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100-397: The church, the adjoining cloister, and chapter house contain a multiplicity of art treasures and funerary monuments. Especially famous are frescoes by masters of Gothic and early Renaissance . They were financed by the most important Florentine families, who ensured themselves funerary chapels on consecrated ground. This church was called S. Maria Novella ('New') because it was built on

200-468: A Bonapartist . Dantès's neighbor, Caderousse, is present; he too is jealous of Dantès, but although he objects to the plot, he becomes too drunk to prevent it. On the day of his wedding, Dantès is arrested, but the cowardly Caderousse stays silent. Villefort, the deputy crown prosecutor in Marseille, is Noirtier's son. Knowing that it would destroy his political career for it to be known that his father

300-459: A literary classic today. According to Lucy Sante , " The Count of Monte Cristo has become a fixture of Western civilization's literature." On the day in 1815 when Napoleon escapes from Elba , Edmond Dantès sails the Pharaon into Marseille after the death of the captain, Leclère. The ship's owner, Morrel, will make Dantès the next captain. On his deathbed, Leclère charged Dantès to deliver

400-457: A French nineteen-year-old first mate of the merchant ship Pharaon , is falsely accused of treason, arrested, and imprisoned without trial in the Château d'If , a grim island fortress off Marseille . A fellow prisoner, Abbé Faria, correctly deduces that romantic rival Fernand Mondego, envious crewmate Danglars, and double-dealing magistrate De Villefort are responsible for his imprisonment. Over

500-403: A banker, buys Morrel's debts, and gives him three months' reprieve. At the end of the three months, Morrel is about to commit suicide when he learns that they have been mysteriously paid and that one of his lost ships has returned with a full cargo, secretly rebuilt and laden by Dantès. Dantès reappears nine years later, in 1838, as the mysterious, fabulously wealthy Count of Monte Cristo. Fernand

600-627: A chapter house for the Dominican Order . Construction started c. 1343 and was finished in 1355. The Guidalotti chapel was later called "Spanish Chapel", because Cosimo I assigned it to Eleonora of Toledo and her Spanish retinue. Within the Spanish Chapel there is a smaller Chapel of the Most Holy Sacrament. The Spanish Chapel was decorated from 1365 to 1367 by Andrea di Bonaiuto , also known as Andrea da Firenze. As

700-441: A cloister does not provide such a space. There is often a fireplace, and altars are found in some examples, sometimes added later. Many medieval rooms use stone vaulting supported by columns in the centre of the space, as used for other more utilitarian large rooms in monasteries with a generous budget. Others have much higher roofs. The shape of the room is usually designed to allow good audibility for speakers from all parts of

800-495: A drug that will give her limited resistance to the poison. Caderousse attempts to rob the Count's house but is caught by "Abbé Busoni" and forced to write a letter to Danglars, exposing "Cavalcanti" as an impostor. When Caderousse leaves the estate, he is stabbed by Benedetto. Caderousse dictates a deathbed statement naming his killer, and the Count reveals his true identity to Caderousse before he dies. The Count anonymously leaks to

900-472: A duel. Benedetto ingratiates himself to Danglars, who betroths his daughter Eugénie to him after canceling her engagement to Albert. Caderousse blackmails Benedetto, threatening to reveal his past if he does not share his newfound wealth. Heloïse begins poisoning members of Villefort's family, intending to ensure that all of the family's wealth will be inherited by her son Édouard, rather than her stepdaughter Valentine; Noirtier secretly begins dosing Valentine with

1000-573: A faithfully adapted Manga edition of the classic novel. The first Japanese translation by Kuroiwa Shūroku was entitled "Shigai Shiden Gankutsu-ou" (史外史伝巌窟王, "a historical story from outside history, the King of the Cavern"), and serialized from 1901 to 1902 in the Yorozu Chouhou newspaper, and released in book form in four volumes by publisher Aoki Suusandou in 1905. Though later translations use

1100-469: A monument by Bernardo Rossellino executed in 1451. In the same aisle, are located tombs of bishops of Fiesole , one by Tino di Camaino and another by Nino Pisano . The chancel (or the Cappella Tornabuoni ) contains series of famous frescoes painted from 1485 to 1490 by Domenico Ghirlandaio whose apprentice was the young Michelangelo . The frescoes represent themes from the lives of

