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80-602: During its production run the Cologne V6 was offered in displacements of 1.8, 2.0, 2.3, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 2.9, and 4.0 litres . All except the Cosworth 24v derivative and later 4.0 litre SOHC engines were pushrod overhead-valve engines, with a single camshaft between the banks. The Cologne V6 was designed to be compatible in installation with the Ford Taunus V4 engine , having the same transmission bolt pattern,

160-514: A mass of almost exactly one kilogram , because the kilogram was originally defined in 1795 as the mass of one cubic decimetre of water at the temperature of melting ice ( 0 °C ). Subsequent redefinitions of the metre and kilogram mean that this relationship is no longer exact. A litre is a cubic decimetre , which is the volume of a cube 10 centimetres × 10 centimetres × 10 centimetres (1 L ≡ 1 dm ≡ 1000 cm ). Hence 1 L ≡ 0.001  m ≡ 1000  cm ; and 1 m (i.e.

240-666: A $ 1.2 billion class-action against Bosch and Continental AG in the United States after VW was forced to reduce production due to a lack of automotive microchips. On January 26, 2021, the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed that Bosch won on all claims. In January 2020, Bosch Packaging Technology became Syntegon. In June 2021, Bosch christened its newly built semiconductor manufacturing plant in which it invested $ 1.2 billion, its largest-ever spending on

320-514: A 84 mm × 60.14 mm (3.31 in × 2.37 in) bore and stroke. Output is 85 PS (63 kW; 84 hp) and 151 N⋅m (111 lb⋅ft) or 90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp) and 158 N⋅m (117 lb⋅ft). Applications: The first enlargement of the V6 appeared in 1967. It was the 2.3 L; 139.9 cu in (2,293 cc) with a 90 mm × 60.14 mm (3.54 in × 2.37 in) bore and stroke. Output

400-515: A bore and stroke of 93.03 mm × 68.5 mm (3.66 in × 2.70 in), and used a geared camshaft design. While based on the 2.6, the larger bore necessitated a different block. The European version used a "siamesed" two-port exhaust manifold , similar to the one used on the V4 , while the American version used three-port heads. The European approach was useful in that existing cars with

480-577: A cubic metre, which is the SI unit for volume) is exactly 1000 L. From 1901 to 1964, the litre was defined as the volume of one kilogram of pure water at maximum density (+3.98 °C) and standard pressure . The kilogram was in turn specified as the mass of the International Prototype of the Kilogram (a specific platinum/iridium cylinder) and was intended to be of the same mass as

560-533: A juice carton). In 1990, the International Committee for Weights and Measures stated that it was too early to choose a single symbol for the litre. Prior to 1979, the symbol ℓ came into common use in some countries; for example, it was recommended by South African Bureau of Standards publication M33 and Canada in the 1970s. This symbol can still be encountered occasionally in some English-speaking and European countries like Germany, and its use

640-519: A limited run of approximately 150 "Capri turbos" with turbocharged 2.8 engines. These engines displayed RS badging and used a productionized version of an existing aftermarket kit offered by a Ford dealer in Germany. TVR Tasmin/280i used the Cologne 2.8 with Bosch K-Jetronic fuel injection, as did the early TVR 'S' series in 2.8 and revised 2.9 efi injection form. Applications: The 2.9 L shares

720-408: A litre, known as one millilitre (1 mL), of water has a mass of about 1 g; 1000 litres of water has a mass of about 1000 kg (1  tonne or megagram). This relationship holds because the gram was originally defined as the mass of 1 mL of water; however, this definition was abandoned in 1799 because the density of water changes with temperature and, very slightly, with pressure. It

800-452: A millilitre or mL) is a unit of the cgs system, which preceded the MKS system , which later evolved into the SI system. The abbreviation "cc" is still commonly used in many fields, including medical dosage and sizing for combustion engine displacement . The microlitre (μL) has been known in the past as the lambda (λ), but this usage is now discouraged. In the medical field the microlitre

