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76-447: Fifth Five-Year Plan may refer to: Fifth Five-Year Plan (People's Republic of China) Five-Year Plans of India#Fifth Plan (1974–1978) Fifth Five-Year Plan (Soviet Union) Fifth Five-Year Plans (Pakistan) See also [ edit ] Five-year plan (disambiguation) Fourth Five-Year Plan (disambiguation) Sixth Five-Year Plan (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

152-551: A socialist market economy ( socialism with Chinese characteristics ), the plans since the 11th Five-Year Plan for 2006 to 2010 have been referred to in Chinese as "guidelines" ( Chinese : 规划 ; pinyin : guīhuà ) instead of as "plans" ( Chinese : 计划 ; pinyin : jìhuà ). Medium and long-term planning are central to coordinating state activity across many policy areas in China and China's Five-Year Plans are one of

228-486: A 670 billion cubic meters limit for annual water consumption, to be broken down in turn per industry, region, and products. Also in 2011, China addressed sulfur dioxide pollution through the China IV gasoline standard, which limited sulfur in gasoline to 50 ppm. Citizen activism regarding government decisions that were perceived as environmentally damaging increased in the 2010s. In April 2012, protests occurred in

304-475: A goal of 153.6 GW of solar capacity in China by 2020, as well as individual targets by province. The value of Chinese solar technology exports has risen sharply, accounting for 3% ($ 32 billion) of the total value of China's exports in 2020. The CCP views solar technology production as dovetailing with its ambitions to transform China's economy toward higher value-added goods and services. The government spends heavily on solar research and development, with much of

380-567: A greater focus on consumer goods. It called for enhancing "eating, clothing, and daily use" items ( chi, chuan, yong ). During discussions of the Third Five Year Plan, Mao acknowledged that during the Great Leap Forward, "We set revenue too high and extended the infrastructure battlefront too long," and that it was "best to do less and well." The Plan ultimately called for the prioritization of national defense in

456-514: A new phase, one of exploration and development. In April 1979, the central government formally put forward new principles of readjustment, reform, rectification and improvement. According to China Daily , the 6th Plan was first planned as part of the "Ten Year National Economic Development Plan Outline for 1976–1985" until the State Council decided to redraft the country's mid- and long-term plans in 1980. The 1982 national planning meeting

532-489: A waste pipeline for a paper factory in the city of Qidong , several thousand demonstrators protested in July 2012. Sixteen of the protesters were sentenced to between twelve and eighteen months in prison; however, thirteen were granted a reprieve on the grounds that they had confessed and repented. In total, more than 50,000 environmental protests occurred in China during 2012. In response to an increasing air pollution problem,

608-600: A yearly subsidy for lost income. According to the Chinese government website, the Central Government invested more than 40 billion yuan between 1998 and 2001 on protection of vegetation, farm subsidies , and conversion of farm to forests. Between 1999 and 2002, China converted 7.7 million hectares of farmland into forest. China became one of the 17 founding members of the Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries in 2002. The group

684-790: A zero emissions mandate, requiring companies that manufacture or import more than 30,000 vehicles in a year to include a set percentage of electric vehicles (for 2019, this was 10%; it was 12% in 2020). Similarly, regulations strongly discourage the building of new factories that can only produce vehicles with internal combustion engines; unless hard to meet criteria are satisfied, new factories must also be able to produce electric vehicles. The central government also funds and mandates vehicle charging infrastructure, including providing incentives for building owners to add charging infrastructure. Various forms of local government policy support for electric vehicles also exist. In Beijing , drivers of fully electric vehicles have much greater odds to be selected in

760-535: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Fifth Five-Year Plan (People%27s Republic of China) The Five-Year Plans ( Chinese : 五年计划 ; pinyin : Wǔnián Jìhuà ) are a series of social and economic development initiatives issued by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) since 1953 in the People's Republic of China . Since 1949,

