The face is the front of an animal's head that features the eyes , nose and mouth , and through which animals express many of their emotions . The face is crucial for human identity , and damage such as scarring or developmental deformities may affect the psyche adversely.
57-533: The front of the human head is called the face. It includes several distinct areas, of which the main features are: Facial appearance is vital for human recognition and communication . Facial muscles in humans allow expression of emotions . The face is itself a highly sensitive region of the human body and its expression may change when the brain is stimulated by any of the many human senses , such as touch , temperature , smell , taste , hearing , movement , hunger , or visual stimuli . The face
114-451: A caricature form. By extension, anything which is the forward or world-facing part of a system which has internal structure is considered its "face", like the façade of a building. For example, a public relations or press officer might be called the "face" of the organization he or she represents. "Face" is also used metaphorically in a sociological context to refer to reputation or standing in society, particularly Chinese society, and
171-533: A cosmetic product owned by P&G, was found to contain banned heavy metals in China in 2006. Another study found that women who had recently moved to Vancouver, Canada from East and South Asia had higher levels of lead in their blood than South and East Asian immigrants who had been living in Canada for longer. One of sources of lead was determined to be some facial powders marketed in various regions of Asia. Due to
228-464: A covering that meets sensory needs in some neurodivergent people, or a fashion accessory. Hats can also be indicative of social status in some areas of the world. While numerous charts detailing head sizes in infants and children exist, most do not measure average head circumference past the age of 21. Reference charts for adult head circumference also generally feature homogeneous samples and fail to take height and weight into account. One study in
285-464: A face is not merely a set of facial features, but is rather something meaningful in its form. This is consistent with the Gestalt theory that an image is seen in its entirety, not by its individual parts. According to Gary L. Allen, people adapted to respond more to faces during evolution as the natural result of being a social species. Allen suggests that the purpose of recognizing faces has its roots in
342-542: A face more easily recognized in association with a pronounced portion of the face of the individual in question—for example, a caricature of Osama bin Laden might focus on his facial hair and nose; a caricature of George W. Bush might enlarge his ears to the size of an elephant's; a caricature of Jay Leno may pronounce his head and chin; and a caricature of Mick Jagger might enlarge his lips. Exaggeration of memorable features helps people to recognize others when presented in
399-447: A few exceptions to this law. Animal testing data for cosmetics can be used if the data for the ingredient used in the cosmetic originated from testing for non-cosmetic products. Secondly, if a country outside of the EU requires animal testing and the cosmetic product was tested in that country, the ban also does not apply. Cosmetic tests on animals are still legal in several countries, such as
456-656: A lot of good heads in this company"). Ancient Greeks had a method for evaluating sexual attractiveness based on the Golden ratio , part of which included measurements of the head. Headhunting is the practice of taking and preserving a person's head after killing the person. Headhunting has been practiced across the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Oceania for millennia. Headpieces can signify status, origin, religious/spiritual beliefs, social grouping, team affiliation, occupation, or fashion choices. In many cultures, covering
513-446: A nose and tongue inside of the mouth. It also houses the brain . Together, these organs function as a processing center for the body by relaying sensory information to the brain. Humans can process information faster by having this central nerve cluster. For humans , the front of the head (the face) is the main distinguishing feature between different people due to its easily discernible features, such as eye and hair colors, shapes of
570-558: A number of religions require men to wear specific head clothing—such as the Islamic taqiyah , Jewish yarmulke , or the Sikh turban . The same goes for women with the Muslim hijab or Christian nun's habit . A hat is a head covering that can serve a variety of purposes. Hats may be worn as part of a uniform or used as a protective device, such as a hard hat , a covering for warmth,
627-622: A person's reactions and predict the probability of ensuing behaviors". One study used the Multimodal Emotion Recognition Test to attempt to determine how to measure emotion. This research aimed at using a measuring device to accomplish what many people do every day: read emotion in a face. The muscles of the face play a prominent role in the expression of emotion, and vary among different individuals, giving rise to additional diversity in expression and facial features. People are also relatively good at determining if
SECTION 10