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1200-565: A new translation by Robin Buss. Buss' translation updated the language, making the text more accessible to modern readers, and restored content that was modified in the 1846 translation because of Victorian English social restrictions (for example, references to Eugénie's lesbian traits and behavior) to reflect Dumas' original version. In addition to the above, there have also been many abridged translations such as an 1892 edition published by F.M. Lupton, translated by Henry L. Williams (this translation

1300-456: A package to General Bertrand (exiled with Napoleon ), and a letter from Elba to a Bonapartist in Paris named Noirtier. Crewmate Danglars is jealous of Dantès's rapid promotion. On the eve of Dantès's wedding to his Catalan fiancée Mercédès, Danglars meets Fernand Mondego, Mercédès's cousin and a rival for her affections, and Mondego and Danglars hatch a plot to anonymously accuse him of being

1400-527: A particularly gripping television series. Day after day, at breakfast or at work or on the street, people talked of little else. George Saintsbury stated that " Monte Cristo is said to have been at its first appearance, and for some time subsequently, the most popular book in Europe. Perhaps no novel within a given number of years had so many readers and penetrated into so many different countries." This popularity has extended into modern times as well. The book

1500-458: A portrait of Dante), Hell (on the right wall) and paradise (on the left wall). The main altarpiece of The Redeemer with the Madonna and Saints was done by Nardo di Cione 's brother, Andrea di Cione, better known as Orcagna . The large stained-glass window on the back was made from a cartoon by the two brothers. The Della Pura Chapel is situated north of the old cemetery. It dates from 1474 and

1600-495: A speculator, amassed a fortune, married a wealthy widow, and became a baron. Fernand served in the French Army, rising to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Dantès rewards Caderousse with a diamond. Later, Caderousse negotiates the sale of the diamond to a jeweler, but kills the jeweler to keep both the diamond and the money; he is eventually arrested and sentenced to the galleys . To rescue Morrel from bankruptcy, Dantès poses as

1700-473: A spy on behalf of England in a period of wars between France and England. Picaud was placed under a form of house arrest in the Fenestrelle Fort , where he served as a servant to a rich Italian cleric. When the cleric died, he left his fortune to Picaud, whom he had begun to treat as a son. Picaud then spent years plotting his revenge on the three men who were responsible for his misfortune. He stabbed

1800-523: Is a Bonapartist, he destroys the letter and silences Dantès by sentencing him without trial to life imprisonment. After six years of solitary imprisonment in the Château d'If , Dantès is on the verge of suicide when another prisoner, the Abbé Faria, an Italian scholarly priest, digs an escape tunnel that by mistake ends in Dantès's cell. The Abbé helps Dantès deduce the culprits of his imprisonment. Over

1900-409: Is a clerestory of ocular windows above which rises a ribbed, pointed quadrupartite vault. The ribs and arches are all black and white polychrome. There is a trompe-l'œil effect by which towards the apse the nave seems longer than its actual length because the piers between the nave and the aisles are progressively closer, nearer to the chancel. Many of the windows have stained glass dating from

2000-620: Is also mentioned in the Pléiade edition of this novel, and it probably served as a model for the chapter of the murders inside the Villefort family. The introduction to the Pléiade edition mentions other sources from real life: a man named Abbé Faria existed, was imprisoned but did not die in prison; he died in 1819 and left no large legacy to anyone. As for Dantès, his fate is quite different from his model in Peuchet's book, since that model

2100-560: Is left with a ruined reputation and 5,000,000 francs he has been holding in deposit for hospitals. The Count demands this sum to fulfill their credit agreement, and Danglars embezzles the hospital fund. He flees to Italy with the Count's receipt for the cash and 50,000 francs of his own, and is reimbursed the 5,000,000 francs from the Count's own bank account. While leaving Rome, he is kidnapped by Luigi Vampa. The bandits extort Danglars's ill-gotten gains out of him by forcing him to pay exorbitant prices for food and water; Dantès anonymously returns

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2200-548: Is murdered by the "Caderousse" of the plot. The Count of Monte Cristo was originally published in the Journal des Débats in eighteen parts. Serialization ran from 28 August 1844 to 15 January 1846. The first edition in book form was published in Paris by Pétion in 18 volumes with the first two issued in 1844 and the remaining sixteen in 1845. Most of the Belgian pirated editions, the first Paris edition and many others up to

