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81-538: Club Ferro Carril Oeste , known simply as Ferro Carril Oeste or familiarly, Ferro , is an Argentine sports club from the neighbourhood of Caballito, Buenos Aires . Although many activities are hosted by the club, Ferro is mostly known for its football team, which plays in the Primera Nacional , the second division of the Argentine football league system . Apart from football, Ferro Carril Oeste hosts

162-450: A drag suit include the depletion of proper stroke. This is caused by the swimmer's own fatigue. When the swimmer becomes more fatigued, different muscle groups become more tired. Consequently, the swimmer will try to engage another group of muscle to do the same thing, which can cause the stroke efficiency to drop. Elite and international swimming comprises the highest level of competition available to swimmers, including competitions such as

243-476: A freestyle or medley relay . A medley relay consists of four swimmers who will each swim a different stroke, ordered as backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly and freestyle. Swimming each stroke requires a set of specific techniques; in competition, there are distinct regulations concerning the acceptable form for each individual stroke. There are also regulations on what types of swimsuits , caps, jewelry and injury tape that are allowed at competitions. Although it

324-625: A goal. That same year Ferro reached the Torneo Nacional final although the team was defeated by River Plate (by the same score: 1–0 in the two matches played). Ferro finally won its first title at Primera in 1982 , winning the Nacional tournament after beating defending champions Quilmes in the finals (0–0, 2–0). The squad played a total of 22 matches, winning 16 with 6 draws so they won the championship remaining unbeaten. Ferro scored 50 goals and conceded 13. Left wing Miguel Angel Juárez

405-429: A larger multisports club are examples of this (namely, Portuguese SADs ( Sociedade Anónima Desportiva ) such as Sport Lisboa e Benfica and Sporting Clube de Portugal , or Spanish SADs ( Sociedad Anónima Deportiva ) Real Zaragoza, S.A.D. and Real Betis Balompié S.A.D. , as well as Italian clubs like Società Sportiva Lazio S.p.A. ). Some sports teams are owned and financed by a single non-sports company , for example

486-572: A long course pool. There are forty officially recognized individual swimming events in the pool; however the International Olympic Committee only recognizes 32 of them. The international governing body for competitive swimming is World Aquatics , which was known until 2023 as the Fédération Internationale de Natation ("International Swimming Federation"), or FINA. In open water swimming , where

567-444: A memorable run with Boca Juniors ). Both Gandulla and Sarlanga together scored more than the 50% of the goals scored by Ferro in the 1937 season . Other notable player for the club was Delfín Benítez Cáceres , who played from 1941 until his retirement in 1944 scoring 20 goals. Gandulla and Emeal returned to Ferro in 1944 after their stint with Boca Juniors . But despite having such prominent players, Ferro finished last in 1946 and

648-521: A player on one sports team within a sports and entertainment company to automatically play for another team in the same company. On the other hand, American varsity teams are generally organized into a structure forming a true multi-sport club belonging to an educational institution, but varsity collegiate athletics are almost never referred to as clubs; "club sports" in American colleges and universities refer to sports that are not directly sponsored by

729-447: A race. Due to waves created by the swimmers, it can be an advantage to swim closer to the center of the pool during a race. Due to this, World Aquatics regulations specify which lane each swimmer competes in based on previous times. In a ten lane pool this is as follows: Competitive swimming, from the club through to international level, tends to have an autumn and winter season competing in short course (25 metres or yards) pools and

810-420: A semifinal or final. The clerk is also responsible for enforcing rules of the swim meet if a swimmer chooses to not show up ("No show" - NS, or "Did Not Swim" - DNS) to their events. Timekeepers : Each timekeeper takes the time of the swimmers in the lane assigned to them. Unless a video backup system is used, it may be necessary to use the full complement of timekeepers even when automatic officiating equipment