836-554: Is part of China's Fourteenth Five-Year Plan emphasizes ecologically-oriented urban planning, including through means like urban green rings , public transportation, and bicycle lanes and walking paths. Electronic vehicle production has been a major success for China. From 2010 to 2012, the government subsidized 40-60% of the cost of buying an electric vehicle. Additionally, many local governments provided policy support, including tax breaks and "special license plates that exempted drivers from local traffic restrictions. China also set

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912-596: The CCP Central Committee in the fall prior to the start of a Plan period. More detailed plans are approved by the National People's Congress the following March. These plans establish national priorities and outline how they will be met. Administratively, the Plans result in the development of numerous specific action plans across different levels of administration. These programs evolve over

988-608: The Central Military Commission , and the full proposal for the plan was released following the plenum and approved by the National People's Congress on 14 March 2011. The plan shifted emphasis from investment towards consumption and development from urban and coastal areas toward rural and inland areas – initially by developing small cities and greenfield districts to absorb coastal migration. The plan also continued to advocate objectives set out in

1064-642: The Constitution of the People's Republic of China was amended to include the concept of ecological civilization building, as part of amendments that emphasized environmental conservation and the scientific outlook on development . In 2019, the MEE established the Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition as a joint project with the environmental agencies of twenty-five other countries. By

1140-465: The great sparrow campaign , which led to an infestation of locusts, as well as unprecedented natural and weather based issues, caused a huge decrease in food production. Simultaneously, rural officials, under huge pressure to meet their quotas, vastly overstated how much grain was available. Thus, a massive nationwide famine ensued. The policies of the Second Plan's Great Leap Forward departed from

1216-580: The " Made in China 2025 " plan. The 14th Five-Year Plan was drafted during the fifth plenum of the 19th Central Committee held from 26 to 29 October 2020. Han Wenxiu, the deputy director of the Office of the Central Finance and Economic Commission, said CCP general secretary Xi Jinping had personally led the drafting process through multiple meetings of the Politburo, its standing committee, and

1292-423: The 10th Five-Year Plan. The 11th Five-Year Plan introduced a new category of "binding targets" ( yueshuxing zhibiao ) intended as government promises. These binding targets have since been used especially in non-economic policy areas like environmental protection and land management. Of 22 targets listed in the 11th Five-Year Plan, eight of them were binding targets. These binding targets were incorporated into

1368-584: The 1976–1985 Ten Year Plan Outline of Developing National Economy (Draft) in 1975, which included the 5th Five-Year Plan. In March 1978, the Ten Year Development Outline was amended because the original version in 1975 stipulated that by 1985, steel and petroleum outputs should reach 60 and 250 million tons respectively, and 120 large projects, including 10 steel production bases, nine non-ferrous metal bases, eight coal bases and 10 oil and gas fields, should be built. To achieve these goals,

1444-569: The 2007 address, the influence of corruption was a hindrance to effective enforcement, as local authorities ignored orders and hampered the effectiveness of central decisions. In response, CCP general secretary Hu Jintao implemented the "Green G.D.P." project, where China's gross domestic product was adjusted to compensate for negative environmental effects; however, the program quickly lost official influence due to unfavorable data. The project's lead researcher claimed that provincial leaders "do not like to be lined up and told how they are not meeting

1520-528: The CCP has shaped the Chinese economy through the plenums of its Central Committee and national party congresses . Planning is a key characteristic of the nominally socialist economies , and one plan established for the entire country normally contains detailed economic development guidelines for all its regions. In order to more accurately reflect China's transition from a Soviet -style command economy to

1596-597: The CPC had determined that gross value of agricultural products should increase 270%; in fact, the gain was a considerably more modest 35%. The country saw increases in capital construction over those observed during the first Five-Year Plan and also saw significant increases in industry (doubling output value) and income (workers and farmers, increase by as much as 30%). However, the Great Leap Forward , which diverted millions of agricultural workers into industry, and

