The Myers–Briggs Type Indicator ( MBTI ) is a self-report questionnaire that makes pseudoscientific claims to categorize individuals into 16 distinct " psychological types " or "personality types".
57-495: [REDACTED] Look up Fe , fe , fé , or FE in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Fe or FE may refer to: Arts and entertainment [ edit ] Carolyn Fe , Filipina singer and actress Fe (Reyli album) Fe (singer) , a British singer-songwriter "Fe" (song) , a song by Jorge González Fe (Souled American album) Fe (video game) ,
114-452: A chemical element Field emission , an emission of electrons induced by external electromagnetic fields Faraday efficiency , the efficiency of a catalyst in electrochemistry Technology [ edit ] Ford FE engine , a Ford V8 motor hydrocarbon engine Eleventh generation Honda Civic FE, part of Mazda's F engine family Nikon FE , a 35 mm SLR camera Flight engineer , aircraft crew member that monitor and operate
171-509: A class of auto racing using electrically powered cars Dominical letter FE, for a leap year starting on Tuesday Extraverted feeling, in the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator José María Pérez, Cuba , formerly known as El Fe Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Fe . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
228-532: A clear preference. Point scores on each of the dichotomies can vary considerably from person to person, even among those with the same type. However, Isabel Myers considered the direction of the preference (for example, E vs. I) to be more important than the degree of the preference (for example, very clear vs. slight). The expression of a person's psychological type is more than the sum of the four individual preferences. The preferences interact through type dynamics and type development . Myers–Briggs literature uses
285-592: A former Spanish political organization Fe (baseball) , a Cuban League baseball team Forsvarets Efterretningstjeneste , the Danish Defence Intelligence Service Fuji Electric , a Japanese company Primaris Airlines (IATA code FE) Science and technology [ edit ] Mathematics [ edit ] Fixed effects model , a statistical model parameter which is fixed or non-random Physics and chemistry [ edit ] Iron , symbol Fe,
342-614: A four-letter test result representing one of 16 possible types, such as "INFP" or "ESTJ". The perceived accuracy of test results relies on the Barnum effect , flattery , and confirmation bias , leading participants to personally identify with descriptions that are somewhat desirable, vague, and widely applicable. As a psychometric indicator, the test exhibits significant deficiencies, including poor validity , poor reliability , measuring supposedly dichotomous categories that are not independent , and not being comprehensive. Most of
399-454: A given set of rules. Those who prefer feeling tend to come to decisions by associating or empathizing with the situation, looking at it 'from the inside' and weighing the situation to achieve, on balance, the greatest harmony, consensus and fit, considering the needs of the people involved. Thinkers usually have trouble interacting with people who are inconsistent or illogical, and tend to give very direct feedback to others. They are concerned with
456-546: A project of reading biographies and subsequently developed a typology wherein she proposed four temperaments: meditative (or thoughtful), spontaneous , executive , and social . After the publication in 1923 of an English translation of Carl Jung's book Psychological Types (first published in German as Psychologische Typen in 1921), Briggs recognized that Jung's theory resembled, but went far beyond, her own. Briggs's four types were later identified as corresponding to
513-462: A sequence of four cognitive functions (thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition), each having one of two polar tendencies (extraversion or introversion), giving a total of eight dominant functions. The MBTI is based on these eight hypothetical functions, although with some differences in expression from Jung's model. While the Jungian model proposes the first three dichotomies, Myers and Briggs added
570-624: A series of category mistakes; it provides, at best, a limited and incomplete account of type related phenomena"; and "type dynamics relies on anecdotal evidence, fails most efficacy tests, and does not fit the empirical facts". His studies gave the clear result that the descriptions and workings of type dynamics do not fit the real behavior of people. He suggests getting completely rid of type dynamics, because it does not help, but hinders understanding of personality. The presumed order of functions 1 to 4 did only occur in one out of 540 test results. The four pairs of preferences or "dichotomies" are shown in
627-685: A third and a half of the published material on the MBTI has been produced for the special conferences of the Center for the Application of Psychological Type (which provide the training in the MBTI, and are funded by sales of the MBTI) or as papers in the Journal of Psychological Type (which is edited and supported by Myers–Briggs advocates and by sales of the indicator). It has been argued that this reflects