#1732764985419684-401: A physical or aesthetic change, but one with potentially wide-ranging implications on psychological well-being and, more broadly, the perpetuation of racist ideologies and beauty standards.” Some components found in cosmetics, as well as their production, have been found to have negative environmental impact. For example, Palm oil is found in lipstick, and shampoo. Palm oil is connected to
741-481: A smile is real or fake. A recent study looked at individuals judging forced and genuine smiles. While young and elderly participants equally could tell the difference for smiling young people, the "older adult participants outperformed young adult participants in distinguishing between posed and spontaneous smiles". This suggests that with experience and age, we become more accurate at perceiving true emotions across various age groups. Gestalt psychologists theorize that
798-440: A version of a gene associated with lip thickness – possibly selected for due to adaption to cold climate via fat distribution – introgressed from ancient humans – Denisovans – into the modern humans Native Americans . Another study found look-alike humans ( doppelgängers ) have genetic similarities, sharing genes affecting not only the face but also some phenotypes of physique and behavior . A study identified genes controlling
855-442: A way of notionally indicating that they have a "larger head". Additionally, in science fiction , an extraterrestrial having a big head is often symbolic of high intelligence. Despite this depiction, advances in neurobiology have shown that the functional diversity of the brain means that a difference in overall brain size is only slightly to moderately correlated to differences in overall intelligence between two humans. The head
912-405: Is a source for many metaphors and metonymies in human language , including referring to things typically near the human head ( "the head of the bed"), things physically similar to the way a head is arranged spatially to a body ("the head of the table"), metaphorically ("the head of the class"), and things that represent some characteristics associated with the head, such as intelligence ("there are
969-432: Is considered a major factor in human well-being and the perception of health in humans. Genes are a major factor in the particular appearance of a person's face with the high similarity of faces of identical twins indicating that most of facial variability is determined genetically. Studies have identified genes and gene regions determining face shape and differences in various facial features. A 2021 study found that
1026-415: Is dominated by a small number of multinational corporations that originated in the early 20th century, but the distribution and sale of cosmetics is spread among a wide range of different businesses. Cosmetics must be safe when customers use them in accordance with the label's instructions or in the conventional or expected manner. One measure a producer may take to guarantee the safety of a cosmetic product
1083-483: Is known for its mass production of hair and makeup products which are produced in mass and sold in drug stores in America as well as internationally. L'Oreal has gained popularity especially due to its app Makeup Genius which allows users to try on makeup using their phone camera in addition to working with Los Angeles-based NYX Cosmetics and Estee Lauder's MAC Cosmetics , L'Oreal is one of the leading cosmetic brands in
1140-512: Is product testing. FDA occasionally does testing as part of its research program or when looking into potential safety issues with a product. Both the cosmetics business and consumers can benefit from the FDA's resources on product testing. The largest cosmetic companies are L'Oreal , Estée Lauder , Coty , Nivea , Shiseido and Chanel . The market volume of the cosmetics industry in Europe and
1197-454: Is seen as useful, motivating recipients to visit a store to test the cosmetics or talk to sales representatives. Useful content included special sales offerings and new product information rather than information about makeup trends. Many companies advertise white or light skin as not only a cosmetic change, but a lifestyle change. White beauty implies a lifestyle of “sophistication, beauty, power, and wealth.” Mass advertising and marketing from
SECTION 20
#17327649854191254-408: Is spoken of as a resource which can be won or lost. Because of the association with individuality, the anonymous person is sometimes referred to as "faceless". Human head In human anatomy, the head is at the top of the human body . It supports the face and is maintained by the skull , which itself encloses the brain . The human head consists of a fleshy outer portion, which surrounds
1311-665: Is tested by determining the concentration at which it will kill 50% of the test animals. Due to public outcry as well as financial and temporal considerations, animal testing in cosmetics has steadily been decreasing over time and replaced with non-animal tests. One of these non-animal tests is the Environmental Protection Agency ’s ToxCast which has a similar accuracy compared to animal tests but achieves results with fewer economic costs and less time. An EU ban of marketing cosmetic products which have been tested on animals became effective in 2013. There are
1368-417: Is the feature which best distinguishes a person . Specialized regions of the human brain , such as the fusiform face area (FFA), enable facial recognition; when these are damaged , it may be impossible to recognize faces even of intimate family members. The pattern of specific organs, such as the eyes, or of parts of them, is used in biometric identification to uniquely identify individuals. The shape of