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1672-489: The Chinese government announced a five-year, US$ 277 billion plan to address the issue in 2013. Northern China will receive particular attention, as the government aimed to reduce air emissions by 25 percent by 2017, compared with 2012 levels. In 2012, the 18th Party Congress made ecological civilization one of the country's five national development goals. It emphasized a rural development approach of "Ecology, Productivity, Livability." The ecological civilization concept

1748-578: The Chinese government to display an increased level of concern towards environmental issues . For example, in his 2007 annual address Wen Jiabao , the Premier of the People's Republic of China , made 48 references to "environment," "pollution," and " environmental protection ", and stricter environmental regulations were subsequently implemented. Subsidies for some polluting industries were cancelled, while other polluting industries were shut down. However, many internal environmental targets were missed. After

1824-544: The Climate Action Tracker". In 2020, a sweeping law was passed by the Chinese government to protect the ecology of the Yangtze River . The new laws include strengthening ecological protection rules for hydropower projects along the river, banning chemical plants within 1 kilometer of the river, relocating polluting industries, severely restricting sand mining as well as a complete fishing ban on all

1900-558: The Conference of CCP Delegates convened to adopt the "Proposal for the Seventh Five Year Plan" which was set to begin in 1986. The proposal demonstrated a shift from direct government control over enterprises to using indirect macroeconomic controls to "establish a new system for the socialist economy." In March 1986, the State Council submitted "The 7th Five Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of

1976-514: The Eleventh Five-Year Plan to enhance environmental protection, accelerate the process of opening and reform, and emphasize Hong Kong's role as a center of international finance. It prioritized more equitable wealth distribution, increased domestic consumption, and improved social infrastructure and social safety nets. Improvements in the social safety net were intended to reduce precautionary saving . The plan sought to expand

2052-656: The Environmental Protection Leadership Group was established. In 1983, the Chinese government announced that environmental protection would become a state policy. China began taking an active role in international environmental policy since the 1992 Rio Meeting on Environment and Development . It has been active in international environmental fora since. Through the 1980s and early 1990s, China did not prioritize domestic environmental matters. In 1987, it enacted its first air pollution control law. State policy began changing further in

2128-541: The First Five-Year Plan was quite successful, especially in those areas emphasized by the Soviet-style development strategy. During this Plan period, China began developing a heavy-industrial base and brought its industrial production above what it had been prior to war. China also raised its agricultural production to above prewar levels, resulting primarily from gains in efficiency brought about by

2204-632: The MEP and local Environmental Protection Bureaus until 2018. China's carbon emissions trading pilot programs were under the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) as well as local Development and Reform Councils. In 2018, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE) was established. A number of environmental policy functions were merged from other ministries into the MEE, including MEP functions, climate policy previously under

2280-607: The NDRC, and a number of environmental policy functions previously under the Ministry of Water Resources and the State Oceanic Administration . Pollutant and carbon emissions trading programs were also placed within the MEE's jurisdiction. The NDRC continues to have a role in the promotion of sustainable development goals. As of 2020, China's pollution reduction targets have been set geographically. Based on goals set in China's operative Five-Year Plan ,

2356-888: The Natural Forest Protection Program and the Returning Farmland to Forest program, were announced in late 1998. The programs were piloted in Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Gansu in 1999. They became widely implemented in 2000. The Natural Forest Protection Program called for major reductions in timber harvest, forest conservation, and instituted logging bans in most of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Tibet. The program provided for alternative employment opportunities for former logging industry workers, including hiring them for reforestation work. The Returning Farmland to Forest program paid farmers to plant trees on less productive farmland and provided them with

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2432-536: The Party began to shift from a focus on pure developmentalism towards eco-developmentalism. Responding both to scientific evidence on the environment and increasing public pressure, the Party began to re-formulate its ideology to recognize that the developmentalist approach during reform and opening up was not sustainable. The Party began to use the terminology of environmental culture ( huanjing wenhua ) and ecological civilization . Two large reforestation programs,