880-817: A sales office for Bosch goods in Calcutta, India. In the years that followed, Bosch concluded contracts in Asia with sales partners in Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and what is now Indonesia, for example, and on the American continents with partners in Mexico, Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador. In the 1920s, Bosch expanded its product range to include numerous automotive technology products that were required for cars in everyday use: electric horn (1921), windshield wipers (1926), and direction indicators ("trafficator", 1927). In 1927, Bosch launched injection pumps for diesel. Bosch bought

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960-720: A secret plant for the entire electrical equipment of tanks, tractors, and trucks of the Wehrmacht was built. In 1944, 4,290 men and women worked in the Trillke factory, 2,019 of whom were forced laborers, prisoners of war, and military internees. During the Second World War , there were at least 3,000 workers at the mechanics division at the Bosch Hildesheim plant, almost all of them from nearby occupied countries; there were only 200 recorded German workers. In

1040-522: A single project. In April 2022, Bosch announced to acquire Five.ai, an autonomous driving startup. in April 2022, Bosch announced it had acquired the Dresden -based MEMS micro speaker producer, Arioso Systems. The company will form part of Bosch Sensortec GmbH. In July 2022, Bosch said the company is looking to invest approximately 3 billion euros into its semiconductor chip production and R&D over

1120-500: A standard feature. The engine was known for its substantial increase in power delivery above 4000 rpm relative to the unmodified version; in recent years, the engine has become a popular choice as a replacement engine for the Ford Sierra XR4x4 and XR4i. An improved version of this engine (code BOB) was available in the restyled 1995 Ford Scorpio. Differences included two simplex chains with two hydraulic tensioners and

1200-706: A supplier of an ignition system. In 1902, the chief engineer at Bosch, Gottlob Honold , unveiled the high-voltage magneto ignition system with spark plug . In 1901, Bosch opened its first factory in Stuttgart. In 1906, the company produced its 100,000th magneto. In the same year, Bosch introduced the eight-hour day for workers. In 1910, the Feuerbach plant was founded and built close to Stuttgart. In this factory, Bosch started to produce generators and headlights "Bosch-Light" in 1914. The system had been presented in 1913. The onset of motorization in road traffic meant that

1280-423: A volume of 10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm (see figure) and is thus equal to one-thousandth of a cubic metre. The original French metric system used the litre as a base unit . The word litre is derived from an older French unit, the litron , whose name came from Byzantine Greek —where it was a unit of weight, not volume —via Late Medieval Latin, and which equalled approximately 0.831 litres. The litre

1360-424: Is "a litre of water's a pint and three-quarters"; this is very close, as a litre is about 1.76 imperial pints. A cubic foot has an exact volume of 28.316846592 litres. Originally, the only symbol for the litre was l (lowercase letter L), following the SI convention that only those unit symbols that abbreviate the name of a person start with a capital letter. In many English-speaking countries, however,

1440-414: Is 84 mm × 72 mm (3.31 in × 2.83 in). Power output is 125 PS (92 kW; 123 hp) at 5800 rpm and 184 N⋅m (136 lb⋅ft) torque at 3500 rpm. Applications: The largest first-generation V6 was the 2.6 L; 155.6 cu in (2,550 cc) introduced in 1969. It had a 90 mm × 66.8 mm (3.54 in × 2.63 in) bore and stroke. Output

1520-917: Is a German multinational engineering and technology company headquartered in Gerlingen , Baden-Württemberg , Germany . The company was founded by Robert Bosch in Stuttgart in 1886. Bosch is 94% owned by the Robert Bosch Stiftung , a charitable institution. Although the charity is funded by owning the vast majority of shares, it has no voting rights and is involved in health and social causes unrelated to Bosch's business. Bosch's core operating areas are spread across four business sectors: mobility (hardware and software), consumer goods (including household appliances and power tools), industrial technology (including drive and control ) and energy and building technology. In terms of revenue, Bosch

1600-463: Is both a market and a manufacturing location for Bosch. In 2012, Bosch had 34,000 employees and a revenue of 41.7 billion Yuan (about 5 billion Euro) in China. In 2020, Bosch funded the creation of a report entitled Decarbonising Road Transport: There Is No Silver Bullet , which contained disputed information about the environmental performance of electric vehicles . In January 2021, Volkswagen filed