2300-417: Is now the Count de Morcerf, Danglars a baron and banker, and Villefort a procureur du roi ('royal prosecutor'). In Rome, at Carnival time, Dantès befriends Viscount Albert de Morcerf, the son of Mercédès and Fernand. He arranges for Albert to be captured by the bandit Luigi Vampa, and "rescues" the boy, earning his trust. Albert introduces the Count to Parisian high society . Dantès, in his guise as

2400-569: Is popular in Japan, and has spawned numerous adaptations, the most notable of which are the novels Meiji Gankutsu-ou by Taijirou Murasame and Shin Gankutsu-ou by Kaitarō Hasegawa . Its influence can also be seen in how one of the first prominent cases of miscarriage of justice in Japan, in which an innocent man was charged with murder and imprisoned for half a century, is known in Japanese as

2500-611: The Crucifixion of St Philip . On the left wall is the fresco St John the Evangelist Resuscitating Druisana and in the lunette above it The Torture of St John the Evangelist . Adam, Noah, Abraham and Jacob are represented on the ribbed vault . Behind the altar is the tomb of Strozzi with a sculpture by Benedetto da Maiano (1491). This chapel, designed by Giuliano da Sangallo , is situated on

2600-600: The Cultural Revolution . Since then, there have been another 22 Chinese translations. The original work was published in serial form in the Journal des Débats in 1844. Carlos Javier Villafane Mercado described the effect in Europe: The effect of the serials, which held vast audiences enthralled ... is unlike any experience of reading we are likely to have known ourselves, maybe something like that of

2700-700: The English Reformation , and the late Gothic paintings added behind the seats (see gallery) were preserved hidden behind bookshelves until the 19th century. In some Romanesque or Gothic monasteries, the entrance to the chapter house has an elaborate façade with a door surrounded by highly decorated archivolts , especially when it is a separate building. Many chapterhouses feature elaborate carving or frescos , which include some masterpieces of religious art, but were also sometimes secular. The paintings from Arlanza , now spread across museums in Spain and

2800-725: The Lécrivain et Toubon illustrated edition of 1860 feature a misspelling of the title with "Christo" used instead of "Cristo". The first edition to feature the correct spelling was the L'Écho des Feuilletons illustrated edition, Paris 1846. This edition featured plates by Paul Gavarni and Tony Johannot and was said to be "revised" and "corrected", although only the chapter structure appears to have been altered with an additional chapter entitled La Maison des Allées de Meilhan having been created by splitting Le Départ into two. The first appearance of The Count of Monte Cristo in English

2900-701: The Mediterranean during the historical events of 1815–1839: the era of the Bourbon Restoration through the reign of Louis-Philippe of France . It begins on the day that Napoleon left his first island of exile, Elba, beginning the Hundred Days period of his return to power. The historical setting is a fundamental element of the book, an adventure story centrally concerned with themes of hope, justice, vengeance, mercy, and forgiveness. Before he can marry his fiancée Mercédès, Edmond Dantès ,

3000-406: The dean , prebendaries and canons of the college meet there. The rooms may also be used for other meetings of various sorts; in medieval times monarchs on tour in their territory would often take them over for their meetings and audiences. Synods , ecclesiastical courts and similar meetings often took place in chapter houses. When part of a monastery, the chapter house is generally located on

3100-469: The "Yoshida Gankutsu-ou incident" (吉田岩窟王事件). A manga adaptation of the novel, titled Monte Cristo Hakushaku (モンテ・クリスト, 伯爵) and made by Ena Moriyama, was published in November 2015. The first translation into Chinese was published in 1907. The novel had been a personal favorite of Jiang Qing , and the 1978 translation became one of the first mass-popularized foreign novels in mainland China after end of

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3200-580: The 14th and 15th century, such as 15th century Madonna and Child and St. John and St. Philip (designed by Filippino Lippi ), both in the Filippo Strozzi Chapel. Some stained glass windows have been damaged in the course of centuries and have been replaced. The one at the west end, a depiction of the Coronation of Mary , dates from the 14th century, and is based on a design of Andrea di Bonaiuto da Firenze . The pulpit, commissioned by