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#1732765885548684-507: A video game developed by Zoink Games and published by Electronic Arts Fallen Earth , a computer game Fire Emblem , a series of video games developed by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo Education [ edit ] FE exam or Fundamentals of Engineering exam Further education , post-16, non-university education in the UK Organizations [ edit ] Falange Española (Spanish Phalanx),
741-459: Is directed outward toward people and objects, whereas the introvert's is directed inward toward concepts and ideas. Contrasting characteristics between extraverted and introverted people include: Jung identified two pairs of psychological functions: According to Jung's typology model, each person uses one of these four functions more dominantly and proficiently than the other three; however, all four functions are used at different times depending on
798-403: Is dominant in an individual, a majority of the time. In MBTI theory, the four categories are introversion/extraversion , sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, and judging/perceiving. According to the MBTI, each person is said to have one preferred quality from each category, producing 16 unique types. The MBTI emphasizes the value of naturally occurring differences. "The underlying assumption of
855-449: Is especially vocal against MBTI. He called it "the fad that won't die" in a Psychology Today article. Psychometric specialist Robert Hogan wrote: "Most personality psychologists regard the MBTI as little more than an elaborate Chinese fortune cookie ". Nicholas Campion comments that this is "a fascinating example of 'disguised astrology', masquerading as science in order to claim respectability." It has been estimated that between
912-427: Is generally used in a more conscious and confident way. This dominant function is supported by the secondary (auxiliary) function, and to a lesser degree the tertiary function. The fourth and least conscious function is always the opposite of the dominant function. Myers called this inferior function the "shadow." The four functions operate in conjunction with the attitudes (extraversion and introversion). Each function
969-490: Is introverted, then the other functions are extraverted and vice versa. The MBTI Manual summarizes Jung's work of balance in psychological type as follows: "There are several references in Jung's writing to the three remaining functions having an opposite attitudinal character. For example, in writing about introverts with thinking dominant ... Jung commented that the counterbalancing functions have an extraverted character." Using
1026-413: Is often considered to be more associated with the unconscious, being most evident in situations such as high stress (sometimes referred to as being "in the grip" of the inferior function). However, the use of type dynamics is disputed: in the conclusion of various studies on the subject of type dynamics, James H. Reynierse writes, "Type dynamics has persistent logical problems and is fundamentally based on
1083-474: Is used in either an extraverted or introverted way. A person whose dominant function is extraverted intuition, for example, uses intuition very differently from someone whose dominant function is introverted intuition. Myers and Briggs added another dimension to Jung's typological model by identifying that people also have a preference for using either the judging function (thinking or feeling) or their perceiving function (sensing or intuition) when relating to
1140-608: The Educational Testing Service , a private assessment-organization. Under these auspices, the first MBTI "manual" was published, in 1962. The MBTI received further support from Donald W. MacKinnon , head of the Institute of Personality and Social Research at the University of California, Berkeley ; W. Harold Grant, a professor at Michigan State University and Auburn University ; and Mary H. McCaulley of
1197-611: The IXXXs (Introverts: "meditative"), EXXPs (Extraverts & Prospectors: "spontaneous"), EXTJs (Extraverts, Thinkers & Judgers: "executive") and EXFJs (Extraverts, Feelers & Judgers: "social"). Her first publications were two articles describing Jung's theory, in The New Republic , "Meet Yourself Using the Personality Paint Box" (1926) and "Up From Barbarism" (1928). After extensively studying
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#17327658855481254-478: The NEO-PI factor of neuroticism ). This factor's scales indicate a sense of overall comfort and confidence versus discomfort and anxiety. They also load onto one of the four type-dimensions: Also included is a composite of these called "strain". There are also scales for type-scale consistency and comfort-scale consistency. Reliability of 23 of the 27 TDI subscales is greater than 0.50, "an acceptable result given
1311-452: The University of Florida . The publication of the MBTI was transferred to Consulting Psychologists Press in 1975, and the Center for Applications of Psychological Type was founded as a research laboratory. After Myers' death in May 1980, Mary McCaulley updated the MBTI manual, and the second edition was published in 1985. The third edition appeared in 1998. In 1987, an advanced scoring-system