1680-596: Is now known that the density of water also depends on the isotopic ratios of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a particular sample. Modern measurements of Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water , which is pure distilled water with an isotopic composition representative of the average of the world's oceans, show that it has a density of 0.999 975 ± 0.000 001  kg/L at its point of maximum density (3.984 °C) under one standard atmosphere (101.325  kPa ) of pressure. The litre, though not an official SI unit, may be used with SI prefixes . The most commonly used derived unit

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1760-409: Is sometimes abbreviated as mcL on test results. In the SI system, apart from prefixes for powers of 1000, use of the "centi" (10 ), "deci" (10 ), "deca" (10 ) and "hecto" (10 ) prefixes with litres is common. For example, in many European countries, the hectolitre is the typical unit for production and export volumes of beverages (milk, beer, soft drinks, wine, etc.) and for measuring the size of

1840-589: Is the largest automotive supplier . Moreover, it is the biggest supplier of the services in the world. The company started in a backyard in Stuttgart-West as the Werkstätte für Feinmechanik und Elektrotechnik (Workshop for Precision Mechanics and Electrical Engineering) on 15 November 1886. The next year Bosch presented a low voltage magneto for gas engines. From 1897, Bosch started installing magneto ignition devices into automobiles and became

1920-473: Is the millilitre, defined as one-thousandth of a litre, and also often referred to by the SI derived unit name "cubic centimetre". It is a commonly used measure, especially in medicine, cooking and automotive engineering. Other units may be found in the table below, where the more often used terms are in bold. However, some authorities advise against some of them; for example, in the United States, NIST advocates using

2000-668: Is ubiquitous in Japan and South Korea. Fonts covering the CJK characters usually include not only the script small ℓ but also four precomposed characters: ㎕, ㎖, ㎗, and ㎘ for the microlitre, millilitre, decilitre and kilolitre to allow correct rendering for vertically written scripts. These have Unicode equivalents for compatibility, which are not recommended for use with new documents: The CJK Compatibility block also includes U+3351 ㍑ SQUARE RITTORU corresponding to リットル rittoru , Japanese for 'litre'. The first name of

2080-624: The Dieselgate scandal. The majority of Bosch Group businesses are grouped into the following four business sectors. The Mobility Solutions business sector accounts for 60 percent of total sales in 2019. Its main areas of activity are injection technology and powertrain peripherals for internal-combustion engines, powertrain electrification, steering systems, safety and driver-assistance systems, infotainment technology as well as vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, repair-shop concepts, and technology and services for

2160-459: The Drive and Control Technology division , whose products include customized drive, control, and linear motion for factory automation, plant construction and engineering, and mobile machinery. The second division, Packaging Technology, provides process and packaging for the pharmaceuticals and foodstuffs industries. Its range includes stand-alone machines, systems, and services. In the early 2000s, it

2240-488: The Northern Territory Government for measuring water consumption, reservoir capacities and river flows, although cubic metres are also used. Cubic metres are generally used for non-liquid commodities, such as sand and gravel, or storage space. Robert Bosch GmbH Robert Bosch GmbH ( / b ɒ ʃ / ; German: [bɔʃ] ), commonly known as Bosch (styled BOSCH ),

2320-523: The Roseville -headquartered silicon carbide (SiC) power device manufacturer, TSI Semiconductors. In July 2024, Bosch announced the acquisition of Johnson Controls ' heating and air conditioning operations for $ 8 billion. In 2006, Volkswagen executives asked Bosch for help in developing software for their emission defeat devices. Volkswagen is one of Bosch's biggest customers. Volkswagen engineers provided detailed specifications to Bosch, which wrote

2400-525: The automotive aftermarket . Particular strategic priorities for the sector include transforming the powertrain and expanding the business in the areas of electrification, automated driving , new electrical and electronic architectures for vehicles, accessing adjacent market segments, and developing additional services. The new Powertrain Solutions division was formed effective 1 January 2018, in order to develop powertrain technology products, regardless of

2480-411: The 1 litre of water referred to above. It was subsequently discovered that the cylinder was around 28 parts per million too large and thus, during this time, a litre was about 1.000 028  dm . Additionally, the mass–volume relationship of water (as with any fluid) depends on temperature, pressure, purity and isotopic uniformity. In 1964, the definition relating the litre to mass was superseded by