891-547: A single dolphin kick may be added to the breaststroke pullout before the first breaststroke kick. In the past decade, American competitive swimmers have made the most use of the underwater dolphin kick, notably Olympic and World medal winners Michael Phelps and Ryan Lochte . World Championship pools must be 50 metres (160 ft) ( long course ) long and 25 metres (82 ft) wide, with ten lanes labelled zero to nine (or one to ten in some pools; zero and nine (or one and ten) are usually left empty in semi-finals and finals);

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972-901: A single sport or to several ( multi-sport clubs ). The term "athletics club" is sometimes used for a general sports club, rather than one dedicated to athletics proper. Friedrich Ludwig Jahn 's Turners movement, first realized at Volkspark Hasenheide in Berlin in 1811, was the origin of the modern sports clubs . Larger sports clubs are characterized by having professional and amateur departments in various sports such as bike polo , football , basketball , futsal , cricket , volleyball , handball , rink hockey , bowling , water polo , rugby , track and field athletics , boxing , baseball , cycling , tennis , rowing , gymnastics , and others, including less traditional sports such as airsoft , billiards , e-sports , orienteering , paintball , or roller derby . The teams and athletes belonging to

1053-719: A single sport. There are some exceptions, especially when multiple such teams are under one ownership structure, in which case the club may be referred to as a "sports and entertainment" company; see, for example, the One Buffalo sports club, which fields an NFL team (the Buffalo Bills ), two hockey teams ( Buffalo Sabres and Rochester Americans ), professional lacrosse ( Buffalo Bandits and Rochester Knighthawks ), and general athletics and fitness (Impact Sports and Performance). Even in such circumstances, collective bargaining agreements and contract laws generally do not allow

1134-421: A sports club may compete in several different leagues, championships and tournaments wearing the same club colors and using the same club name, sharing also the same club fan base , supporters and facilities. Many professional sports clubs have an associate system where the affiliated supporters pay an annuity fee. In those cases, supporters become eligible to attend the club's home matches and exhibitions across

1215-560: A spring and summer season competing in long course (50-metre) pools and in open water. In international competition and in club swimming in Europe, the short course (25m) season lasts from September to December, and the long course (50m) season from January to August with open water in the summer months. These regulations are slowly being brought to competition in North America. As of right now, in club, school, and college swimming in

1296-545: A wide variety of sports that can be practised at the club, such as athletics , basketball , baseball , futsal , handball , field hockey , swimming , taekwondo , tennis , table tennis , volleyball . and, since 2001, professional boxing shows, including world championship boxing contests. As its name indicates, the club had railway origins, being founded in 1904 by employees of the Buenos Aires Western Railway . The club had its glory days in

1377-638: Is Polyester. The main difference between competition and regular swimwear is that competition swimwear is tighter and compresses the muscles of the swimmers. Regular swimwear is easier to put on and more comfortable for leisure activities. The most used practice swimwear for men includes briefs and jammers . Males generally swim barechested . There was controversy after the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008 when many Olympic swimmers broke records an unprecedented number of times using revolutionary swimsuits that covered their entire legs. To highlight

1458-1441: Is also a multisports organisation, with badminton , cricket, association football and tennis facilities. In addition, like in several other countries, many universities and colleges develop a wide range of student sport activities including at a professional or semi-professional level. Fulham F.C. once ran a professional rugby league team and rowing club, which other football clubs have emulated since. Many football clubs originate from cricket teams. Today, most major cities have separate clubs for each sport (e.g. Manchester United Football Club and Lancashire County Cricket Club are based in Manchester ). Many clubs internationally describe themselves as football clubs ("FC", "Football Club" in British English and "Fußball-Club" in German; "CF", Clube de Futebol in Portuguese and Club de Fútbol in Spanish). Generally, British football clubs field only football teams. Their counterparts in several other countries tend to be full multi-sport clubs, even when called football clubs ( Futebol Clube do Porto ; Fußball-Club Bayern München ; Futbol Club Barcelona ). The equivalent abbreviation "SC" (for "Soccer Club")

