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59-658: Founded as the Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire , the society created some of the first game reserves and captive breeding programmes during the 20th century. The society's peer-reviewed scientific journal, now known as Oryx , has been publishing conservation science articles since 1904. Fauna & Flora International is constituted under English law as a company limited by guarantee and

118-404: A Press & Assessment Board; and to an Academic Publishing Committee and an English Language Teaching & Education Publishing Committee. The Press & Assessment Board was responsible for setting overarching strategic direction. The Publishing Committees provide quality assurance and formal approval of the publishing strategy. The operational responsibility of the press was delegated by

177-661: A Proteção da Natureza on the reintroduction of the Iberian lynx . In 2004, FFI facilitated the purchase of a former colonial cattle ranch in Kenya and conversion into Ol Pejeta Conservancy , a wildlife sanctuary for black rhinoceros and other rare megafauna. FFI also works to reduce human–elephant conflict through working with farmers. In 2000, an FFI-led expedition in the Cardamom Mountains in Cambodia led to

236-443: A book burning". The press pointed out that, at that time, it had already sold most of its copies of the book. The press defended its actions, saying it had acted responsibly and that it was a global publisher with a duty to observe the laws of many different countries. In this case, originally filed in 2008, CUP et al. accused Georgia State University of infringement of copyright. The case closed on 29 September 2020, with GSU as

295-714: A bookshop in Cambridge, sells through Amazon, and has a conference venues business in Cambridge at the Pitt Building and the Sir Geoffrey Cass Sports and Social Centre. It also served as the King's Printer . Cambridge University Press, as part of the University of Cambridge, was a non-profit organization. Cambridge University Press joined The Association of American Publishers trade organization in

354-451: A conservation tool has negative perceptions that impose harsh restrictions across several countries in Africa. Activities that induce hunting bans include canned hunting , shooting young or uncommon animals, shooting from vehicles, and the use of bait, spotlights and hounds, all hunting practices that raise ethical problems. Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press

413-555: A dramatic improvement on the types of wildlife that are present and the numerous species of birds that thrive in these environments . Wildlife conservation is a costly endeavor for most African countries. One of the more common forms of generating income to establish a sustainable economy to provide for wildlife conservation is known as wildlife viewing tourism. However, this attraction still does not generate enough to establish wildlife conservation. For regions that suffer political and economic instability, sustainable trophy hunting may be

472-682: A landmark agreement with the University of California. In its 2019 Annual Report, Cambridge University Press stated that it saw such agreements "as an important stepping stone in the transition to Open Access". In 2019, the press joined with the University of Cambridge 's research and teaching departments to give a unified response to Plan S , which calls for all publications resulting from publicly funded research to be published in compliant open access journals or platforms from 2020. The response emphasized Cambridge's commitment to an open access goal which works effectively for all academic disciplines,

531-513: A row with ethnic Karen people in Myanmar and indigenous rights groups over plans to protect up to 800,000 acres of pristine forest from poachers, loggers and palm oil companies. The initiative was seen as potentially displacing villages from ancestral lands without free, prior and informed consent , and having the potential to jeopardise a ceasefire agreement between the Myanmar government and

590-457: A single platform to access its publishing ("the home of academic content from Cambridge University Press" ). It provided significantly enhanced interfaces and upgraded navigation capabilities, as well as article-level and chapter-level content selection. A year after Cambridge Core went live, the press launched Cambridge Core Share, functionality to allow users to generate and share links with free access to selected journal articles, an early sign of

649-682: A successful list which includes its first humanities title, Modern Language Review . 1956 saw the first issue of the Journal of Fluid Mechanics . The press has published 170+ Nobel Prize winners , the first in 1895. In 1913, the Monotype system of hot-metal mechanised typesetting was introduced at the press. In 1949, the press opened its first international branch in New York. The press moved to its current site in Cambridge in 1963. The mid-century modern building, University Printing House,

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708-523: Is a registered charity with its head office in Cambridge . FFI has sister organisations in the U.S. and Australia, and a subsidiary in Singapore . FFI focuses on capacity building , community-based approaches and marine conservation . FFI has a long history of royal patronage dating back to Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII ), who became the group's patron in 1928. Queen Elizabeth II