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2560-459: The 16th CGPM conference, the alternative symbol L (uppercase letter L) was adopted. It also expressed a preference that in the future only one of these two symbols should be retained, but in 1990 said it was still too early to do so. In spoken English, the symbol "mL" (for millilitre) can be pronounced as "mil". This can potentially cause confusion with some other measurement words such as: The abbreviation "cc" (for cubic centimetre , equal to

2640-505: The 2.8 Granada models for one year before being replaced with the 2.9 unit. Tuning options are very limited with the Bosch K-Jetronic models. The siamesed inlet and exhaust ports of the 2.8 only respond well to forced induction or an overbore; normal tuning will yield only minor power results. The MFI 2.8 Cologne (Capri/Sierra 2.8i) uses a very restricted induction setup, and no open air kit is available due to this. Ford offered

2720-623: The Industrial Technology business sector since the start of 2018. In January 2020, Bosch Packaging Technology became Syntegon The Consumer Goods business sector contributed some 23 percent of total Bosch Group sales in 2019. Its Power Tools division is a supplier of power tools, power tool accessories, and measuring technology. In addition to power tools such as hammer drills , cordless screwdrivers, and jigsaws , its products also include gardening equipment such as lawnmowers , hedge trimmers , and high-pressure cleaners . One of

2800-602: The Nazi authorities. In 1937, Bosch AG became a limited liability company ( GmbH ). The Bosch subsidiary Dreilinden Maschinenbau GmbH (DLMG) in Kleinmachnow employed around 5,000 people, more than half of whom were forced laborers , prisoners of war, and female concentration camp prisoners, including many women from the Warsaw Uprising . They had to produce accessories for German Luftwaffe aircraft. In Hildesheim,

2880-479: The United States $ 327.5 million as compensation for its role in devising the software. Bosch also provided emissions software for Fiat Chrysler's 3.0 L V6 diesel engine used in 100,000 model year 2014–2016 Grand Cherokee SUVs and Ram Trucks and agreed to pay affected consumers $ 27.5 million as part of a broader settlement in January 2019. In May 2019, Bosch paid another $ 100 million fine for its connection to

2960-713: The V4 engine could be upgraded with relative ease. Output was rated at 90 to 115 bhp (67 to 86 kW; 91 to 117 PS) for the US market and 130 to 160 PS (96 to 118 kW; 128 to 158 bhp) for the European market, depending on the model. In Europe, the 2.8 was produced with carburetor 132 PS (97 kW; 130 bhp), mechanical fuel injection ( Bosch K-Jetronic , 160 PS (118 kW; 158 bhp), and electronic injection (Ford EEC-IV, 150 PS (110 kW; 148 bhp)). Electronic injection only featured on

3040-449: The V6 was the 1.8 L; 110.6 cu in (1,812 cc) with a 80 mm × 60.14 mm (3.15 in × 2.37 in) bore and stroke. Its output is 82 PS (60 kW; 81 hp) and 135 N⋅m (100 lb⋅ft). Its only application was the Ford 17M P7 from 1968 to 1971. The original displacement of the V6 was 2.0 L; 121.9 cu in (1,998 cc) with

3120-477: The addition of a variable-length intake system called VIS . Power output was increased to 210 bhp (157 kW; 213 PS). This was mated to a fully electronically controlled A4LDE automatic transmission . The pushrod 4.0 / 4.0 L; 241.5 / 244.6 cu in (3,958 / 4,009 cc), with a bore and stroke 100 mm × 84 mm (3.94 in × 3.31 in) version, although produced in Cologne, Germany,

3200-491: The capacity or size of their container, whereas cubic metres (and derived units) are most commonly used for items measured either by their dimensions or their displacements. The litre is often also used in some calculated measurements, such as density (kg/L), allowing an easy comparison with the density of water. One litre of water has a mass of almost exactly one kilogram when measured at its maximal density, which occurs at about 4 °C. It follows, therefore, that 1000th of