1425-479: The exposome (such as harmful substances of the general environment, workplace and cosmetics), psychological factors, and behavior (such as smoking, sleep, physical activity and sun damage ). Mechanisms underlying these include changes related to peptides (notably collagen ), inflammation , production of various proteins (notably elastin and other ECM proteins ), the structure of subcutaneous tissue , hormones , fibers (such as elastic fibers or elasticity) and
1482-509: The fusiform gyrus , is activated by faces, and it is activated differently for shy and social people. A study confirmed that "when viewing images of strangers, shy adults exhibited significantly less activation in the fusiform gyri than did social adults". Furthermore, particular areas respond more to a face that is considered attractive, as seen in another study: "Facial beauty evokes a widely distributed neural network involving perceptual, decision-making and reward circuits. In those experiments,
1539-569: The skin barrier . The desire of many to look young for their age and/or attractive has led to the establishment of a large cosmetics industry , which is largely concerned with make-up that is applied on top of the skin (topically) to temporarily change appearance but it or dermatology also develop anti-aging products (and related products and procedures) that in some cases affect underlying biology and are partly applied preventively. Facial traits are also used in biometrics and there have been attempts at reproducible quantifications. Skin health
1596-476: The "parent-infant attraction, a quick and low-effort means by which parents and infants form an internal representation of each other, reducing the likelihood that the parent will abandon his or her offspring because of recognition failure". Allen's work takes a psychological perspective that combines evolutionary theories with Gestalt psychology. Research has indicated that certain areas of the brain respond particularly well to faces. The fusiform face area , within
1653-597: The French federation for the perfume industry). France is another country in which the cosmetic industry plays an important role, both nationally and internationally. Most products with a label, " Made in France " are valued on the international market. According to data from 2008, the cosmetic industry has grown constantly in France for 40 consecutive years. Famous cosmetic brands produced in France include Vichy, Yves Saint Laurent , Yves Rocher , Bioderma and L'Oreal . L'Oreal
1710-561: The US and Europe, as well as multiple mass media forms are used to reach other cultures to influence their purchasing habits. Many of the skin lightening products sold usually have celebrity endorsements, further increasing sales and the desire for lighter skin. These products can cause serious damage to skin and pose a health risk to the consumer. In a study done by S. S. Agrawal and Pallavi Sharma on eleven skin lightening products sold in India, it
1767-399: The US, Japan, Russia, and China. There are a number of cosmetics companies that claim they are “cruelty-free,” such as Bath & Body Works , Aveda , ELF , and Milani, but some argue that because the label of “cruelty-free” both lacks regulation and standardized third-party certification, it has little real weight. Brands that claim to be cruelty free often advertize this with a logo of
Face - Misplaced Pages Continue
1824-711: The United States and Italy. The Belarusian cosmetics market consists of Belarusian companies. There are more than 20 cosmetic companies in Belarus - Belita, Vitex, Lux Visage, Mastige, Modum, Rekish Cosmetics. The volume of the cosmetic market is more than 300 million euros per year. The cosmetic industry in Asia is mainly dominated by regional cosmetic brands. Shiseido Co. LTD, A popular cosmetic brand based in Japan, has 82.1% of its sales in Asia. No other Western company in
1881-668: The United States due to their quality and affordability. The U.S. has held the same regulation over this industry since 1938 under the FD&;C Act, which has gained additional amendments over time. Canada is a big influencer in the American beauty industry due to its proximity to the United States and because it falls under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This agreement “eliminates most tariffs on products traded between Canada, Mexico, and
1938-473: The United States estimated the average human head circumference to be 57 centimetres ( 22 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) in males and 55 centimetres ( 21 + 3 ⁄ 4 in) in females. A British study by Newcastle University showed an average size of 57.2 cm for males and 55.2 cm for females with average size varying proportionally with height Macrocephaly can be an indicator of increased risk for some types of cancer in individuals who carry
1995-512: The United States is about EUR €70 billion per year, according to a 2005 publication. The worldwide cosmetics and perfume industry currently generates an estimated annual turnover of US$ 170 billion (according to Eurostaf – May 2007). Europe is the leading market, representing approximately €63 billion . Within the United States, the state of California has the largest concentration of beauty establishments in America at 25.5%, followed by New Jersey at 8.1% of American beauty establishments. Since 2016,