1368-464: The 16 four-preference types, one function is the most dominant and is likely to be evident earliest in life. A secondary or auxiliary function typically becomes more evident (differentiated) during teenage years and provides balance to the dominant. In normal development, individuals tend to become more fluent with a third, tertiary function during mid-life, while the fourth, inferior function remains least consciously developed. The inferior function
1425-673: The Educational Testing Service in 1962. It is estimated that 50 million people have taken the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and that 10,000 businesses, 2,500 colleges and universities, and 200 government agencies in the United States use the MBTI. Briggs began her research into personality in 1917. Upon meeting her future son-in-law, she observed marked differences between his personality and that of other family members. Briggs embarked on
1482-644: The INTP type as an example, the orientation according to Jung would be as follows: Jung's typological model regards psychological type as similar to left or right handedness : people are either born with, or develop, certain preferred ways of perceiving and deciding. The MBTI sorts some of these psychological differences into four opposite pairs, or " dichotomies ", with a resulting 16 possible psychological types. None of these are considered to be "better" or "worse"; however, Briggs and Myers theorized that people innately "prefer" one overall combination of type differences. In
1539-507: The J indicates that the dominant function is the preferred judging function (extraverted thinking). The ENTJ type introverts the auxiliary perceiving function (introverted intuition). Their tertiary function is sensing and their inferior function is introverted feeling. Conversely, because the INTJ type is introverted, the J instead indicates that the auxiliary function is the preferred judging function (extraverted thinking). The INTJ type introverts
1596-428: The MBTI and Verifying Type Despite its popularity, the MBTI has been widely regarded as pseudoscience by the scientific community. The validity ( statistical validity and test validity ) of the MBTI as a psychometric instrument has been the subject of much criticism. Media reports have called the test "pretty much meaningless", and "one of the worst personality tests in existence". The psychologist Adam Grant
1653-441: The MBTI is that we all have specific preferences in the way we construe our experiences, and these preferences underpin our interests, needs, values , and motivation ." The MBTI Manual states that the indicator "is designed to implement a theory; therefore, the theory must be understood to understand the MBTI". Fundamental to the MBTI is the hypothesis of psychological types as originally developed by Carl Jung. Jung proposed
1710-503: The adjacent table. The terms used for each dichotomy have specific technical meanings relating to the MBTI, which differ from their everyday usage. For example, people who prefer judgment over perception are not necessarily more "judgmental" or less "perceptive", nor does the MBTI instrument measure aptitude ; it simply indicates for one preference over another. Someone reporting a high score for extraversion over introversion cannot be correctly described as more extraverted: they simply have
1767-617: The aircraft systems Front end , the user interaction interface, usually in web-based applications Fast Ethernet Other uses [ edit ] the Hebrew letter fe Fe (rune) , the f-rune ᚠ of the Younger Futhark FE-Schrift , a typeface used on vehicle registration plates in Germany Province of Ferrara (ISO 3166-2:IT code) Flat Earth , a pseudoscientific theory Formula E ,
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1824-415: The belief that a knowledge of personality preferences would help women entering the industrial workforce for the first time to identify the sorts of war-time jobs that would be the "most comfortable and effective" for them. The Briggs Myers Type Indicator Handbook , published in 1944, was re-published as "Myers–Briggs Type Indicator" in 1956. Myers' work attracted the attention of Henry Chauncey , head of
1881-617: The brevity of the subscales". In 1989, a scoring system was developed for only the 20 subscales for the original four dichotomies. This was initially known as "Form K" or "the Expanded Analysis Report". This tool is now called the MBTI Step II. Form J or the TDI included the items (derived from Myers' and McCaulley's earlier work) necessary to score what became known as Step III. (The 1998 MBTI Manual reported that
1938-407: The case of intuition, which uses the abbreviation "N" to distinguish it from introversion). For instance: These abbreviations are applied to all 16 types. The interaction of two, three, or four preferences is known as "type dynamics". Although type dynamics has received little or no empirical support to substantiate its viability as a scientific theory , Myers and Briggs asserted that for each of
1995-455: The circumstances. Because each function can manifest in either an extraverted or an introverted attitude, Jung's model includes eight combinations of functions and attitudes, four of which are largely conscious and four unconscious. John Beebe created a model that combines ideas of archetypes and the dialogical self with functions, each function viewed as performing the role of an archetype within an internal dialog. Sensing and intuition are