3280-517: The catch and quotas for fishing boats; decilitres are common in Croatia , Switzerland and Scandinavia and often found in cookbooks, and restaurant and café menus; centilitres indicate the capacity of drinking glasses and of small bottles. In colloquial Dutch in Belgium , a " vijfentwintiger " and a " drieëndertiger " (literally "twenty-fiver" and "thirty-threer") are the common beer glasses,

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3360-473: The company grew very rapidly after 1900. While Bosch had a workforce of 45 in 1901, it had grown to more than 1,000 by 1908. In 1913, Bosch founded an apprentice workshop in order to recruit qualified young people for the production of automotive electrics. Bosch's international development began in 1898 with the opening of a branch in London, followed the next year by Paris, Vienna, and Budapest. By 1909, Bosch

3440-399: The corresponding bottles mention 25 cL and 33 cL. Bottles may also be 75 cL or half size at 37.5 cL for "artisanal" brews or 70 cL for wines or spirits. Cans come in 25 cL, 33 cL and 50 cL. Similarly, alcohol shots are often marked in cL in restaurant menus, typically 3 cL (1.06 imp fl oz; 1.01 US fl oz). In countries where the metric system was adopted as

3520-453: The crank to the jackshaft, one in the front of the engine to drive the cam for the left bank, and one on the back of the engine to drive the cam for the right bank. In addition, the 4WD Ranger/Explorer with the SOHC 4.0 had a 4th timing chain driving what Ford called a balance shaft. Ford has since phased out the engine in favor of the more powerful and efficient Duratec 37 . The 4.0 SOHC engine

3600-535: The current one. Although the litre is not an SI unit, it is accepted by the CGPM (the standards body that defines the SI) for use with the SI. CGPM defines the litre and its acceptable symbols. A litre is equal in volume to the millistere , an obsolete non-SI metric unit formerly customarily used for dry measure . Litres are most commonly used for items (such as fluids and solids that can be poured) which are measured by

3680-700: The division's focal points is convenient, high-performance cordless tools, and increasingly also web-enabled tools and services. Overlapping with its mobility interests, it provides traction motors for electric bicycles with sophisticated control systems. The Consumer Goods business sector also includes BSH Hausgeräte GmbH, which offers a broad range of modern, energy-efficient, and increasingly connected household appliances. Its products range from washing machines and tumble dryers through refrigerators and freezers, stoves and ovens, and dishwashers, to small appliances such as vacuum cleaners , coffee makers , and food processors . Brands in this sector include: In 2019,

3760-601: The electric hydraulic brake, common rail fuel injection with piezo-injectors, digital car radio with a disc drive, and the cordless screwdriver with a lithium-ion battery in 2003. In 2004, Bosch bought Sigpack Systems from SIG . Bosch received the Deutsche Zukunftspreis (German Future Prize) from the German president in 2005 and 2008. A new development center was planned in 2008 in Renningen . In 2014,

3840-509: The energy source. The new division resulted from the merger of the former Gasoline Systems and Diesel Systems divisions. It offers products for powertrain technology, from gasoline and diesel direct injection to electrified powertrains with battery systems and, in the future, it will offer fuel-cell technologies as well. Brands within this sector include: In the 2019 business year, the Industrial Technology business sector generated roughly 10 percent of total Bosch Group sales. The sector includes

3920-406: The engine became unavailable in the United States for the 2008 model year. Applications: Litre The litre ( Commonwealth spelling ) or liter ( American spelling ) (SI symbols L and l , other symbol used: ℓ ) is a metric unit of volume . It is equal to 1 cubic decimetre (dm ), 1000 cubic centimetres (cm ) or 0.001 cubic metres (m ). A cubic decimetre (or litre) occupies

4000-455: The first departments moved to the new center, while the remaining departments followed in 2015. In 2006, Bosch acquired Telex Communications and Electro-Voice . In 2009, Bosch invested about 3.6 billion Euro in development and research. Approximately 3900 patents are published per year. In addition to increasing energy efficiency by employing renewable energies, the company plans to invest in new areas such as biomedical engineering . China

