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21-522: Fort Belvedere may refer to: Belvedere (fort) , a 16th-century fort in Florence, Italy, built by Grand Duke Ferdinando I de' Medici Fort Belvedere, Surrey , the country home of King Edward VIII, scene of his 1936 abdication "Fort Belvedere", a song by American postpunk band Live Skull from their 1986 album Cloud One See also [ edit ] Belvedere (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

42-450: A FOB that make extensive use of gabions are sleeping quarters, mess halls, or any place where there would be a large concentration of unprotected soldiers. Gabions are also used for aircraft revetments , blast walls, and similar structures. A gabion is often referred to as a " Hesco bastion ". Gabions may be used for attenuating dynamic load as those resulting from impacts by vehicles or rockfall for example. First, gabions may be suitable as

63-518: A structural consistency of 50 years. In the United States, gabion use within streams first began with projects completed from 1957 to 1965 on North River, Virginia, and Zealand River, New Hampshire. More than 150 grade-control structures, bank revetments and channel deflectors were constructed on the two U.S. Forest Service sites. Eventually, a large portion of the in-stream structures failed due to undermining and lack of structural integrity of

84-493: A tourist attraction and exhibition centre, hosting elite events and artistic exhibitions year round. On May 24, 2014, celebrity couple Kim Kardashian and Kanye West paid €300,000 to hire the fort as the venue for their lavish wedding. 43°45′48″N 11°15′13″E  /  43.763447°N 11.253519°E  / 43.763447; 11.253519 Gabions A gabion (from Italian gabbione meaning "big cage"; from Italian gabbia and Latin cavea meaning "cage")

105-739: A type of gabion called a Corbeille Leonard ("Leonard[o] basket") for the foundations of the San Marco Castle in Milan . The most common civil engineering use of gabions was refined and patented by Gaetano Maccaferri in the late 19th century in Sacerno, Emilia Romagna and used to stabilize shorelines, stream banks or slopes against erosion . Other uses include retaining walls, noise barriers , temporary flood walls , silt filtration from runoff, for small or temporary/permanent dams, river training, or channel lining. They may be used to direct

126-500: A vehicle restraint system in scenic lower speed roads. Second, when used as facing of earth-reinforced structures with a vertical face, gabions offer a more deformable surface to impact compared to other classical geotechnical alternatives. This higher deformability results from crushing and large displacements of the fill content. As a result, the impact load transmitted to the structure is reduced, due to both impact energy dissipation and peak force attenuation. In an optimization process,

147-459: Is a cage , cylinder or box filled with rocks, concrete, or sometimes sand and soil for use in civil engineering, road building, military applications and landscaping . For erosion control, caged riprap is used. For dams or in foundation construction, cylindrical metal structures are used. In a military context, earth- or sand-filled gabions are used to protect sappers , infantry, and artillerymen from enemy fire. Leonardo da Vinci designed

168-458: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Belvedere (fort) Forte Belvedere is the second and largest fortress to be built in Florence , Italy . It was designed and built by Bernardo Buontalenti over a five-year period, between 1590 and 1595, by order of Grand Duke Ferdinando I de' Medici . Fortifications were significant in

189-754: Is evident throughout the design. The walls are built at angles that allow for all the walls to be seen by another wall, allowing for cross fire to assist in protecting the other walls. The fort was connected to the Palazzo Vecchio via the Vasari Corridor . There were also passages connecting it to the Pitti Palace and paths leading through the Boboli Gardens . Frescos seen in the Palazzo Vecchio show an earlier version of

210-742: Is formed by modular wire mesh gabions containing locally quarried stone; this construction allows air movement through the building and creates an environment of moderate temperatures inside. There are various special designs of gabions to meet particular functional requirements and some special terms for particular forms have come into use. For example: Early gabions were round cages with open tops and bottoms, made from wickerwork and filled with earth for use as military fortifications . Willow twigs were brought from East Lothian to make gabions to protect gun emplacements in Edinburgh in April 1573, during

231-455: Is located at the most strategic point, overlooking almost the entire city and surrounding area. Due to the nature of Renaissance warfare, forts were paramount in a city's defensive strategy. The Fort served several purposes. Most importantly it was designed to protect the centre of government in Florence and the Medici family if the city came under attack. It was also constructed to protect

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252-572: The Pitti Palace , Oltrarno district and south end of the city. In addition to this, the fort served as a garrison for troops for over 100 years after its completion. Galileo Galilei used Forte Belvedere for his astronomical observations and after he was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1633, he lived not far from the fort in Villa Arcetri. The design of the fort reflects both Italian Renaissance and military architecture. Buontalenti's application of contemporary fortification principles

273-479: The gun , or rapidly construct a bulletproof parapet along a sap. During the Crimean War , local shortages of brushwood led to use of scrap hoop-iron from hay bales in its stead; this in turn led to purpose-built sheet-iron gabions. Today, gabions are often used to protect forward operating bases (FOBs) against explosive, fragmentary, indirect fires such as mortar or artillery fire. Examples of areas within

294-460: The 16th century and a demonstration of a city's wealth and capabilities. The fortress is located in the southern hills of the Arno River and on the highest hill of the Boboli Gardens . It had long been considered one of the weakest spots in the city's defenses, a sensation that only increased with the invention of artillery in the early modern era. From a military point of view, the fortress

315-588: The Medici family's treasures in the bottom of a well inside the building. Today the Forte di Belvedere constitutes a monumental, historic, artistic and environmental focal point, offering visitors sweeping views of Florence and an insight to Renaissance architecture and military activity. After five years of renovation to improve its safety features, the fort reopened to visitors in July 2013. It serves primarily as

336-614: The baskets. In particular, corrosion and abrasion of wires by bedload movement compromised the structures, which then sagged and collapsed into the channels. Other gabions were toppled into channels as trees grew and enlarged on top of gabion revetments, leveraging them toward the river channels. Gabions have also been used in building, as in the Dominus Winery in the Napa Valley , California , by architects Herzog & de Meuron , constructed between 1995 and 1997. The exterior

357-517: The force of a flow of flood water around a vulnerable structure. Gabions are also used as fish screens on small streams. Gabion stepped weirs are commonly used for river training and flood control; the stepped design enhances the rate of energy dissipation in the channel, and it is particularly well suited to the construction of gabion stepped weirs. A gabion wall is a retaining wall made of stacked stone-filled gabions tied together with wire. Gabion walls are usually battered (angled back towards

378-592: The fort, built of earth and stone gabions . The design of the fort demonstrated the power and prestige of the Medici Family . The opulent villa at the centre of the fortress, Palazzina di Belvedere, predates the fort and was designed by Bartolomeo Ammannati around 1570. As the fort's secondary purpose was to house the Grand Duke in times of unrest or epidemic, it was built as a comfortable, luxurious palace. It did not adhere to military purposes, housing

399-424: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Fort Belvedere . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Belvedere&oldid=818235509 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

420-463: The siege of Edinburgh Castle . These early military gabions were most often used to protect sappers and siege artillery gunners. The wickerwork cylinders were light and could be carried relatively conveniently in the ammunition train, particularly if they were made in several diameters to fit one inside another. At the site of use in the field, they could be stood on end, staked in position, and filled with soil to form an effective wall around

441-432: The slope), or stepped back with the slope, rather than stacked vertically. The life expectancy of gabions depends on the lifespan of the wire, not on the contents of the basket. The structure will fail when the wire fails. Galvanized steel wire is most common, but PVC -coated and stainless steel wire are also used. PVC-coated galvanized gabions have been estimated to survive for 60 years. Some gabion manufacturers guarantee

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