3300-497: The Abbé Busoni, Dantès finds Caderousse, who regrets not intervening in Dantès's arrest. Caderousse informs him that Mercédès eventually resigned herself to marrying Fernand, that Dantès's father died of starvation, and that his old employer Morrel tried in vain to secure Dantès's release and tend after his father in his absence, but is now on the brink of bankruptcy. Both Danglars and Fernand have prospered greatly. Danglars became

3400-623: The Chapel of the Annunciation by the Cavalcanti family in 1380. It houses, after a recent period of fourteen years of cleaning and renovation, the enormous painted Crucifix with the Madonna and John the Evangelist , an early work by Giotto . The sacristy is also embellished by a glazed terra cotta and a marble font, masterpieces by Giovanni della Robbia (1498). The cupboards were designed by Bernardo Buontalenti in 1593. The paintings on

3500-463: The Count of Monte Cristo, who reveals his identity. Fernand shoots himself. At the party to celebrate "Cavalcanti"'s engagement to Eugénie Danglars, the police arrive to arrest Benedetto for Caderousse's murder. Benedetto flees, but is arrested and returned to Paris. Eugénie (who is implied to be a lesbian ) also takes the opportunity to flee Paris with her girlfriend. Valentine barely survives Héloïse's first attempt to poison her, and Maximilien begs

3600-440: The Count to protect her from the unknown poisoner. He does so by faking her death, making it appear that the poisoner succeeded. Villefort, deducing that Héloïse is the murderer, gives her a choice between the shame of a public trial and committing suicide in private, before leaving to prosecute Benedetto's trial. At the trial, Benedetto reveals that he is Villefort's son and was rescued after Villefort buried him alive, having learned

3700-459: The Count, meets Mercédès for the first time in 23 years, and eventually makes the acquaintance of Danglars, Fernand, and Villefort. The Count purchases a home in Auteuil , a suburb of Paris. He has learned from his servant Bertuccio that it is the home in which Villefort once had an extramarital affair with Danglars's wife, who gave birth to a child that Villefort buried alive in order to cover up

3800-585: The Paris police. The archivist was Jacques Peuchet , and the multi-volume book was called Memoirs from the Archives of the Paris Police in English. Dumas included this essay in one of the editions of his novel published in 1846. Peuchet related the tale of a shoemaker, Pierre Picaud , living in Nîmes in 1807, who was engaged to marry a rich woman when three jealous friends falsely accused him of being

3900-515: The Parlour Novelist respectively. The most common English translation is an anonymous one originally published in 1846 by Chapman and Hall . This was originally released in ten weekly installments from March 1846 with six pages of letterpress and two illustrations by M Valentin. The translation was released in book form with all twenty illustrations in two volumes in May 1846, a month after

4000-569: The Rucellai family in 1443, was designed by Filippo Brunelleschi and executed by his adopted son Andrea Cavalcanti . This pulpit has a particular historical significance, since it was the pulpit from which Father Tommaso Caccini denounced Galileo Galilei 's defense of Copernican heliocentrism . The Holy Trinity , situated almost halfway along the left aisle, is a pioneering early Renaissance work of Masaccio , showing his new ideas about perspective and mathematical proportions. Its meaning for

4100-669: The U.S.). Fantasy novelist Steven Brust 's Khaavren Romances series have all used Dumas novels (particularly the Three Musketeers series) as their chief inspiration, recasting the plots of those novels to fit within Brust's established world of Dragaera . His 2020 novel The Baron of Magister Valley follows suit, using The Count of Monte Cristo as a starting point. Jin Yong has admitted some influence from Dumas, his favorite non-Chinese novelist. Some commentators feel that

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4200-482: The United States, originally decorated the monastery of San Pedro de Arlanza , and contain huge bold mythical beasts that are some of the finest survivals of Romanesque palace decoration. In modern settings, the chapterhouse may simply be (or use) an ordinary office boardroom or meeting room. When it is a separate building, this often consists of just the single main room. The community of monks would meet in

4300-929: The Virgin and John the Baptist. They contain portrayals of several members of important Florentine families. The vaults have roundels with paintings of the Evangelists. On the rear wall are the paintings Saint Dominic burns the Heretical Books and Saint Peter's Martyrdom , the Annunciation , and Saint John goes into the Desert . The stained-glass windows were made in 1492 by the Florentine artist Alessandro Agolanti , known also as Il Bidello, and were based on cartoons by Ghirlandaio. The bronze crucifix on