4080-953: The gas appliances production from Junkers & Co. in 1932, as a part of a diversification strategy. In 1932, the company developed its first electric drill and presented its first car radio. In 1933, Bosch presented its first electric refrigerator for private households. In late 1933 negotiations between Robert Bosch AG and the Nazi Party began on relocating parts of armaments production to Germany's interior. Bosch founded two such alternative plants in 1935 and 1937: Dreilinden Maschinenbau GmbH in Kleinmachnow near Berlin and Elektro- und Feinmechanische Industrie GmbH (later Trillke-Werke GmbH) in Hildesheim . Both plants were used exclusively for armament production. These "shadow factories" were built under great secrecy and in close cooperation with

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4160-613: The last years of the war, no new German tank ever drove without the starter elements from the Bosch factory in Hildesheim. Bosch also had a monopoly position in the outfitting of German Luftwaffe aircraft. During the war, production was further decentralized, Bosch produced in an ever larger number of factories, and relocated parts of its production to 213 plants in more than 100 locations. In 2001, Bosch acquired Mannesmann Rexroth AG , which they later renamed to Bosch Rexroth AG . In

4240-544: The light trucks (1986–92 Ranger and 1986–90 Bronco II) and 144 hp (107 kW; 146 PS) at 4800 rpm for the Merkur Scorpio in the US market and 150 to 160 hp (112 to 119 kW; 152 to 162 PS) for the European market. Bore and stroke was 93 mm × 72 mm (3.66 in × 2.83 in) for a total displacement of 2.9 L; 179.1 cu in (2,935 cc). In Europe, this engine

4320-593: The litre was "cadil"; standards are shown at the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris. The litre was introduced in France in 1795 as one of the new "republican units of measurement" and defined as one cubic decimetre . One litre of liquid water has a mass of almost exactly one kilogram , due to the gram being defined in 1795 as one cubic centimetre of water at the temperature of melting ice. The original decimetre length

4400-496: The millilitre or litre instead of the centilitre. There are two international standard symbols for the litre: L and l. In the United States the former is preferred because of the risk that (in some fonts) the letter l and the digit 1 may be confused. See also Imperial units and US customary units . One litre is slightly larger than a US liquid quart and slightly less than an imperial quart or one US dry quart . A mnemonic for its volume relative to an imperial pint

4480-535: The most common shape of a handwritten Arabic digit 1 is just a vertical stroke ; that is, it lacks the upstroke added in many other cultures. Therefore, the digit "1" may easily be confused with the letter "l" . In some computer typefaces, the two characters are barely distinguishable. As a result, L (uppercase letter L) was adopted by the CIPM as an alternative symbol for litre in 1979. The United States National Institute of Standards and Technology now recommends

4560-554: The necessary code. Bosch was apparently concerned about the legality of the software and asked Volkswagen to assume responsibility if the fraud was discovered, but Volkswagen refused. Starting in 2008, Bosch supplied approximately 17 million motor control and mixture control devices containing illegal software to various manufacturers both domestically and globally. With such software, the automobiles fitted with Bosch's devices emitted more nitrogen oxides than allowed under regulations. On 1 February 2017, Bosch agreed to pay consumers in

4640-411: The next four years. They will be opening two new facilities for manufacturing a computer chip development in the cities of Dresden and Reutlingen. Chairman Stefan Hartung said the company is not interested in building cutting-edge semiconductor facilities but focuses on 40 and 200-nanometer chips used in the automotive industry . In September 2023, it was announced Bosch had completed the acquisition of

4720-550: The official measuring system after the SI standard was established, common usage eschews prefixes that are not powers of 1000. For example, in Canada , Australia , and New Zealand , consumer beverages are labelled almost exclusively using litres and millilitres. An exception is in pathology, where for instance blood lead level and blood sugar level may be measured in micrograms/milligrams per decilitre. For larger volumes, kilolitres, megalitres, and gigalitres, have been used by

4800-510: The problem. When the engine is run for an extended period of time with this issue the engine can jump timing, damaging the heads and valves. Timing chain rattle was mitigated in later years of the SOHC (in most vehicles, after 2002) with updated cassettes and tensioners. This problem occurs with varying frequency among some Ford vehicles equipped with the SOHC engine including the Ford Mustang , Ford Explorer , and Ford Ranger . The 4.0 OHV