2052-613: The United States," and allows Canada to trade superfluously. Canada accounts for an estimated 13.6% of imports and 19.9% of cosmetic exports in 2018. Because Mexico also benefits from the NAFTA trade agreement, they represent another top cosmetic importer and exporter for lower-priced beauty products which are manufactured in mass and sold in large drug store chains in America. Cosmetic sales in France reached €6.5 billion in 2006, according to FIPAR (Fédération des Industries de la Parfumerie –
2109-708: The United States. According to the company's latest financial report of 2017, North America accounted for 13.6% of the company's global cosmetic sales. In Germany , the cosmetic industry generated €12.6 billion of retail sales in 2008, which, at the time, made the German cosmetic industry the third largest in the world after Japan and the United States. It has been shown that Germany's cosmetic industry grew nearly 5 percent in one year, from 2007 to 2008. German exports in this industry reached €5.8 billion in 2008, whereas imports of cosmetics totaled €3 billion. Germany gains most of its imported cosmetics from France, Switzerland,
2166-552: The West, such as celebrity appearances and references to science, did not sway a sample group of respondents to purchase the foreign brands. However, despite the lack of Western cosmetic presence, the growing trend of “fair skin”, or whiting one's skin, can expose consumers skin to harmful chemicals when using “fairness creams”. While there has been significant economic growth in many Asian markets, regulation pertaining to chemicals in cosmetic products has been concurrently lacking. SK-II,
2223-737: The beauty industry. Because the US dollar is so valuable to other countries around the world, it has become extremely expensive for most countries to import American beauty products and to export their own products to America. However, there are a few countries with beauty products that are in popular demand in America due to their quality and value including France, Canada, Italy, and the United Kingdom. As of 2018, “These four countries account for 45.2% of all industry imports as domestic consumers demand luxury products”. South Korean and Japanese skincare products which are designed to be more gentle and innovative, are also becoming more popularized in
2280-399: The bony skull . The brain is enclosed within the skull. There are 22 bones in the human head. The head rests on the neck , and the seven cervical vertebrae support it. The human head typically weighs between 2.3 and 5 kilograms (5.1 and 11.0 lb) Over 98% of humans fit into this range. There have been odd incidences where human beings have abnormally small or large heads. The Zika virus
2337-452: The destruction of forests and habitats of endangered species, including orangutans, tigers, elephants, and rhinos. Animal testing has been a large controversy in the cosmetic industry. Animal tests performed include the Draize eye irritancy test , where test chemicals are applied to rabbits’ eyes and left on for several days, and toxicity tests such as LD50 , where a substance's toxicity
Face - Misplaced Pages Continue
2394-568: The face is influenced by the bone-structure of the skull , and each face is unique through the anatomical variation present in the bones of the viscerocranium (and neurocranium ). The bones involved in shaping the face are mainly the maxilla , mandible , nasal bone , zygomatic bone , and frontal bone . Also important are various soft tissues , such as fat , hair and skin (of which color may vary). The face changes over time, and features common in children or babies , such as prominent buccal fat-pads disappear over time, their role in
2451-535: The genetic mutation that causes Cowden syndrome . For adults, this refers to head sizes greater than 58 centimeters in men or greater than 57 centimeters in women. Cosmetics industry The cosmetic industry describes the industry that manufactures and distributes cosmetic products. These include colour cosmetics, like foundation and mascara, skincare such as moisturisers and cleansers, haircare such as shampoos, conditioners and hair colours, and toiletries such as bubble bath and soap. The manufacturing industry
2508-446: The head is provided by the cervical nerves . Modern texts are in agreement about which areas of the skin are served by which nerves , but there are minor variations in some of the details. The borders designated by diagrams in the 1918 edition of Gray's Anatomy are similar but not identical to those generally accepted today. The cutaneous innervation of the head is as follows: The head contains sensory organs : two eyes, two ears,
2565-461: The head is seen as a sign of respect. Often, some or all of the head must be covered and veiled when entering holy places or places of prayer. For many centuries, women in Europe, the Middle East , and South Asia have covered their head hair as a sign of modesty. This trend has changed drastically in Europe in the 20th century, although is still observed in other parts of the world. In addition,