2052-742: The cognitive functions can operate in the external world of behavior, action, people, and things ("extraverted attitude") or the internal world of ideas and reflection ("introverted attitude"). The MBTI assessment sorts for an overall preference for one or the other. People who prefer extraversion draw energy from action: they tend to act, then reflect, then act further. If they are inactive, their motivation tends to decline. To rebuild their energy, extraverts need breaks from time spent in reflection. Conversely, those who prefer introversion "expend" energy through action: they prefer to reflect, then act, then reflect again. To rebuild their energy, introverts need quiet time alone, away from activity. An extravert's flow
2109-423: The data. Thinking and feeling are the decision-making (judging) functions. The thinking and feeling functions are both used to make rational decisions, based on the data received from their information-gathering functions (sensing or intuition). Those who prefer thinking tend to decide things from a more detached standpoint, measuring the decision by what seems reasonable, logical, causal, consistent, and matching
2166-427: The discipline of psychology , and both were self-taught in the field of psychometric testing . Myers therefore apprenticed herself to Edward N. Hay (1891–1958), the head personnel officer for a large Philadelphia bank . From Hay, Myers learned rudimentary test construction , scoring , validation , and statistical methods. Briggs and Myers began creating their indicator during World War II (1939–1945) in
2223-503: The dominant perceiving function (introverted intuition). Their tertiary function is feeling and their inferior function is extraverted sensing. ... a major task in interpretation is to help respondents with less clear reported preferences arrive at a comfortable and accurate assessment of their type. This is accomplished in an interpretation session mainly through an exploration of how type preferences appear in client behaviors. The MBTI Manual, Chapter 6: Interpreting Results of
2280-551: The existence of two dichotomous pairs of cognitive functions: Jung believed that for every person, each of the functions is expressed primarily in either an introverted or extraverted form. Based on Jung's original concepts, Briggs and Myers developed their own theory of psychological type, described below, on which the MBTI is based. According to psychologist Hans Eysenck writing in 1995 the 16 personality types used in MBTI are incomplete, as Jung's theory used 32 types, 16 of which could not be measured by questionnaire. Per Eysenck, it
2337-411: The information-gathering (perceiving) functions. They describe how new information is understood and interpreted. People who prefer sensing are more likely to trust information that is in the present, tangible, and concrete: that is, information that can be understood by the five senses. They tend to distrust hunches, which seem to come "out of nowhere". They prefer to look for details and facts. For them,
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2394-532: The judgment-perception preference. The most notable addition of Myers' and Briggs' ideas to Jung's original thought is their concept that a given type's fourth letter (J or P) indicates a person's most preferred extraverted function, which is the dominant function for extraverted types and the auxiliary function for introverted types. Jung hypothesized that the dominant function acts alone in its preferred world: exterior for extraverts and interior for introverts. The remaining three functions, he suggested, operate in
2451-597: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fe&oldid=1251121098 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Danish-language text Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Fe">Fe The requested page title contains unsupported characters : ">". Return to Main Page . Myers%E2%80%93Briggs Type Indicator The MBTI
2508-400: The meaning is in the data. On the other hand, those who prefer intuition tend to trust information that is less dependent upon the senses, that can be associated with other information (either remembered or discovered by seeking a wider context or pattern). They may be more interested in future possibilities. For them, the meaning is in the underlying theory and principles which are manifested in
2565-417: The opposite orientation. Some MBTI practitioners, however, place doubt on this concept as being a category error with next to no empirical evidence backing it relative to other findings with correlation evidence, yet as a theory it still remains part of Myers' and Briggs' extrapolation of their original theory despite being discounted. Jung's hypothesis can be summarized as: if the dominant cognitive function
2622-420: The outside world (extraversion). They held that types with a preference for judging show the world their preferred judging function (thinking or feeling). Those types who prefer perception show the world their preferred perceiving function (sensing or intuition). According to Myers, judging types like to "have matters settled", while perceptive types prefer to "keep decisions open". So, TJ types tend to appear to