2508-1022: The People's Republic of China, 1986–1990" to the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People's Congress for review and ratification. It was the first time in China's history that an all-round plan for social and economic development was created at the start of a new five-year plan. The national goals of the Plan included speeding up development on the coast, with inland regions role's being to "support and accelerate coastal development." During this Plan period, different regions of China were encouraged to develop by leveraging their respective advantages. Coastal regions were instructed to focused on "the restructuring of traditional industries, new industries, and consumer goods production." Western regions were to focus on processing and agriculture. In central regions, energy, construction, and minerals were

2584-444: The Plan, considerable success was achieved. In 1977, the gross output value of industry and agriculture reached 505.5 billion yuan, 4.4% above-target and representing an increase of 10.4% compared with the previous year. Gross domestic product for 1978 reached 301 billion yuan, an increase of 12.3% compared with 1977, and an increase of 19.4% compared with 1976. However, during this period, the Chinese economy developed too quickly, and

2660-846: The State Environmental Protection Administration was official replaced by the Ministry of Environmental Protection during the March National People's Congress sessions in Beijing. In 2011, the State Council issued its "Decision on Accelerating the Regulation of Water Consumption." The document's introduction emphasizes the importance of water management given the growing impact of climate change. The Decision established

2736-501: The United States would ultimately invade China. Support among leadership for Mao's proposed Third Front construction increased as a result and changed the direction of the Third Five Year Plan. The Fourth Five Year Plan sought decentralization and prioritized "small scale, indigenous, and labor intensive" development projects over "large scale, foreign, and capital intensive" development. The central government stipulated

2812-490: The approach in the Soviet-inspired First Plan, which stressed central command and extensive planning. Instead, the approach entailed local areas marshalling all available resources for large projects. In 1960–61, attempts were made to redirect twenty million workers into agricultural production and to reallocate investment into those industrial sectors that could further support agriculture. This shift

2888-476: The approach in the first Five-Year Plan was for the government to buy them out, including through coercing reluctant sellers if necessary. Government control over industry was increased during this period by applying financial pressures and inducements to convince owners of private, modern firms to sell them to the state or convert them into joint public-private enterprises under state control. The Plan strained agricultural production. In terms of economic growth,

2964-512: The central government in 2016 re-ordered reporting lines for environmental agencies below the provincial level and put them into a vertical leadership structure at the provincial level. This change greatly reduced the influence of local governments on the environmental protection process. During 2016–2017, the MEP temporarily shut down approximately 40% of all Chinese factories as part of an environmental protection campaign. Between those two years, environmental protection inspections resulted in

3040-411: The central government sets yearly pollution reduction targets. These targets are then divided among provinces, which divide them further among cities and counties. Local government's primary environmental policy goals are to meet these reduction targets. In China, draft laws are submitted to the public for consultation and comments. Environmental non-government organizations in China are active in

3116-584: The city's highly competitive license plate lottery and can drive their vehicles at any time (whereas the days when conventionally-powered vehicles can be used are restricted for traffic and air pollution control purposes). In Shanghai , license plates for fully-electric vehicles or plug-in hybrid vehicles are free. As a result of China's policy support for electric vehicles, sales have skyrocketed in China, going from less than 10,000 units to 330,000 units sold in just four years. By 2018, 1.1 million electric cars were sold in China, representing an 80% increase from

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3192-516: The country's relaxed environmental oversight has caused a number of ecological problems. In response to public pressure, the national government has undertaken a number of measures to curb pollution in China and improve the country's environmental situation. In and before the 2010s, the government's response was criticized as inadequate; encouraged by national policy that judged regions primarily by their economic development, corrupt and unwilling local authorities hampered enforcement. In April 2014,