4400-432: The affair. The infant was rescued by Bertuccio, named Benedetto, and raised by Bertuccio's sister Assunta, but Benedetto turned to a life of crime as a young man, murdered Assunta, and was sentenced to the galleys himself. Having impressed Parisian society with his wealth and air of mystery, the Count begins setting up the pieces for his revenge. He persuades Danglars to extend him a credit of six million francs. He discusses

4500-534: The already existing medieval part of the façade. The combined façade can be inscribed by a square; many other repetitions of squares can be found in the design. His contribution consists of a broad frieze decorated with squares, and the full upper part, including the four white-green pilasters and a round window, crowned by a pediment with the Dominican solar emblem, and flanked on both sides by enormous S-curved volutes . The four columns with Corinthian capitals on

4600-529: The ambrosia which Hebe served at the table of Jupiter". When he arrives in Paris, the Count brandishes an emerald box in which he carries small green pills compounded of hashish and opium which he uses for sleeplessness. (Source: Chapters 31, 32, 38, 40, 53 & 77 in the 117-chapter unabridged Pocket Books edition.) Dumas was a member of the Club des Hashischins . In June 2017, Manga Classics, an imprint of UDON Entertainment, published The Count of Monte Cristo as

4700-571: The art of painting can easily be compared to the importance of Brunelleschi for architecture and Donatello for sculpture. The patrons were the judge and his wife, members of the Lenzi family, here depicted kneeling. The cadaver tomb below carries in Italian the epigram : "I was once what you are, and what I am you will become". Of particular note in the right aisle is the Tomba della Beata Villana ,

4800-549: The burial sack. When he is thrown into the sea, Dantès cuts through the sack and swims to a nearby island, where, claiming to be a shipwrecked sailor, he is rescued by Genoese smugglers . Some months later, he locates and retrieves the treasure; he later purchases the island of Monte Cristo and the title of count from the Tuscan government. Having sworn vengeance on Danglars, Mondego, and Villefort, Dantès returns to Marseille in search of information for his vengeance. Traveling as

4900-564: The chapel was built for the Dominicans, depictions of Saint Dominic are found in most of the frescos. The large fresco on the right wall depicts an Allegory of the Active and Triumphant Church and of the Dominican order . It is especially interesting because in the background it shows a large pink building that some think may provide some insight into the original designs for Florence Cathedral by Arnolfo di Cambio (before Brunelleschi's dome

5000-477: The chapel's altar, depicting the Madonna Enthroned with Child and Four Saints by Bernardo Daddi dates from 1344 and is currently on display in a small museum area reached ed through glass doors from the far end of the cloister. Together, the complex iconography of the ceiling vault, walls, and altar combine to communicate the message of Dominicans as guides to salvation. Rectangular in shape, towards

5100-427: The chapter house with the abbot to "hold chapter "; that is, "for the reading of the ' Martyrology ' and the ' Necrology ', for the correction of faults, the assigning of the tasks for the day, and for the exhortation of the superior, and again for the evening Collation or reading before Complin ". The first meeting took place in the morning, after the church services of Prime or Terce . The monks might sit along

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5200-673: The church (1456–1470). He was already famous as the architect of the Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini , but even more for his seminal treatise on architecture De re aedificatoria . Alberti had also designed the façade for the Rucellai Palace in Florence. Alberti attempted to bring the ideals of humanist architecture, proportion and classically inspired detailing to bear on the design, while also creating harmony with

5300-418: The church include: Chapter house A chapter house or chapterhouse is a building or room that is part of a cathedral , monastery or collegiate church in which meetings are held. When attached to a cathedral, the cathedral chapter meets there. In monasteries, the whole community often met there daily for readings and to hear the abbot or senior monks talk. When attached to a collegiate church,

5400-570: The circular chapter house style of plan: Andrea Cavalcanti The Count of Monte Cristo (French: Le Comte de Monte-Cristo ) is an adventure novel written by French author Alexandre Dumas ( père ) serialized from 1844 to 1846. It is one of the author's most popular works, along with The Three Musketeers . Like many of his novels, it was expanded from plot outlines suggested by his collaborating ghostwriter Auguste Maquet . The story takes place in France, Italy, and islands in