767-487: Is actually no more than a department of the University, with no independent status of its own, governed by academic senior members of the University" and that it was not "an almost semi-independent 'international publisher'....Without adequate academic leadership, it would be all too easy for commercial concerns to override academic values, removing public benefit....If the Regent House does zippo to provide leadership on

826-472: The Carpathian Mountains of Romania , FFI works to reduce poaching of bears and wolves by reducing conflict between farmers and wildlife. FFI began work in Myanmar in 2008. In 2010, a research team including FFI described the Myanmar snub-nosed monkey , a new species. FFI also conducts sea turtle conservation. In 2018, The Guardian published an article claiming that FFI was embroiled in

885-751: The Gold Open Access and Green Open Access requirements of major research funders. It published Gold Open Access journals and books and works with publishing partners such as learned societies to develop Open Access for different communities. It supports Green Open Access (also called Green archiving) across its journals and monographs, allowing authors to deposit content in institutional and subject-specific repositories. It also supports sharing on commercial sharing sites through its Cambridge Core Share service. In recent years it has entered into several Read & Publish Open Access agreements with university libraries and consortia in several countries, including

944-639: The Hachette v. Internet Archive lawsuit which resulted in the removal of access to over 500,000 books from global readers. Cambridge University Press was the oldest university press in the world. It originated from letters patent granted to the University of Cambridge by Henry VIII in 1534. Cambridge was one of the two privileged presses (the other being Oxford University Press ). Authors published by Cambridge have included John Milton , William Harvey , Isaac Newton , Bertrand Russell , and Stephen Hawking . University printing began in Cambridge when

1003-513: The Karen National Union , which could lead to further conflict in the area. FFI responded by asserting that indigenous people are "at the heart" of their work and that any protected area boundaries will not be decided without free, prior and informed consent . In 2020, FFI were involved in the description of another new primate species, Trachypithecus popa , from Myanmar. There are thought to be around 200 individuals remaining in

1062-490: The 100 most sought after titles on Amazon.com and eBay in the United States. The press sent a letter to libraries asking them to remove copies from circulation. The press subsequently sent out copies of an "errata" sheet for the book. The American Library Association issued a recommendation to libraries still holding Alms for Jihad : "Given the intense interest in the book, and the desire of readers to learn about

1121-548: The 1850s. It was in this period that the press turned down what later became the Oxford English Dictionary – a proposal for which was brought to Cambridge by James Murray before he turned to Oxford. The press journals publishing programme began in 1893 with the Journal of Physiology and then the Journal of Hygiene and Biometrika . By 1910 the press had become a well-established journal publisher with

1180-574: The 2014 Hong Kong protests , and ethnic tensions in Xinjiang and Tibet . On 21 August 2017, in the face of growing international protests, Cambridge University Press announced it would immediately repost the articles to uphold the principle of academic freedom on which the university's work was founded. In a discussion reported in the Cambridge University Reporter , D.K.K.Chow declared, "Without academic leadership on

1239-575: The Act) was not exercised in the course of the actual carrying out of a primary purpose of the University". In November 1975, with CUP facing financial collapse, CUP's chief executive Geoffrey Cass wrote a 60-page "preliminary letter" to the Inland Revenue again seeking tax-exemption. A year later Cass's application was granted in a letter from the Inland Revenue, though the decision was not made public. After consulting CUP, Cambridge's 'sister' press,

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1298-672: The David Attenborough Building in Cambridge, FFI coordinates conservation programmes in countries across the Caribbean, Central America, Africa, Eurasia and the Asia-Pacific. The society's scientific journal – Oryx – The International Journal of Conservation – is published on its behalf by Cambridge University Press . Since 2008, FFI has also published the Cambodian Journal of Natural History ,

1357-578: The Empire was founded as a private organization in 1903 as by a group made up of members of the British aristocracy and American statesmen in colonies in Africa . A central founding figure was Edward Buxton , who had previously sought to protect areas of the UK. The goal of the society was to safeguard the future of southern Africa's large mammal populations, which had declined due to over-hunting and habitat encroachment, within game reserves . From 1903 to 1914,

1416-674: The Press Syndicate (formerly Curators)...However, the Council's report proposes a Press and Assessment Syndicate, without such academic leadership....The proposed change in composition of the Syndicate...is in stark contrast to the arguments used by the Press to obtain its current tax exemption. In a landmark letter to the Inland Revenue in 1975, Sir Geoffrey Cass, then Chief Executive of the Press, wrote: "The Press of Cambridge University