1539-435: Is an individual or team racing sport that requires the use of one's entire body to move through water. The sport takes place in pools or open water (e.g., in a sea or lake). Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic sports , with varied distance events in butterfly , backstroke , breaststroke , freestyle , and individual medley . In addition to these individual events, four swimmers can take part in either

1620-460: Is known as Clásico del Oeste . Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Ferro Carril Oeste was one of the most successful basketball clubs in Argentina during

1701-415: Is more common in the case of individual sports, such as the sport of athletics , where a distance runner may compete for a track and field team as well as a road running team, and also have further membership at a local sports club for training purposes. Some national sports bodies require an athlete to state a priority order of their club membership, outlining which club has the higher, or first, claim on

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1782-578: Is occasionally used in North American English (for example, Nashville SC and Orlando City SC ), but a general reluctance to decolonize the sport terminology means that most North American teams, somewhat ambiguously, as "football" in North American English refers to North American gridiron-style football still use "F.C." in their name instead (e.g. FC Dallas or Toronto FC ). Swimming (sport) Swimming

1863-426: Is possible for competitive swimmers to incur several injuries from the sport, such as tendinitis in the shoulders or knees, there are also multiple health benefits. Evidence of recreational swimming in prehistoric times has been found, with the earliest evidence dating to Stone Age paintings from around 10,000 years ago. Written references date from 2000 BC, with some of the earliest references to swimming including

1944-493: Is the owner of the Cardiff Arms Park site. It is responsible for much of the premier amateur sporting activities in city with cricket ( Cardiff Cricket Club ), rugby union (it is the major shareholder of the semi-professional Cardiff Rugby Club ), field hockey ( Cardiff & Met Hockey Club ), tennis ( Lisvane (CAC) Tennis Club ) and bowls ( Cardiff Athletic Bowls Club ) sections. Catford Wanderers Sports Club

2025-417: Is used. A chief timekeeper assigns the seating positions for all timekeepers and the lanes for which they are responsible. In most competitions there will be one or more timekeepers per lane. In international competitions where full automatic timing and video placing equipment is in use timekeepers may not be required. Inspectors of turns : One inspector of turns is assigned to one or more lanes at each end of

2106-467: The 1985 Copa Libertadores , being eliminated in the first stage. During the 1980s, Ferro gained recognition not only in football but also in basketball, being the first winner of the recently created Liga Nacional in 1985 after beating Atenas 2–1 in the finals. Santiago Leyden was the president between 1964 and 1993. He is regarded as the man who led the club to a decade of greatness that included more than 100 titles in several sports disciplines. Leyden

2187-675: The Iliad , the Odyssey , the Bible , Beowulf , the Quran and others. In 1538, Nikolaus Wynmann, a Swiss–German professor of languages, wrote the earliest known complete book about swimming, Colymbetes, sive de arte natandi dialogus et festivus et iucundus lectu ( The Swimmer, or A Dialogue on the Art of Swimming and Joyful and Pleasant to Read ). Swimming emerged as a competitive recreational activity in

2268-578: The Olympic Games and the World Aquatics Championships . Swimming creates a mix of levels, including: fully professional, semi-professional, and amateur. Fully professional swimmers will typically get a salary both from their national governing body and from outside sponsors, semi-professionals a small stipend from their national governing body, and amateurs receive no funding. Outside of these major championships prize money

2349-610: The United States major institutions like The New York Athletic Club and Los Angeles Athletic Club serve as athletic clubs that participate in multiple sports. Examples also abound of sports clubs that are in effect one sports team. Each team from the NFL (American football), CFL (Canadian football), NBA (basketball), MLB (baseball), NHL (ice hockey) or MLS (association football) North American sports leagues , can be called sports clubs, but in practice, they focus solely on

2430-411: The 100-yard or 100-meter IM – particularly, for younger or newer swimmers (typically under 14 years) involved in club swimming, or masters swimming (over 18). Since the 1990s, the most drastic change in swimming has been the addition of the underwater dolphin kick. This is used to maximize the speed at the start and after the turns in all styles. David Berkoff became the first to use it successfully; at

