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18-607: The camp was located in Ferramonti, a rural locality 6 km in south of Tarsia, by the river Crati . The area where it was located is now next to the current exit "Tarsia Sud" of the A2 motorway . The construction of Ferramonti began on June 4, 1940, by the Parrini Construction company less than a week before Italy entered World War II . The arrest of Jewish citizens began on June 15, and prisoners began arriving at

36-801: A nursery, library, school, theater and synagogue. Several couples got married at the camp and 21 children were born. Rabbi Riccardo Pacifici was the spiritual advisor to the Jewish inmates from 1942 to 1943 although he was himself eventually removed and killed in Auschwitz. For the Christian internees the spiritual advisor was Padre Callisto Lopinot. Unlike the Nazi concentration camps, the Italian camps were neither death camps nor slave labor camps. The detainees were however kept behind barbed wire and guarded by

54-739: Is a river in Calabria , southern Italy . It is the largest river of Calabria and the third largest river of southern Italy after the Volturno and the Sele . In classical antiquity it was known as the Crathis or Crater ( Greek : Κρᾶθις ). The Crati rises in the central Sila Mountains in the comune Aprigliano . It starts at as the Craticello at an elevation of 1,742 meters. It descends very steeply northward towards Cosenza where it

72-658: Is joined on the left by the Busento river, doubling in size. From here on it flows through a large plain , the Vallo del Crati. Here it is joined by several tributaries from the right: the Arente, Mucone (its main tributary on the right) and Duglia rivers. Several smaller streams also join it on the right: the Finita, Turbolo, Cucchiato, Campagnano, Mavigliano and Settimo. The river is also joined by several left tributaries including

90-682: The Crati and Neto . It is the main left tributary of the Crati. The river is about 50 kilometers long and has a large basin of approximately 950 km . It collects the waters of many springs at the foot of the Pollino massif and the Serra Dolcedorme through the tributaries Esaro , Tiro and Garga . Initially its course is towards the south-east through the plain of Sibari , but changes to an eastern direction after its confluence with

108-568: The Annea. It has a drainage basin of 2,448 square kilometres (945 sq mi). With a discharge of 20 m /s it continues to Tarsia where a dam forms an artificial lake of the same name. From here it changes course to the northeast and meets with the Coscile river approximately five kilometers from the Gulf of Taranto . The Coscile is its main tributary on the left which again doubles

126-577: The Crati during August. The Greek geographer Strabo claimed that Greek colonists named the river Sybaris after a spring of the same name at Bura in Achaea . He also alleges that its water made the horses who drank it shy, which is why all herds were kept away from it. In the time of Sybaris the Coscile was not a tributary of the Crati but pursued a direct course to the Gulf of Taranto. It probably followed

144-499: The Esaro river. The Esaro is its main tributary which almost triples its discharge. The river then feeds into the Crati just east of Apollinara, a frazione in the comune of Corigliano Calabro . The river is crossed in several places by the A2 motorway from Salerno to Reggio Calabria from the pass of Campotenese (at an elevation of 1000 meters), a frazione of Morano Calabro , to Castrovillari . Near Spezzano Albanese

162-516: The Gulf of Taranto. It probably followed a course at a short distance to the north of Sybaris. Coscile The Coscile is a river in Calabria , southern Italy . In classical antiquity it was known as the Sibarys ( Greek : Σύβαρις ) and gave its name to the Ancient Greek city . It is the third-largest river in the region in terms of water discharge and extent of its basin after

180-487: The Italian militia although enjoyed a certain autonomy within these confines. In some cases, internees were invited to the local town of Tarsia where there was a need for skills that were abundant in the camp which comprised among others, doctors, carpenters, engineers, dentists, lawyers, musicians, artists. Apart from a friendly fire incident in August 1943 which killed four internees, and two deaths from an explosion outside

198-508: The camp in December 1943, the only other deaths were from natural causes and most survived their imprisonment unharmed. Six weeks after Mussolini's downfall (September, 1943), the camp was liberated by the Allies, British 8th Army, who had reached Calabria from Sicily thus making Ferramonti the first Italian camp to be liberated. Although many internees chose to remain in relative safety of

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216-606: The camp on June 20. Between June, 1940, and August, 1943, there were 3,823 Jewish internees at Ferramonti, of which only 141 were Italian . The majority, 3,682 people, were foreign-born. Two large contingents of Jews escaping Nazi Europe arrived from Benghazi in September 1940 and from the paddle-steamer ship Pentcho which arrived in Ferramonti via Rhodes, in February 1942 having set sail from Bratislava in May 1940. Prisoners organized

234-592: The camp until its closure in December 1945, others fled north only to encounter Germans in the occupied northern Italy. Many other internees joined the Allied armed forces . Some of the 1,000 refugees who were shipped to the United States and interned at Camp Oswego , New York came from this camp. Ultimately, they were released and were permitted to stay in the United States. Crati The Crati

252-405: The city when the river submerged it. An analysis of core samples taken from the site of Sybaris by Stanley and Bernasconi did not find such river deposits directly above the former city. Future retrieval of additional cores and facies analysis will eventually confirm or discredit Strabo's account. In the time of Sybaris the Coscile was not a tributary of the Crati but pursued a direct course to

270-455: The famous ancient city of Sybaris the Crati was noticed by many ancient writers. Lycophron and Theocritus mention the river in their poetry . Euripides praises the river and alleges that it would change the color of the hair to auburn . Others mention different colors and Pliny the Elder writes that it would make sheep white. According to Strabo the river received its name because it

288-542: The river in size. It continues eastwards, passing immediately south of the archaeological site of Sybaris and Thurii . Its mouth is near the marina of the comune Corigliano-Rossano . The Crati is the largest river in the region in terms of discharge, both as an annual average (about 36 m /s), minimum (about 10 m /s) and maximum (more than 3,000 m /s). The river is very seasonal and can sometimes bring disastrous winter floods , which happened most recently in December 2008. Because of its close proximity to

306-447: The river is also crossed by the railway line from Cosenza to Sibari. Due to its various sources and especially the rich supply of the Esaro, the river is the third river of Calabria in terms of discharge with 14 m /s average annual flow. The importance of its basin area is demonstrated by the presence of three Enel power plants. It is a seasonal river with strong winter runoff and a lower discharge in summer, pouring 5 m /s in

324-664: Was a mixture, just like the Krathis river in Achaea . Pausanias and Herodotus also mention it, but state that the river was named after the Krathis river. Strabo also claims that the Croton diverted the course of the Crathis to submerge Sybaris. Research has not confirmed this. The Crati transports coarse sand and pebbles in its channel . If Strabo's claim is true, that material would have been deposited as sediment above

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