1475-621: The Press and Assessment Syndicate, treating Cambridge University Press and Cambridge Assessment as cash cows, there is little reason for the University to continue owning them." In 2007, controversy arose over the press's decision to destroy all remaining copies of its 2006 book Alms for Jihad: Charity and Terrorism in the Islamic World , by Burr and Collins, as part of the settlement of a lawsuit brought by Saudi billionaire Khalid bin Mahfouz . Within hours, Alms for Jihad became one of

1534-510: The Syndics to the secretary of the syndicate and chief executive. In 2020 the university announced its decision to merge Cambridge University Press with Cambridge Assessment . Until August 2021, Cambridge University Press had three publishing groups: From 1 August 2021 onwards, Cambridge University Press became solely the academic and bible publishing division of Cambridge University Press & Assessment . The English and education arms of

1593-438: The University of Cambridge. The press has, since 1698, been governed by the press 'Syndics' (originally known as the 'Curators'), 18 senior members of the University of Cambridge who, along with other non-executive directors, bring a range of subject and business expertise. The chair of the syndicate was currently Professor Stephen Toope (Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge ). The syndicate has delegated its powers to

1652-504: The area ( plants , animals, fungi, etc.). Many game reserves are located in Africa . Most are open to the public, and tourists commonly take sightseeing safaris . Historically, among the best-known hunting targets were the so-called Big Five game in Africa: rhinoceros ( white rhinoceros as well as black rhinoceros ), elephant , Cape buffalo , leopard , and lion , named so because of

1711-448: The biggest arguments in support of community-based conservation is that allowing people to gain economic benefits from wildlife incentivizes conservation. One country that benefits from adopting this strategy is Zambia. The Zambian government established a wildlife conservation fund to act as the responsible player for redistributing funds from the hunting industry into wildlife conservation and community development. Using game hunting as

1770-591: The controversy first hand, we recommend that U.S. libraries keep the book available for their users." The publisher's decision did not have the support of the book's authors and was criticized by some who claimed it was incompatible with freedom of speech and with freedom of the press and that it indicated that English defamation laws were excessively strict. In the New York Times Book Review (7 October 2007), United States Congressman Frank R. Wolf described Cambridge's settlement as "basically

1829-434: The difficulty and danger in hunting them. In a game reserve, ecosystems are protected and conservation is usually key. Indigenous wildlife in its natural habitat help in providing an environment where growth in numbers at a natural rate can occur. Some game reserves contain several ecosystems, ranging from valley bushveld , savannah grassland and fynbos to riverine forest and acacia woodland ; this provides

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1888-407: The exemption of its printing and publishing profits from taxation, equivalent to charitable status. After a November 1940 Inland Revenue hearing, CUP's application was refused "on the ground that, since the Press was printing and publishing for the outside world and not simply for the internal use of the University, the Press's trade went beyond the purpose and objects of the University and (in terms of

1947-775: The extinction of the Arabian oryx , Operation Oryx in collaboration with Phoenix Zoo during the 1960s and with follow-up during subsequent decades successfully re-established wild populations in Oman , Jordan and Saudi Arabia . The practice of captive breeding and release first pioneered during Operation Oryx are now widely used in conservation initiatives. The society was renamed the Fauna Preservation Society before being renamed Fauna and Flora Preservation Society in 1981 and finally to Fauna and Flora International in 1995. In addition to global headquarters in

2006-844: The first peer-reviewed journal in Cambodia, in partnership with the Royal University of Phnom Penh . FFI established the Mountain Gorilla Project in Rwanda in 1979 at the request of David Attenborough following the broadcast of Life on Earth . It is now known as the International Gorilla Conservation Programme and is run jointly with the World Wide Fund for Nature . In Portugal , FFI works with Liga para

2065-610: The first practising University Printer, Thomas Thomas, set up a printing house in 1584. The first publication was a book, Two Treatises of the Lord His Holie Supper . In 1591, the first Cambridge Bible was printed by John Legate and in 1629, Cambridge folio edition of the King James Bible was printed by Thomas and John Buck. In July 1697, the Duke of Somerset made a loan of £200 to the university "towards