4880-512: The same basic design as the 2.8 L model, bar a few subtle differences. The camshaft is chain-driven rather than gear driven, so it rotates in the same direction as the crankshaft. The arrangement of the exhaust valves is different, eliminating the "hot-spot" that existed on the 2.8 L model. The cylinder heads also sport a more conventional three-port exhaust manifold. Output was rated at 140 hp (104 kW; 142 PS) at 4600 rpm and 170 lb⋅ft (230 N⋅m) at 2600 rpm for

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4960-515: The same block as the standard 2.9, power output was up to 195 PS (143 kW; 192 hp) and torque was boosted to 203 lb⋅ft (275 N⋅m) at 4500 rpm. This engine (code BOA) was used in the Ford Scorpio Cosworth 24V. This engine configuration was only paired with an improved A4LDe automatic gearbox with partial electronic shift control. No manual gearbox was offered from the factory. The standard Ford-issued block

5040-430: The same engine mounts, and in many versions, a cylinder head featuring "siamesed" exhaust passages, which reduced the three exhaust outlets down to two on each side. The latter feature was great for compatibility, but poor for performance. The 2.4, 2.8 (in U.S.), 2.9, and 4.0 had three exhaust ports, making them preferable. The engine was available in both carburetted and fuel-injected forms. The smallest version of

5120-530: The same year, the company opened a new testing center in Vaitoudden, close to Arjeplog in north Sweden. A new developing center in Abstatt , Germany followed in 2004. In 2002, Bosch acquired Philips CSI, which at the time was manufacturing a broad range of professional communication and security products and systems including CCTV , congress, and public address systems. In the 2000s the company developed

5200-453: The temperature of its maximum density (3.98 °C) under a pressure of 1  atm . This made the litre equal to about 1.000 028  dm (earlier reference works usually put it at 1.000 027  dm ). In 1964, at the 12th CGPM conference, the original definition was reverted to, and thus the litre was once again defined in exact relation to the metre, as another name for the cubic decimetre, that is, exactly 1 dm . In 1979, at

5280-537: The use of the uppercase letter L, a practice that is also widely followed in Canada and Australia . In these countries, the symbol L is also used with prefixes, as in mL and μL, instead of the traditional ml and μl used in Europe. In the UK and Ireland , as well as the rest of Europe, lowercase l is used with prefixes, though whole litres are often written in full (so, "750 ml" on a wine bottle, but often "1 litre" on

5360-552: Was 108 / 114 PS (79 / 84 kW; 107 / 112 hp) (black/grey valve cover) and 176 N⋅m (130 lb⋅ft) or 125 PS (92 kW; 123 hp) and 187 N⋅m (138 lb⋅ft) in SuperHighCompression The 2.4 L; 146.1 cu in (2,394 cc) was used only in Europe. Like the 2.9 L version, the camshaft is chain-driven, it has fuel injection system (EFI) and Ford's EEC-IV engine management. Bore and stroke

5440-460: Was 125 PS (92 kW; 123 hp) and 205 N⋅m (151 lb⋅ft). Applications: The 2.6 RS was a special high-performance fuel-injected 2.6 L; 160.9 cu in (2,637 cc) version. It had a 90 mm × 69 mm (3.54 in × 2.72 in) bore and stroke, and produced 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) and 219.5 N⋅m (162 lb⋅ft). The only fuel injected first-generation engine, its sole application

5520-420: Was 44.344 lignes , which was revised in 1798 to 44.3296 lignes . This made the original litre 1.000 974 of today's cubic decimetre. It was against this litre that the kilogram was constructed. In 1879, the CIPM adopted the definition of the litre, with the symbol l (lowercase letter L). In 1901, at the 3rd CGPM conference, the litre was redefined as the space occupied by 1 kg of pure water at

5600-562: Was also used in several subsequent versions of the metric system and is accepted for use with the SI, although not an SI unit —the SI unit of volume is the cubic metre (m ). The spelling used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures is "litre", a spelling which is shared by most English-speaking countries. The spelling "liter" is predominantly used in American English . One litre of liquid water has