2511-672: The 1830s in England. In 1828, the first indoor swimming pool, St George's Baths was opened to the public. By 1837, the National Swimming Society was holding regular swimming competitions in six artificial swimming pools , built around London . The recreational activity grew in popularity and by 1880, when the first national governing body, the Amateur Swimming Association was formed, there were already over 300 regional clubs in operation across

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2592-814: The 1980s, being the first champion of Liga Nacional de Básquet in 1985. The club has won a total of three LNB and one Campeonato Argentino title. At international level, Ferro won three South American Championship titles (being also the first Argentine team to win that competition). Ferro remains (along with Boca Juniors ) as the most winning Argentine team. 2019–20 Ferro Carril Oeste season Sports club Sports clubs range from organisations whose members play together, unpaid, and may play other similar clubs on occasion, watched mostly by family and friends, to large commercial organisations with professional players which have teams that regularly compete against those of other clubs and sometimes attract very large crowds of paying spectators . Clubs may be dedicated to

2673-482: The 1980s, having won numerous titles in several sports disciplines, being also recognised by Unesco as a model institution. Ferro Carril Oeste had 50,000 members by those years. Always located in Caballito, the club was founded as "Club Atlético del Ferrocarril Oeste de Buenos Aires" on 28 July 1904, by a hundred employees of the Buenos Aires Western Railway (then Ferrocarril Domingo Faustino Sarmiento ). The club

2754-626: The 1980s, more specifically in football and basketball . The football team won 2 titles of Argentine Primera División and played the Copa Libertadores . Otherwise, the basketball team won the Liga Nacional de Básquet (the Argentine first division league) championship 3 times. In 1979 Carlos Griguol was hired as club manager. He would become the most successful coach in the club's history, winning 2 Primera División titles for

2835-505: The 1988 Olympics, he swam most of the 100 m backstroke race underwater and broke the world record in the distance during the preliminaries. Another swimmer to use the technique was Denis Pankratov at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, where he completed almost half of the 100 m butterfly underwater to win the gold medal. The dolphin kick was rarely used in freestyle sprint races until 2008, when "technical" swimsuits were introduced to

2916-568: The Olympics was the 1922 Women's Olympiad . Butterfly was developed in the 1930s and was at first a variant of breaststroke, until it was accepted as a separate style in 1952. FINA renamed itself World Aquatics in December 2022. Competitive swimming became popular in the 19th century. The goal of high level competitive swimming is to break personal or world records while beating competitors in any given event. Swimming in competition should create

2997-455: The Torneo Nacional disputed that year. Gerónimo Saccardi was one of the most notable players for the club during those years. After some irregular campaigns, Ferro finished 23rd (last) in 1977 , being relegated along with Lanús and Temperley . Ferro C. Oeste quickly returning to Primera so the team won the Primera B championship in 1978. Ferro had a prominent role in Argentine sports in

3078-532: The United States and Canada, the short course (25 yards) season is much longer, from September to March. The long-course season takes place in 50-meter pools and lasts from April to the end of August with open water in the summer months. In club swimming in Australasia , the short course (25m) season lasts from April to September, and the long course (50m) season from October to March with open water in

3159-638: The athlete's services. In many regions of the world like Europe , North Africa , West Asia , the Indian subcontinent or Central and South America , sports clubs with several sports departments (multisports clubs) or branches, including highly competitive professional teams, are very popular and have developed into some of the most powerful and representative sports institutions in those places. In general, student sports can be described as composed by multisports clubs, each one representing its educational institution and competing in several sport disciplines. In

3240-399: The back for backstroke, etc.) If an official observes a swimmer breaking a rule concerning the stroke they are swimming, the official will report what they have seen to the referee. The referee can disqualify (or DQ) any swimmer for any violation of the rules that they personally observe or for any violation reported to them by other authorized officials. All disqualifications are subject to