2679-503: The research supporting the MBTI's validity has been produced by the Center for Applications of Psychological Type, an organization run by the Myers–Briggs Foundation, and published in the center's own journal, the Journal of Psychological Type (JPT) , raising questions of independence, bias and conflict of interest . Despite controversies over validity, the instrument has demonstrated widespread influence since its adoption by
2736-434: The same way that writing with the left hand is difficult for a right-hander, so people tend to find using their opposite psychological preferences more difficult, though they can become more proficient (and therefore behaviorally flexible) with practice and development. The 16 types are typically referred to by an abbreviation of four letters – the initial letters of each of their four type preferences (except in
2793-405: The terms extraversion and introversion as Jung first used them. Extraversion means literally outward-turning and introversion, inward-turning. These specific definitions differ somewhat from the popular usage of the words. Extraversion is the spelling used in MBTI publications. The preferences for extraversion and introversion are often called " attitudes ". Briggs and Myers recognized that each of
2850-574: The truth and view it as more important. As noted already, people who prefer thinking do not necessarily, in the everyday sense, "think better" than their feeling counterparts, in the common sense; the opposite preference is considered an equally rational way of coming to decisions (and, in any case, the MBTI assessment is a measure of preference, not ability). Similarly, those who prefer feeling do not necessarily have "better" emotional reactions than their thinking counterparts. According to Jung, people use all four cognitive functions. However, one function
2907-540: The two instruments were one and the same ) Step III was developed in a joint project involving the following organizations: the Myers–Briggs Company, the publisher of all the MBTI works; the Center for Applications of Psychological Type (CAPT), which holds all of Myers' and McCaulley's original work; and the MBTI Trust headed by Katharine and Peter Myers. CAPT advertised Step III as addressing type development and
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#17327658855482964-434: The use of "perception and judgment" by respondents. The MBTI is based on the influential theory of psychological types proposed by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung in 1921, which was partially based on the four elements of classical cosmology. Jung speculated that people experience the world using four principal psychological functions— sensation , intuition , feeling , and thinking —and that one of these four functions
3021-624: The work of Jung, Briggs and her daughter extended their interest in human behavior into efforts to turn the theory of psychological types to practical use. Isabel Myers was particularly fascinated by the concept of introversion and she typed herself as an "INFP". However, she felt the book was too complex for the general public, and therefore she tried to organize the Jungian cognitive functions to make it more accessible. Although Myers graduated from Swarthmore College in political science in 1919, neither Myers nor Briggs were formally educated in
3078-458: The world as logical and FJ types as empathetic . SP types tend to appear as concrete and NP types as abstract. The J or P indicates the dominant function for extraverts, whereas for introverts, the J or P indicates their auxiliary function. Introverts tend to show their dominant function outwardly only in matters "important to their inner worlds". For example, because the ENTJ type is extraverted,
3135-403: Was constructed during World War II by Americans Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers , inspired by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung 's 1921 book Psychological Types . The test assigns a binary value to each of four categories: introversion or extraversion, sensing or intuition, thinking or feeling, and judging or perceiving. One letter from each category is taken to produce
3192-532: Was developed for the MBTI. From this was developed the Type Differentiation Indicator (TDI), which is a scoring system for the longer MBTI, Form J, which includes the 290 items written by Myers that had survived her previous item analyses. It yields 20 subscales (five under each of the four dichotomous preference scales), plus seven additional subscales for a new "comfort-discomfort" factor (which parallels, though not perfectly measuring,
3249-416: Was unfair to Jung to claim the scale accurately measured Jungian concepts. Both Jung's original model and the simplified MBTI remain hypothetical, with no controlled scientific studies supporting either. Jung did not see the type preferences (such as introversion and extraversion) as dualistic, but rather as tendencies: both are innate and have the potential to balance. Jung's typology theories postulated
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