2622-728: The infant being to stabilize the cheeks during suckling . While the buccal fat-pads often diminish in size, the prominence of bones increase with age as they grow and develop. Facial shape – such as facial symmetry – is an important determinant of beauty . Visible variable features of the face other than shapes and proportions include color (paleness, sun tan and genetic default pigmentation ), hair (length, color , loss , graying ), wrinkles , facial hair (e.g. beards ), skin sagging, discolorations ( dark spots , freckles and eye circles ), pore -variabilities, skin blemishes ( pimples , scars , burn marks ). Many of these features can also vary over time due to aging , skin care , nutrition,
2679-607: The number of cosmetic stores rises between 3 and 4% each year and employment in this division is rising each year 13-16%. California has the largest concentration due to social media marketing from celebrities and ‘beauty gurus’. For example, Kylie Jenner 's company Kylie Cosmetics , is valued at $ 800 million and sold an estimated $ 330 million worth of makeup in 2017. YouTube and social media influencers Jeffree Star (Jeffree Star Cosmetics), and Michelle Phan (Ipsy), and pop-star Rihanna with her Fenty Beauty line of cosmetics, have also contributed to California's rising popularity in
2736-501: The perceptual response across FFA and LOC remained present even when subjects were not attending explicitly to facial beauty". Cosmetic surgery can be used to alter the appearance of the facial features. Maxillofacial surgery may also be used in cases of facial trauma , injury to the face and skin diseases. Severely disfigured individuals have recently received full face transplants and partial transplants of skin and muscle tissue. Caricatures often exaggerate facial features to make
2793-412: The popularity of cosmetics, especially fragrances and perfumes , many designers who are not necessarily involved in the cosmetic industry came up with different perfumes carrying their names. Moreover, some actors and singers have their own perfume line (such as Celine Dion ). Designer perfumes are, like any other designer products, the most expensive in the industry as the consumer pays not only for
2850-463: The product but also for the brand. The cosmetic industry worldwide seems to be continuously developing, now more than ever with the advent of the Internet companies. Many famous companies sell their cosmetic products online also, in countries in which they do not have representatives. Research on the email marketing of cosmetics to consumers suggests they are goal-oriented with email content that
2907-449: The sensory organs, and the wrinkles. Humans easily differentiate between faces because of the brain's predisposition toward facial recognition. When observing a relatively unfamiliar species, all faces seem nearly identical. Human infants are biologically programmed to recognize subtle differences in anthropomorphic facial features. People who have greater than average intelligence are sometimes depicted in cartoons as having bigger heads as
SECTION 50
#17327649854192964-404: The shape of the nose and chin. Biological databases may be used to aggregate and discover associations between facial phenotypes and genes. Faces are essential to expressing emotion , consciously or unconsciously. A frown denotes disapproval; a smile usually means someone is pleased. Being able to read emotion in another's face is "the fundamental basis for empathy and the ability to interpret
3021-453: The skull ( external carotid artery ) and inside of the skull ( internal carotid artery ). The area inside the skull also receives blood supply from the vertebral arteries , which travel up through the cervical vertebrae. The twelve pairs of cranial nerves provide the majority of nervous control to the head. The sensation to the face is provided by the branches of the trigeminal nerve , the fifth cranial nerve . Sensation to other portions of
3078-403: The top 10 match these kinds of regional sales. Furthermore, geographic dispersion of sales by Asian cosmetic companies in Asia accounted for 92.42% of sales, while geographic dispersion of assets of Asian cosmetic companies in Asia was 87.05%. Western cosmetic companies often have failed to gain footholds in various countries. For example, in Japan, many advertisement campaigns that find success in
3135-408: The world are purchasing skin lightening creams. Choma and Prusaczyk's survey of women of color in the US and India “show[s] that chronic surveillance of skin tone predicts skin tone dissatisfaction and skin bleaching.” Some companies in the cosmetic industry have capitalized off of the cultural pressure and standards for having lighter skin. This study concluded that “skin bleaching is not merely
3192-608: Was found that “ mercury was detected in all the samples of the skin lightening creams in the range of 0.14–0.36 ppm.” This study also observed that none of the brands tested include mercury as an ingredient on the packaging, which may mislead consumers regarding health risks. In a report by the World Health Organization , it was stated that “skin whitening products can cause leukemia, liver and kidney cancer and could also result in severe skin conditions.” Though these health risks exist, women of color in many parts of
3249-400: Was responsible for underdeveloped heads in the early 2000s. The face is the anterior part of the head, containing the eyes , nose , and mouth . On either side of the mouth, the cheeks provide a fleshy border to the oral cavity . The ears sit to either side of the head. The head receives blood supply through the internal and external carotid arteries . These supply the area outside of
#418581