C-Max Energi plug-in hybrid started at US$ 27,995 including the destination fee. According to its battery size, the plug-in car qualified for a federal tax credit of US$ 4,007 , and it is eligible for additional incentives at the state and local level , such as California 's US$ 1,500 rebate. The C-Max Energi

10584-441: The wheels and reversing to claw-back kinetic braking energy. The hub motors eliminate the need for friction brakes, mechanical transmissions, driveshafts, and U-joints, reducing costs and weight. Hydrostatic drive with no friction brakes is used in industrial vehicles. The aim is 170 mpg in average driving conditions. The energy created by shock absorbers and kinetic braking energy that normally would be wasted assists in charging

10692-554: Was able to run on gasoline and ethanol (E85). Ethanol added about 25 hp extra for a total 125 hp, although with higher consumption. The 1.6/2.0 L Duratorq Ford/PSA-made diesels were available along with Ford's 1.8 L Endura engine, which is upgraded and named Duratorq. *Overboost Transmissions mated with engines are Ford IB5 (1.6/1.8 Duratec), Ford Durashift (2.0 Duratorq), MTX-75 (2.0 Duratec / 1.6-1.8 Duratorq) manual and Ford Powershift double-clutch transmission available with 2.0 Duratorq. The 4F27E mated with

10800-434: Was adapted to the new hydraulic powertrain for assessment. PSA Peugeot Citroën exhibited an experimental "Hybrid Air" engine at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show . The vehicle uses nitrogen gas compressed by energy harvested from braking or deceleration to power a hydraulic drive which supplements power from its conventional gasoline engine. The hydraulic and electronic components were supplied by Robert Bosch GmbH . Mileage

10908-559: Was designed by Daniel Paulin and unveiled at the 2002 Paris Motor Show . C-Max Mk I was the first product to use the Ford C1 platform , also used by the Ford Focus Mk II and the compact MPV Premacy/Mazda5 . Its internal code name is C214. It seats five passengers and has a large amount of cargo space, which can be increased by folding the rear seats flat. Some models feature diagonally sliding outer rear seats. It also shares

11016-433: Was designed with total 188 horsepower (140 kW; 191 PS) in hybrid mode delivered by a 2.0-liter Atkinson cycle four-cylinder gasoline engine plus an electric motor powered by a 7.6 kWh lithium-ion battery pack, which is smaller and lighter than nickel–metal hydride batteries used in previous Ford generation hybrids. The electric drivetrain can produce a peak power of 68 kW (91 hp; 92 PS), limited by

11124-460: Was estimated to be about 118 mpg ‑US (2 L/100 km; 142 mpg ‑imp ) on the Euro test cycle if installed in a Citroën C3 type of body. PSA Although the car was ready for production and was proven and feasible delivering the claimed results, Peugeot Citroën were unable to attract a major manufacturer to share the high development costs and are shelving the project until

11232-581: Was not part of the powertrain lineup. The Mariner was the first Mercury with a four-cylinder since the Mercury Cougar was dropped in 2002. For 2006, the lineup was expanded with the introduction of the Mariner Hybrid. For the second generation for the Mariner, the 2008 model year boasted a thorough redesign, despite remaining on the Ford CD2 platform used by the outgoing generation. The exterior changes included new seats, headlights, taillights,

11340-414: Was released in the United States in September 2012 as a 2013 model, followed by the release of the plug-in Energi version by mid-October 2012. Production of the C-Max Energi in the United States ended in September 2017, while Hybrid production ended in 2018. The new Mk III platform is the first in its class to support torque vectoring control. The redesigned C-Max features flat folding third-row seats,

11448-409: Was returning 75 mpg ‑US (3.1 L/100 km; 90 mpg ‑imp ) with the 60 hp engine replaced by a 16 hp engine. The experimental car reached 70 mph (110 km/h). In the 1990s, a team of engineers working at EPA's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory succeeded in developing a revolutionary type of petro-hydraulic hybrid powertrain that would propel

11556-456: Was tested in Rotterdam, the Netherlands with Railfeeding, a Genesee & Wyoming company. China The First Hybrid Evaluating locomotive was designed by rail research center Matrai in 1999 and built in 2000. It was an EMD G12 locomotive upgraded with batteries, a 200 kW diesel generator, and four AC motors. Japan Japan's first hybrid train with significant energy storage is

11664-479: Was that the power driving motors were not efficient enough at part load. A British company ( Artemis Intelligent Power ) made a breakthrough introducing an electronically controlled hydraulic motor/pump, the Digital Displacement® motor/pump. The pump is highly efficient at all speed ranges and loads, giving feasibility to small applications of petro-hydraulic hybrids. The company converted a BMW car as

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