3321-620: The club also inaugurated running tracks , bocce , tennis courts , basque pelota courts but also closed the cricket section in 1914. At the end of the 1930s, the club emancipated from the railway company, changing its name to "Club Ferro Carril Oeste". In 1937 five talented players rose from the youth divisions, forming an offensive line which would be remembered as The Five Musketeers . They were Bernardo Gandulla , Juan José Maril, Luis Borgnia, Jaime Sarlanga and Raúl Emeal. But those skilled players only played together between 1937 and 1938, due to other clubs acquiring them (Sarlanga would have

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3402-446: The club increased its number of members, with more than 6,000 by 1941. Ferro soon returned to the first division in 1949, when winning the Primera B title. Being presided by Atilio Renzi (a politician affiliated to Justicialist Party and private secretary of Eva Perón ), the club added volleyball to its list of sports. The football team stayed in Primera until 1957, when its poor permformance during that championship caused Ferro C.O.

3483-596: The colleges but by student organizations (see National Club Football Association and American Collegiate Hockey Association for two leagues consisting entirely of college "club" teams in American football and ice hockey , respectively). In the United Kingdom , almost all major sports organisations are dedicated to a single sport, the exception to this is Cardiff Athletic Club based in Cardiff , Wales, which

3564-528: The country. In 1844 two Native American participants at a swimming competition in London introduced the front crawl to a European audience. Sir John Arthur Trudgen picked up the hand-over stroke from some South American natives and successfully debuted the new stroke in 1873, winning a local competition in England. His stroke is still regarded as the most powerful to use today. Captain Matthew Webb

3645-457: The decision and discretion of the referee. Those who are disqualified may choose to contest their disqualification. In age-group level swimming, however, this is rare. Appeals are reviewed by a panel of officials instead of the deck referee or stroke judges who may have made the initial disqualification decision. Brands such as Arena , Speedo , TYR , and Adidas are popular regular swimwear brands. The most durable material for regular swimming

3726-447: The entire season, and have the right to practice almost every kind of sport at the club's facilities. Registered associate member fees, attendance receipts, sponsoring contracts, team merchandising , TV rights, and athlete/player transfer fees , are usually the primary sources of sports club financing. In addition, there are sports clubs, or its teams, which are publicly listed - several professional European football clubs belonging to

3807-587: The events are swum in a body of open water (lake or sea), there are also 5 km, 10 km and 25 km events for men and women. However, only the 10 km event is included in the Olympic schedule, again for both men and women. Pool and open-water competitions are typically separate events, except at the World Championships and the Olympics. In competitive swimming, four major styles have been established. These have been relatively stable over

3888-523: The field of competitive club sports, an athlete will typically be registered to only one club for a given discipline and will compete for that club exclusively for the duration of a competition or season. Exceptions to this include player trades and transfers, athlete loan agreements and unattached trialists. Where an athlete competes in multiple disciplines, or where club membership has social or training aspects such as local athletic clubs, then athletes may register with multiple clubs. Multiple membership

3969-440: The final answer to all questions relating to the actual conduct of anything regarding the meet, as well as the final settlement of which is not otherwise covered by the rules. The referee takes overall responsibility for running the meet and makes the final decisions as to who wins each race. Referees call swimmers to the blocks with short blasts of their whistles. This is the signal for the swimmers to stand next to their blocks. Then

4050-399: The first time and also promoting players such as Alberto Márcico , Héctor Cúper and Oscar Garré . In the 1981 Metropolitano championship Ferro finished 2nd, totalling 49 points, just one less than champion Boca Juniors. In that season, goalkeeper Carlos Barisio set a national record by keeping his goal unbeaten for 1,075 minutes. This included a run of 10 complete games without conceding

4131-516: The good performance in 1969 season, Ferro C.O. won its second consecutive Primera B title in 1970, directly promoting to Primera División to play the 1971 season. By 1972, the club had 17,299 members and inaugurated the Gimnasio Héctor Etchart, home venue for the basketball team . In 1974 Ferro wore an orange jersey, paying tribute to World sub-champion Netherlands national football team , The Clockwork Orange , finishing 6th in