5500-497: The completion of the Romanesque - Gothic bell tower and sacristy. In 1360, a series of Gothic arcades were added to the façade; these were intended to contain sarcophagi. The church was consecrated in 1420. On a commission from the wealthy Florentine wool merchant Giovanni di Paolo Rucellai , Leon Battista Alberti designed the upper part of the inlaid green marble of Prato, also called 'serpentino', and white marble façade of

5600-472: The consequences of vengeance and its impact on both the avenger and the targets. The theme of hope is central, driving Dantès through his trials and symbolizing his belief in eventual redemption. Mercy and forgiveness are contrasted with vengeance, as Dantès grapples with the morality of his actions. Additionally, the novel touches on themes of fate, identity, and redemption, making it a complex exploration of human nature. A short novel titled Georges by Dumas

5700-407: The course of their long imprisonment, Faria educates Dantès and, knowing himself close to death, inspires him to retrieve for himself a cache of treasure Faria had discovered. After Faria dies, Dantès escapes and finds the treasure. As the fabulously wealthy, powerful and mysterious Count of Monte Cristo , he enters the fashionable Parisian world of the 1830s to avenge himself. The book is considered

5800-458: The eastern wing of the cloister , which is next to the church. Since many cathedrals in England were originally monastic foundations, this is a common arrangement there also. Elsewhere it may be a separate building. The chapter house comprises a large space, in order to hold all the monks of the monastery, and is often highly ornamented. Typically there is seating around, often built into, all

5900-408: The financial markets by bribing a telegraph operator to transmit a false message, causing Danglars to lose hundreds of thousands of francs. Meanwhile, Villefort's daughter Valentine is engaged to marry Albert's friend Franz, but is secretly in love with Morrel's son Maximilien; Noirtier, her grandfather, induces Franz to break the engagement by revealing that Noirtier himself killed Franz's father in

6000-418: The first with a dagger on which the words "Number One" were printed, and then he poisoned the second. The third man's son he lured into crime and his daughter into prostitution, finally stabbing the man himself. This third man, named Loupian, had married Picaud's fiancée while Picaud was under arrest. In another of the true stories reported by Ashton-Wolfe, Peuchet describes a poisoning in a family. This story

6100-461: The injustices inflicted on him, but agrees not to kill Albert. Realizing that Dantès intends to let Albert kill him, she reveals the truth to Albert, who makes a public apology to the Count. Albert and Mercédès disown Fernand, renounce their titles and wealth and depart to begin new lives. Albert enlists as a soldier, while Mercedes lives alone in Dantès's old house in Marseilles. Fernand confronts

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6200-633: The large wall spaces found in most Continental chapter houses. At Westminster the chapter house, opposite the Palace of Westminster , was used from the erection of the present building for royal meetings, including many of the royal council, and was the usual location for meetings of the House of Commons until the reign of Henry VIII . It was converted into the first home of what is now the Public Record Office (the national archives) soon after

6300-642: The later installation of a choir), The Triumph of St Thomas Aquinas and the Allegory of Christian Learning on the left wall, and the large "Crucifixion with the Way to Calvary and the Descent into Limbo" on the archway of the altar wall. The four-part vault contains scenes of Christ's resurrection, the navicella, the Ascension, and Pentecost. The five-panelled Gothic polyptych that was probably originally made for

6400-496: The left side of the main altar and dates from the end of the 13th century. Here, on the rear wall, is the famous wooden Crucifix by Brunelleschi , one of his very few sculptures. The legend goes that he was so disgusted by the "primitive" Crucifix of Donatello in the Florence's church of Santa Croce that he made this one. The vault contains fragments of frescoes by 13th-century Greek painters. The polychrome marble decoration

6500-573: The length of the walls in strict age-order, apart from the office-holders. The Carolingian Plan of St Gall (c. 820) is the plan for an ideal 9th century monastery, with a great variety of buildings and rooms, but none that really can be assigned the function of chapterhouse; nor is such a room mentioned by Saint Benedict . But the chapter house is mentioned in the proceedings of the Council of Aachen in 816 . The church or cloister may have been used for all meetings in earlier monasteries, or there