3268-415: The course of the plan period. As academic Sebastian Heilmann observes, this process is best viewed as a planning coordination and evaluation cycle rather than a unified blueprint. China's Five-Year Plans have been praised for their efficiency, capabilities and their importance to rapid economic growth, development, corporate finance and industrial policies . Having restored a viable economic base,

3344-498: The criteria for local cadre performance evaluations. The Plan also reflected a change in terminology to the allocation of administrative resources via "programs" rather than "plans." The Twelfth Five-Year Guideline was debated in mid-October 2010 at the fifth plenary session of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party , the same session in which Xi Jinping was selected as Vice Chairman of

3420-545: The disciplining, prosecution, and conviction of 17,000 officials. Low carbon development was emphasized during the 19th Party Congress in 2017. During the opening session of the Congress, General Secretary Xi Jinping described pollution control as one of "Three Critical Battles" (along with poverty alleviation and de-risking). After several years of regional experiments in emissions trading systems , China started its national system on December 19, 2017. In 2018,

3496-535: The drafting panel that he headed. The Plan was drafted against the backdrop of worsening China–United States relations and the COVID-19 pandemic , which caused China's economy to shrink in the first quarter of 2020 – the first time in 44 years. Continuing themes from the prior two plans, the Fourteenth Five-Year Plan also seeks to boost the services sector, increase urbanization, and expand

3572-488: The early 2020s, China's urban areas were significantly healthier and more sustainable than a decade earlier. In 2020, Xi announced that China aims to peak emissions before 2030 and go carbon-neutral by 2060 in accordance with the Paris climate accord . According to Climate Action Tracker , if accomplished it would lower the expected rise in global temperature by 0.2–0.3 degrees, "the biggest single reduction ever estimated by

3648-563: The focus on developing industry, northeast China was the region which received the greatest share of state funds during the First Plan. The First Five-Year Plan phrased its developmental focus in the terminology of revolution. It attributed the backwards state of China's economy to contradictions between the developing productive forces and the capitalist relations of production . Agriculture, fishing, and forestry would be collectivized. Regarding commercial and services industries,

3724-533: The focus. During the 10th Five-Year Plan, the strategic purpose of planning shifted from narrow, quantitative growth targets to coordinating structural and qualitative changes in economic and social growth targets. The Plan described science, technology, and human resources as decisive areas to improve for China to catch-up with the most advanced countries. Focuses included growing the services sector, developing domestic economic demand, rural urbanization, and western development. Environmental sustainability

3800-636: The framing of ecological civilization, including mitigation for air pollution, water pollution, urban flooding, urban heat islands , and subsidence , among other policy measures. The 2013 State Council Air Pollution Control Action Plan required the phase-in of the China V gasoline standard. A significantly more stringent standard than the China IV standard, the China V standard allowed no more than 10 ppm of sulfur in fuel. The 2014 National New-Type Urbanization Plan requires 20% of municipal regions to be zoned as ecological protection areas. In March 2014, Premier Li Keqiang "declared war" on pollution during

3876-412: The funding coming form the Ministry of Science and Technology . For the first half of 2022, China's investments in large scale solar increased 173 percent from the prior year, amounting to $ 41 billion USD. Eco-cities in China are a significant component of the country's efforts to address climate change and promote sustainable urban development. The government has launched three programs to encourage

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3952-447: The global investments. China has become the world's largest investor, producer and consumer of renewable energy worldwide, manufacturing state-of-the-art solar panels, wind turbines and hydroelectric energy facilities as well as becoming the world’s largest producer of electric cars and buses. Its commitment to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions has been a major force in decreasing the global cost of wind and solar power, in turn helping

4028-576: The government amended its environmental law to better fight pollution. Since the 2010s, the government has given greater attention to environmental protection through policy actions such as the signing of the Paris climate accord , the 13th Five-Year Plan and the 2015 Environmental Protection Law reform. From 2006 to 2017, sulphur dioxide levels in China were reduced by 70 percent, and air pollution has decreased from 2013 to 2018 In 2017, investments in renewable energy amounted to US$ 279.8 billion worldwide, with China accounting for US$ 126.6 billion or 45% of