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4212-484: The issue, in 2008, 70 world records were broken in one year, and 66 Olympic records were broken in one Olympic Games (there were races in Beijing where the first five finishers were swimming faster than the old world record). As of 1 January 2010, men are only allowed to wear suits from the waist to the knees. They are also only permitted to wear one piece of swimwear; they cannot wear briefs underneath jammers. This rule

4293-655: The knees), regular length (shoulders to hips), and bikini style (two-piece). As of 1 January 2010, in competition, women must wear suits that do not go past the shoulders or knees. Drag suits are used to increase water resistance against the swimmer to help them train for competitions. Other forms of drag wear include nylons, old suits, and T-shirts: articles that increase friction in the water to build strength during training, and thus increase speed once drag items are removed for competition. Some swimmers practice in basketball shorts over their bathing suit, wearing two bathing suits, or wearing an extra bathing suit with holes cut in

4374-784: The lanes must be at least 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) wide. They will be equipped with starting blocks at both ends of the pool and most will have Automatic Officiating Equipment, including touch pads to record times and sensors to ensure the legality of relay takeovers. The pool must have a minimum depth of two metres. Other pools which host events under World Aquatics regulations are required to meet some but not all of these requirements. Many of these pools have eight, or even six, instead of ten lanes and some will be 25 metres (82 ft) long, making them Short course . World records that are set in short course pools are kept separate from those set in long course pools because it may be an advantage or disadvantage to swimmers to have more or less turns in

4455-442: The last 30 to 40 years with minor improvements. They are: In competition, only one of these styles may be used except in the case of the individual medley, or IM, which consists of all four. In this latter event, swimmers swim equal distances of butterfly, then backstroke, breaststroke, and finally, freestyle. In Olympic competition, this event is swum in two distances: 200 and 400 meters. Some short course competitions also include

4536-400: The least resistance in order to obtain maximum speed. However, some professional swimmers who do not hold a national or world ranking are considered the best in regard to their technical skills. Typically, an athlete goes through a cycle of training in which the body is overloaded with work in the beginning and middle segments of the cycle, and then the workload is decreased in the final stage as

4617-465: The material. Many swimmers also shave areas of exposed skin before end-of-season competitions to reduce friction in the water. The practice gained popularity after the 1956 Olympics, when Murray Rose and Jon Henricks came shaved and won gold medals for Australia. Freshly shaven skin is less resistant when in the water. In addition, a 1989 study demonstrated that shaving improves a swimmer's overall performance by reducing drag. The disadvantages of using

4698-418: The other hand, Ferro had the longest run without scoring a goal. The team went 875 minutes without scoring between the end of the 1998 Apertura and the 1999 Clausura . In the 1990s, Ferro's form gradually declined and relegated to third level in 2001 after two consecutive relegations. Ferro finally returned to second one in 2003. Ferro has a strong rivalry with Vélez Sársfield , so both teams disputed what

4779-457: The pool. Each inspector of turns ensures that swimmers comply with the relevant rules for turning, as well as the relevant rules for start and finish of the race. Inspectors of turns shall report any violation on disqualification reports detailing the event, lane number, and the infringement delivered to the chief inspector of turns who will immediately convey the report to the referee. Judges of Stroke : Judges of stroke are located on each side of

4860-450: The pool. They follow the swimmers during their swim back and forth across the pool. They ensure that the rules related to the style of swimming designated for the event are being observed, and observe the turns and the finishes to assist the inspectors of turns. Finish judges : Finish judges determine the order of finish and make sure the swimmers finish in accordance with the rules (two hands simultaneously for breaststroke and butterfly, on

4941-447: The referee will blow a long whistle that will tell the swimmers to step on the block. For backstroke events, the long whistle is the signal for the swimmers to jump into the water. The referee will then blow another long whistle, signalling the swimmers to grab the gutter or the provided block handle. Finally the referee will hand over the rest to the starter by directing their hand to the starter. Starter : The starter has full control of