2124-593: The future of nature conservation . Modern scholars have characterised these early efforts as extensions of colonialism . Kruger National Park in South Africa , Serengeti National Park in Tanzania , and several game reserves in Kenya , among others, were first established through the work of the Society. The society also pioneered the practice of captive breeding and species reintroduction . In response to

2183-610: The giant Oxford University Press presented their own submission and received similar exemption. In 2003 OUP's tax exemption was publicly attacked by Joel Rickett of The Bookseller in The Guardian . In 2007, with the new 'public benefit' requirement of the revised Charities Act, the issue was re-examined with particular reference to the OUP. In 2008 CUP's and OUP's privilege was attacked by rival publishers. In 2009 The Guardian invited author Andrew Malcolm to write an article on

2242-444: The harvesting of the critically endangered Cinnamomum parthenoxylon . This operation is thought to have significantly disrupted the ecstasy market worldwide. FFI also coordinates a master's degree in biodiversity conservation in partnership with the Royal University of Phnom Penh . Cambodia designated its first marine protected area around Koh Rong in 2016 following several years of collaboration with FFI and other partners. In

2301-407: The land for hunting; however, as the quality of hunting decreases, leases are shortened, causing an overall negative impact on the economy. Many African countries benefit from community-based conservation. This concept explores the relationship between wildlife and people and the notion that conserving every animal is also not sustainable because certain animals threaten human lives and crops. One of

2360-466: The latter was supported by over 130 other organisations. Game reserve A game reserve (also known as a game park ) is a large area of land where wild animals are hunted in a controlled way for sport. If hunting is prohibited, a game reserve may be considered a nature reserve ; however, the focus of a game reserve is specifically the animals ( fauna ), whereas a nature reserve is also, if not equally, concerned with all aspects of native biota of

2419-409: The matter, the University's basic ethical values were cast aside by commercial considerations. This instigated public debate, which would have been avoided had academic leadership been more vigilant, causing unnecessary damage to the University's reputation. The Press statement explained that lack of academic leadership was to blame: 'This decision was taken as a temporary measure pending discussion with

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2478-403: The only feasible source of sufficient income. Once established, another aspect to consider is the management of the land being used for hunting. Naturally, wildlife decreases with the increase of human presence which puts a strain on the quality of hunting. Generally, leases for hunting concessions are set up to last for multiple years all at once to encourage hunting operators to continue to manage

2537-407: The organisation merged with the equivalent departments of Cambridge Assessment to form new, merged divisions. In 2011, Cambridge University Press adopted SAP software. Cambridge University Press works closely with IT services firm Tech Mahindra on SAP, and with Cognizant and Wipro on other systems. In 2016, Cambridge Books Online and Cambridge Journals Online were replaced by Cambridge Core –

2596-405: The press's commitment to open research. In 2020, partnered with online library Perlego to offer students access to digital textbooks. In 2021, the press acquired CogBooks. The technology adapts and responds to users, "recommending course material needed to optimise learning". In 2021, the press began migrating its website onto Drupal . In May 1940, CUP applied to the Inland Revenue for

2655-437: The prevailing party. On 18 August 2017, following an "instruction" from a Chinese import agency, Cambridge University Press used the functionality that had been built into Cambridge Core to temporarily delete politically sensitive articles from The China Quarterly on its Chinese website. The articles focused on topics China regards as taboo, including the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre , Mao Zedong 's Cultural Revolution ,

2714-501: The printing house and press" and James Halman , Registrary of the university, lent £100 for the same purpose. A new home for the press, The Pitt Building, on Trumpington Street in the centre of Cambridge was completed in 1833, which was designed by Edward Blore . It became a listed building in 1950. In the early 1800s, the press pioneers the development of stereotype printing , allowing successive printings from one setting. The press began using steam-powered machine presses by

2773-609: The rediscovery of the critically endangered Siamese crocodile in the wild, previously thought extinct. Since then, FFI established and continues to run a captive breeding and release program at Phnom Tamao Wildlife Rescue Centre that has increased the wild population. In 2009, FFI, Cambodian authorities and Wildlife Alliance coordinated a crackdown on illegal sassafras oil production, a prerequisite for recreational drug MDMA , in Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary in response to its role in deforestation and