5680-573: Was commonly fitted with the Bosch L-Jetronic fuel-injection system, married to Ford's EEC-IV engine management. Because of this difference over the 2.8 L model, this version was a more popular candidate for aftermarket modification (typically turbocharging) from companies such as Janspeed and Turbo Technics. Applications: A special twin DOHC (QUAD CAM) version of the 2.9 was created by Cosworth Engineering in 1991. Although it shared

5760-513: Was introduced in 1997 in the Ford Explorer, alongside the original pushrod version. It features a variable length intake manifold and produces 210 hp (157 kW; 213 PS) and 254 lb⋅ft (344 N⋅m) f . (The variable length intake manifold was discontinued in 1998, replaced by a standard intake.) It uses a jackshaft in place of a camshaft to drive a timing chain to each cylinder head. Three timing chains are used, one from

5840-406: Was machined differently to improve strength. In place of the single-cam arrangement, an endless duplex hydraulically tensioned timing chain was used to drive the overhead cams. The chain measured 2.2 m (7 ft 3 in). The casting and bearings for the standard underhead cam were repurposed for a shaft which drove the oil pump. Ignition was controlled by an EDIS -6 system, which would become

5920-704: Was not affected by this issue. A version of the engine is used in the Land Rover Discovery 3 / LR3 in Australia/North America and Ford Courier in Australia, producing 216 hp (161 kW; 219 PS) and 250 lb⋅ft (339 N⋅m) of torque at 3,000 rpm for the Land Rover version. The Ford Courier version produces 154 kW (209 PS; 207 hp) of power and 323 N⋅m (32.9 kg⋅m; 238 lb⋅ft) of torque. The Land Rover version of

6000-448: Was notorious for the OEM timing chain guides and tensioners breaking, resulting in timing chain rattle or "death rattle". This problem can occur as early as 45,000 mi (72,000 km) in some vehicles. Due to the SOHC engine's unique design involving both front and rear timing chains, the repair of the timing guides would often require complete engine removal depending on the severity of

6080-475: Was only fitted to American vehicles. The OHV engine was produced until 2000 and was used in the Ford Explorer , Ford Aerostar , Mazda B4000, and Ford Ranger . Output was 160 hp (119 kW; 162 PS) and 305 N⋅m (225 lb⋅ft). Though some variation exists, typically 155 hp (116 kW; 157 PS) is quoted as horsepower for 1990–92 applications. Applications: The SOHC version

6160-721: Was portrayed as the world’s No. 1 company for packaging technology . In 2018, Bosch decided to look for a new owner for this business. Bosch's in-house provider of assembly systems, Robert Bosch Manufacturing Solutions GmbH, Stuttgart, remains part of the Bosch Group; up to now, it has been part of the Packaging Technology division. In addition, the Bosch Connected Industry business unit, which develops software and carries out Industry 4.0 projects for internal and external customers, has been part of

6240-829: Was represented by trading partners on every continent: in 1906 in New York (U.S.) and Johannesburg (South Africa), in 1907 in Sydney (Australia), in 1908 in Buenos Aires (Argentina), in 1909 in Shanghai (China), in 1910 in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), and in 1911 in Tokyo (Japan). Bosch opened the first factory outside Germany in Paris, in 1905, and the first on another continent in 1912 in Springfield, Massachusetts (USA). In 1917, Bosch

6320-475: Was the 1970-1973 Ford Capri RS 2600. It was replaced with the RS 3100. Weslake developed a racing version of the engine, bored to 96 mm (3.78 in) to give 3.0 L; 182.8 cu in (2,995 cc) of displacement and producing in excess of 320 PS (235 kW; 316 hp). The second-generation Cologne V6 was introduced in 1974. It displaced 2.8 L; 170.4 cu in (2,792 cc) with

6400-568: Was transformed into a corporation and remained so until 1937, when Robert Bosch became the sole owner again after buying back his shares. In the process, the company became a limited liability company (GmbH). After the First World War, Bosch lost most of its international holdings, including its U.S. factories. The company had to largely rebuild its international activities. This included opening up further South American and Asian regions. In 1922, for example, Illies & Company established

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