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5022-734: The several sports teams owned by Red Bull GmbH and collectively known as Red Bulls . Other examples of this are the several sports teams owned by Bayer AG and Philips corporations through the Bayer 04 Leverkusen and PSV Eindhoven respectively, that originally were works teams , the teams owned by the Samsung Group ( Samsung Sports ), and the teams owned by the Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG). They may compete in several different sports and leagues, being headquartered in some cases across several countries. In

5103-511: The short course season if a swimmer wanted to compete in a stroke they had just learned, a 25-yard/meter race is available to them, opposed to the long course season when they would need to be able to swim at least 50 meters of that new stroke in order to compete. There are several types of officials, which are needed to manage the competition. Referee : The referee has full control and authority over all officials. The referee will enforce all rules and decisions of World Aquatics and shall have

5184-594: The sport at the European Short Course Championships in Rijeka, Croatia. Technical-suited Amaury Leveaux set world records of 44.94 seconds in the 100 m freestyle , 20.48 seconds in the 50 m freestyle and 22.18 in the 50 m butterfly, spending more than half of each race submerged, more than any of his competitors. Subsequently, FINA made a rule that swimmers may not go farther than 15 metres underwater. In 2014, FINA rules that

5265-445: The start of a race with a loud noise (usually a beep or a horn) and flash from a strobe light. A starter sends the swimmers off the blocks and may call a false start if a swimmer leaves the block before the starter sends them. A starter may also choose to recall the race after the start for any reason or request the swimmers to "stand", "relax" or "step down" if they believe that (a) particular swimmer(s) has obtained an unfair advantage at

5346-492: The start. Clerk of course : The clerk of course (also called the "bullpen") assembles swimmers before each event, and organizes ("seeds") swimmers into heats based on their times. Heats are generally seeded from slowest to fastest, where swimmers with no previous time for an event are assumed to be the slowest. The clerk of the course is also responsible for recording and reporting swimmers who have chosen to "scratch" (not swim) their events after they have signed up or qualified to

5427-586: The summer months. Outside the United States, meters is the standard in both short and long course swimming, with the same distances swum in all events. In the American short course season, the 500-yard, 1000 yard, and 1650-yard freestyle events are swum as a yard is much shorter than a meter (100 yards equals 91.44 meters), while during the American long course season the 400 meter, 800 meter, and 1500-meter freestyle events are swum instead. Beginning each swimming season racing in short course allows for shorter distance races for novice swimmers. For example, in

5508-412: The swimmer approaches competition. The practice of reducing exercise in the days just before an important competition is called tapering . Tapering is used to give the swimmer's body some rest without stopping exercise completely. A final stage is often referred to as "shave and taper": the swimmer shaves off all exposed hair for the sake of reducing drag and having a sleeker and more hydrodynamic feel in

5589-418: The swimmers from the time the referee turns the swimmers over to them until the race commences. A starter begins the race by saying, "Take your mark." At this point, the swimmers will get into stationary positions, sometimes known as "point zero", in which they would like to start their race. After all swimmers have assumed their stationary position, the starter will push a button on the starting system, signaling

5670-516: The top level, Ferro reached another 4th place in the 1965 tournament. Ferro would be relegated again in 1968 after playing a "Reclasificatorio" tournament. In the 1969 Primera B season, Ferro C.O. won the tournament (with San Telmo as runner up) but none of them could promote to Primera after they lost in the Reclasificatorio tournament to Banfield and Deportivo Morón (the worst placed teams in 1969 Metropolitano ). Following with

5751-533: The top scorer with 5 goals. As one of the Argentine champions, Ferro debuted in Copa Libertadores playing the 1983 edition in a group with Estudiantes LP , and Chilean teams Colo Colo and Cobreloa , being eliminated after finishing last. The good performances by the squad in local football followed in the 1984 Metropolitano, where Ferro C.O. finished 2nd. (50 pts) after Argentinos Juniors (51 pts). Ferro returned to international competitions to play