2832-430: The scans on the website their only public source. In 2021, the documents were cited in a discussion on the formation of Cambridge University Press & Assessment reported in the Cambridge University Reporter . D.D.K.Chow of Trinity College, expressed concerns about the lack of academic leadership of the new body: "For 323 years, the Press has been tightly controlled under the University's academic leadership through

2891-460: The shop expanded into 27 Market Hill where its specialist Education and English Language Teaching shop opened the following year. The press bookshop sells Press books as well as Cambridge souvenirs such as mugs, diaries, bags, postcards, maps. In 1993, the Cass Centre was opened to provide sports and social facilities for employees and their families. In 1999, Cambridge Dictionaries Online

2950-523: The society lobbied the British colonial government to protect areas of natural resources, control the ivory trade and change the policy of exterminating wildlife to control tsetse flies . The Society played a major part in legislation which controlled hunting and preserved habitat in East Africa and South Africa , paving the way for the formation of some of the first National Parks and influencing

3009-537: The subject. In 2007, from the National Archives at Kew, Malcolm obtained scans of CUP's unsuccessful applications for tax-exemption made in the 1940s and 1950s and their later successful applications in the 1970s. He then indexed and posted these on the Akmedea website. Late in 2020, the papers held at Kew were withdrawn from public access and ruled closed for 50 years until 1 January 2029. This rendered

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3068-492: The wild. FFI was one of the organisations that successfully campaigned for the banning of microbeads in cosmetic products in the UK in 2019 over concerns that it contributes to marine plastic pollution . In 2020, FFI called on governments worldwide to adopt a moratorium on all deep sea mining , citing its impact on marine life and launched a campaign calling for $ 500 billion per year to be invested to protecting wildlife. Both campaigns were supported by David Attenborough and

3127-531: Was FFI's patron for 68 years after her ascension to the throne until this was delegated to Prince William, Duke of Cambridge in October 2020 to align with his "longstanding work around conservation and support for communities protecting their natural environment for future generations." Princess Laurentien of the Netherlands is FFI's current president. The Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of

3186-491: Was called Cambridge University Press & Assessment . In 2022, Amira Bennison was elected chair of the Cambridge University Press academic committee, replacing Kenneth Armstrong. Cambridge University Press has stated its support for a sustainable transition to open access . It offers a range of open access publishing options under the heading of Cambridge Open, allowing authors to comply with

3245-423: Was constructed in 1961–1963. The building was designed by Beard, Bennett, Wilkins and Partners. In 1975, the press launched its English language teaching publishing business. In 1981, the press moved to a new site on Shaftsbury Road. The Edinburgh Building was purpose-built with an adjoining warehouse to accommodate the press's expansion. It was built in 1979–80 by International Design and Construction. The site

3304-519: Was demolished in 2017 to make way for the construction of Cambridge Assessment 's Triangle Building. In 1989, the press acquired the long-established Bible and prayer-book publisher Eyre & Spottiswoode , which gave the press the ancient and unique title of The Queen's Printer. In 1992, the press opened a bookshop at 1 Trinity Street, Cambridge , which was the oldest-known bookshop site in Britain as books have been sold there since 1581. In 2008

3363-600: Was financially sustainable for institutions and high-quality peer review, and which leads to an orderly transition. The press was a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association and the International Association of STM Publishers. In 2023, more than 50 per cent of Cambridge University Press research articles are in open access mode. Cambridge University Press was a non-teaching department of

3422-512: Was launched. In 2012, the press sold its printing operation to MPG Books Group and now uses third parties around the world to provide its print publications. In 2019, the press released a new concept in scholarly publishing through Cambridge Elements where authors whose works are either too short to be printed as a book or too long to qualify as a journal article could have these published within 12 weeks. In 2021, Cambridge University Press merged with Cambridge Assessment . The new organisation

3481-763: Was the university press of the University of Cambridge . Granted a letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it was the oldest university press in the world. Cambridge University Press merged with Cambridge Assessment to form Cambridge University Press and Assessment under Queen Elizabeth II 's approval in August 2021. With a global sales presence, publishing hubs, and offices in more than 40 countries , it published over 50,000 titles by authors from over 100 countries. Its publications include more than 420 academic journals , monographs , reference works , school and university textbooks, and English language teaching and learning publications. It also published Bibles, runs

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