4104-399: The government would invest 70 billion yuan in infrastructure construction, equaling total national investment over the previous 28 years. These were impossible targets and ran counter to economic development rules. The Plan put forward suggestions to set up an independent and comparatively complete industrial system and national economic system from 1978 to 1980. With the implementation of

4180-479: The law "a heavy blow [in the fight against] our country's harsh environmental realities, and an important systemic construct". Three previous versions of the bill were voted down. The bill is the first revision to the environmental protection law since 1989. In 2015, China established the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law. As part of its effort to prioritize environmental protection,

4256-456: The leadership under Chairman Mao Zedong , Premier Zhou Enlai , and other revolutionary veterans sought to implement what they termed a socialist transformation of China. The First Five-Year Plan was deeply influenced by Soviet methodologies and assistance from Soviet planners. Industrial development was the primary goal. With Soviet assistance in the form of both funds and experts, China began to develop industries from scratch. Consistent with

4332-525: The leadership’s goals ... They found it difficult to accept this." The government attempted to hold national No Car Days where cars were banned from central roads, but the action was largely ignored. In 2007, the central government initiated the National Specially Monitored Firms program, through which it directly monitored 3,115 water-polluting firms, 658 sewage treatment plants, and 3,592 air-polluting firms. In 2008,

4408-485: The legislative process through this mechanism. As of at least 2023, there is a trend towards increasing emphasis on environmental policy success in the evaluation of Communist Party cadre . From 1949–1979, China's participation in international environmental policy bodies was slight. In 1972, Chinese representatives attended the first United Nations Conference on the Human Environment . The next year,

4484-450: The light of a possible big war, actively preparing for conflicts and speeding up construction in three key areas; national defense, science and technology, and industry and transport infrastructure. The turn towards a greater emphasis on developing heavy industries and national defense industries was prompted by the Gulf of Tonkin incident , which increased fears among Chinese leadership that

4560-713: The mid-1990s to become more protective of the environment, with the pace of change accelerating following the 1998 China floods . After investigating, government scientists attributed much of the cause for flooding to upstream deforestation that had occurred during logging booms in the previous two decades. State regulation of environmental issues became more active, with the State Environmental Projection Administration aggressively campaigning against deforestation, curbing excessive water use during irrigation, and emphasizing decarbonization of China's energy supplies. Beginning in 1998,

4636-481: The most prominent examples of this approach. Through the Five-Year Plans, the CCP and the government establish their policy priorities. Five-Year Plans continue to be a central means of organizing policy in China, especially in the areas of environmental protection , education , and industrial policy . The initial formulation of a Five-Year Plan begins with fairly short, general guidelines prepared by

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4712-434: The natural waterways of the river, including all its major tributaries and lakes. China's Five-Year Plans are an important means of policy organization in the area of environmental protection. With the 11th Five-Year Plan , China introduced binding administrative targets which have been especially used in non-economic policy areas like environmental protection and land management. The Climate Change Special Plan which

4788-540: The opening of the National People's Congress . The NPC amended the Environmental Protection Law, strengthening the MEP's enforcement powers, and emphasizing the government's responsibility for protecting the environment. The amended law allows for public interest litigation on environmental issues and permits non-governmental organizations to bring such lawsuits. Lawmaker Xin Chunying called

4864-744: The prior year. China leads the world in both the deployment of solar power (with more than one-third of global capacity) and in solar manufacturing. China's Sixth Five-Year Plan (1981–1985) was the first to address government policy support for solar PV panel manufacturing. Policy support for solar panel manufacturing has been a part of every Five-Year Plan since. The global financial crisis of 2007-2008 prompted significant stimulus efforts by China to invigorate its then-struggling solar industry. The China Development Bank provided $ 20 billion of financing to domestic solar manufacturers in 2010. China has provided feed-in-tariffs for solar power since at least 2011. The 13th Five-Year Plan established