5832-479: The water. Additionally, the "shave and taper" method refers to the removal of the top layer of "dead skin", which exposes the newer and richer skin underneath. This also helps to "shave" off mere milliseconds on your time. Swimming is an event at the Summer Olympic Games , where male and female athletes compete in 16 of the recognized events each. Olympic events are held in a 50-meter pool, called

5913-518: Was also vicepresident of CONMEBOL between 1976 and 1980. Also in the 1980s. Ferro Carril Oeste reached its peak as sports and social club, with more than 50,000 members and was proclaimed as a "model institution" by Unesco . In 1987 Carlos Griguol left the club, and was hired by River Plate. He had won 2 titles in the first division (who still are the only two championships won by Ferro at the top level of Argentine football) and 2 sub-championships. Griguol returned in 1988, coaching Ferro until 1993. On

5994-484: Was approved and supported by railway managers, so Ferro soon incorporated lands to build its headquarters and sports installations. In 1905 the club built its own stadium, Estadio Arquitecto Ricardo Etcheverry , financed by its main founding member, David Simpson. Ferro affiliated to the Argentine Football Association to register a team to play in the third division. The first official match

6075-516: Was enacted after the controversy in the Beijing Olympics and Rome World Championships. Women wear one-piece suits with thicker and higher backs for competition, though two-piece suits can also be worn during practice. Backs vary mainly in strap thickness and geometric design. Most common styles include: racerback, axel back, corset, diamondback, and butterfly-back/Fly-Back. There are also different style lengths: three-quarter length (reaches

6156-658: Was held in Scotland in 1892. Men's swimming became part of the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens . In 1902, the Australian Richmond Cavill introduced freestyle to the Western world. In 1908, the world swimming association, Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), was formed. Women's swimming was introduced into the Olympics in 1912; the first international swim meet for women outside

6237-537: Was played on 21 April 1907 v River Plate . In 1912, Ferro won the División Intermedia (then, the second division) title and promoted to Primera División . That same year the club won the Copa Bullrich title. Ferro C. Oeste would win another Copa Bullrich title the following year, but playing with reserve teams. Ferro debuted in the top division in 1913 v Riachuelo (1–1 draw). By those years,

6318-445: Was relegated for the second time in its history. Ferro only lasted one year in Primera B, returning in 1958 when the squad crowned champion. Ferro totalised 50 points in 34 matches played, followed by Nueva Chicago with 46. In the 1959 Primera División, Ferro finished 4th, being the best position in the top division until then. After being relegated again, Ferro won the Primera B championship in 1963, returning to Primera División. In

6399-400: Was relegated to Primera B for the first time in its history. Apart from football, the club added several sections to its range of sports disciplines, such as swimming , water polo , and chess (starting after the club affiliated to Argentine Chess Federation). In 1933, Ferro C.O. formed its first basketball team. In the 1940s, Ferro also added fencing and roller skating . As a result,

6480-670: Was the first man to swim the English Channel (between England and France), in 1875. Using the breaststroke technique, he swam the channel 21.26 miles (34.21 km) in 21 hours and 45 minutes. His feat was not replicated or surpassed for the next 36 years, until T.W. Burgess made the crossing in 1911. Other European countries also established swimming federations; Germany in 1882, France in 1890 and Hungary in 1896. The first European amateur swimming competitions were in 1889 in Vienna . The world's first women's swimming championship

6561-548: Was the top scorer with 22 goals. Other notable players for the champion team were Adolfino Cañete , Alberto Márcico, Juan Domingo Rocchia , and Héctor Cúper. Although some key players during the 1982 tournament (Saccardi, Rocchia, Crocco) had left the club, Ferro won another Torneo Nacional in 1984 , defeating River Plate (with Norberto Alonso and Enzo Francescoli ) winning the two finals (3–0 and 1–0). The team played 14 matches, winning 8 and losing only 1, with 5 draws. Ferro scored 32 goals and only conceded 9, with Márcico being

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