4940-401: The reorganization and cooperation achieved through cooperative farming. Although urbanization had not been a specific goal of the plan's focus on industrialization, industrialization also prompted extensive urban growth. By 1956, China had completed its socialist transformation of the domestic economy. This plan was created to accomplish several tasks, including: The Political Bureau of

5016-437: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Fifth Five-Year Plan . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Five-Year_Plan&oldid=1048484058 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

5092-586: The services industry in order to increase employment and continue urbanization to help raise real wages . Continuing themes from the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan also sought to boost the services sector, increase urbanization, and expand the social safety net to reduce precautionary savings. It also emphasized innovation, the completion of building a moderately prosperous society , and started

5168-538: The social safety net to reduce precautionary savings. To address the aging of China's population , the Plan seeks to expand healthcare and retirement system initiatives. The Plan also emphasizes high-tech innovation. [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . Country Studies . Federal Research Division . Environmental policy in China China 's rapid economic expansion combined with

5244-541: The southern town of Yinggehai following the announcement of a power plant project. The protesters initially succeeded in halting the project, worth 3.9 billion renminbi (£387m). Another town was selected for the location of the plant, but when the residents in the second location also resisted the authorities returned to Yinggehai. A second round of protests occurred in October 2012 and police clashed with protester, leading to 50 arrests and almost 100 injuries. In response to

5320-710: The use of renewable energy to rise globally. China's State Environmental Protection Agency was raised to ministry level in 2008, and renamed the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP). Until 2018, it was responsible for implementing environmental policies, as well as the enforcement of environmental laws and regulations. The Ministry was tasked with protecting China's air, water, and land from pollution and contamination . Complementing its regulatory role, it funded and organized research and development. Until 2018, China's pollutant trading programs and carbon emissions trading programs were under different policy jurisdictions. Pollutant trading programs were administered under

5396-413: The very high goals triggered the onset of yet another round of mistakes. In December 1978, the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party shifted the work focus of the CCP to modernization. The Session emphasized that the development should follow economic rules and proposed readjustment and reform measures, which indicated that national economic development had entered

5472-475: Was again mainly focused on the drafting of the Plan. It was only in December that year that the fifth meeting of the 5th National People's Congress officially ratified the Plan. The Sixth Five-Year Plan was the first to address government policy support for solar PV panel manufacturing. Policy support for solar panel manufacturing has been a part of every Five-Year Plan since. In late September 1985,

5548-488: Was also added to the Communist Party's constitution . Xi Jinping has identified environmental protection as a top five priority for national progress and has popularized the slogan clear waters and green mountains to emphasize that economic development policies must also address environmental protection. 2013–2014 was the low point for China's urban environment. This prompted numerous policy initiatives under

5624-407: Was also addressed. Goals included increasing forest coverage to 18.2%, and the urban green rate to 35%. The total amount of major urban and rural pollutants discharged were targeted for a 10% reduction as compared with 2000, and more measures would be taken to protect and save natural resources. The planning philosophy for the 11th Five-Year Plan was significantly shaped by a mid-term evaluation of

5700-502: Was also in sharp contrast to the rapid industrialization seen in the First Five-Year Plan. The Third Plan was originally due early in 1963, but at that time China's economy was too dislocated, as a result of the failure of the Great Leap Forward and four poor harvests to permit any planned operations. No five-year plan ultimately covered the period 1963–1965. As initially conceived, the Third Five Year Plan emphasized further development in China's already more developed coastal areas and

5776-458: Was established to promote consultation and cooperation on the preservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. From 2001 to 2005, Chinese environmental authorities received more than 2.53 million letters and 430,000 visits by 597,000 petitioners seeking environmental redress. Meanwhile, the number of mass protests caused by concerns over environmental issues grew steadily from 2001 to 2007. The increased attention on environmental matters caused

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