6600-489: The lower part of the façade were also added. The pediment and the frieze are clearly inspired by antiquity, but the S-curved scrolls in the upper part are new and without precedent in antiquity. Solving a longstanding architectural problem of how to transfer from wide to narrow storeys, the scrolls (or variations of them), found in churches all over Italy, all draw their origins from the design of this church. The frieze below

6700-628: The main altar is by Giambologna (16th century). The Filippo Strozzi Chapel is situated on the right side of the main altar. The series of frescoes by Filippino Lippi depict the lives of Apostle Philip and the Apostle Saint James the Great and were completed in 1502. On the right wall is the fresco St Philip Driving the Dragon from the Temple of Hieropolis and in the lunette above it,

6800-661: The marble statue of the Madonna and the Child by Nino Pisano, it houses several art treasures such as remains of frescoes by the Maestro di Santa Cecilia (end 13th – beginning 14th century). The panel on the left wall, the Martyrdom of St Catherine , was painted by Giuliano Bugiardini (possibly with assistance from Michelangelo). The bronze tomb, in the centre of the floor, was made by Lorenzo Ghiberti in 1425. The Bardi Chapel,

6900-437: The money to the hospitals. Danglars finally repents of his crimes, and a softened Dantès forgives him and allows him to depart with his 50,000 francs. Maximilien Morrel is driven to despair by Valentine's apparent death and considers suicide. Dantès reveals his true identity and persuades Maximilien to delay his suicide for one month. One month later, on the island of Monte Cristo, he reunites Valentine with Maximilien and reveals

7000-446: The name of the street-corner hustle three-card monte ." Modern Russian writer and philologist Vadim Nikolayev determined The Count of Monte-Cristo as a megapolyphonic novel. The novel has been the inspiration for many other books, from Lew Wallace 's Ben-Hur (1880), then to a science fiction retelling in Alfred Bester 's The Stars My Destination , and to Stephen Fry 's The Stars' Tennis Balls (entitled Revenge in

7100-403: The new Gregorian calendar . Danti also placed a hole in the south facing circular window at a height of 21.35 metres (70 ft) and installed a meridian line on the floor of the church as a better method of determining the equinoxes than the armilliary sphere. However, the construction was not completed due to the death of his patron, the Grand Duke Cosimo I . Artists who produced items for

7200-474: The newspapers Fernand's betrayal of Ali Pasha, and at the Chamber of Peers ' inquiry into the accusations Haydée testifies against him as an eyewitness. Albert blames the Count for his father's downfall and challenges him to a duel . The Count is later visited by Mercédès, who had recognized him as Dantès upon their first meeting but chose not to say anything. Mercédès begs Dantès to spare her son. He tells her of

7300-399: The next eight years, Faria educates Dantès in languages, history, culture, mathematics, chemistry, medicine, and science. Knowing himself to be close to death from catalepsy and having grown fond of his pupil, Faria tells Dantès the location of a vast treasure hidden on the island of Monte Cristo . On 28 February 1829, Faria dies. Dantès takes Faria's body to his cell and takes its place in

7400-526: The pediment carries the name of the patron: Iohan(n)es Oricellarius Pau(li) f(ilius) An(no) Sal(utis) MCCCCLXX ('Giovanni Rucellai son of Paolo in the year of salvation 1470'). The vast interior is based on a basilica plan, designed as an Egyptian cross (T-shaped) and is divided into a nave, two aisles set with windows and a short transept. The large nave is 100 metres long and gives an impression of austerity. The piers are of compound form and have Corinthian columns supporting pointed Gothic arches above which

7500-568: The properties of various poisons with Villefort's second wife Heloïse, and allows her to borrow some of his supply. He allows his ward, Haydée—the exiled daughter of Ali Pasha of Janina , whom Dantès purchased from slavery—to see Fernand, recognizing him as the man who betrayed and murdered her father and stole his fortune. Having freed Benedetto and Caderousse from the galleys (under the alias "Lord Wilmore"), he anonymously hires Benedetto to impersonate an Italian nobleman, "Viscount Andrea Cavalcanti", and introduces him to Parisian society. He manipulates

7600-500: The release of the first part of the above-mentioned translation by Emma Hardy. The translation follows the revised French edition of 1846, with the correct spelling of "Cristo" and the extra chapter The House on the Allées de Meilhan . Most English editions of the novel follow the anonymous translation. In 1889, two of the major American publishers Little Brown and T.Y. Crowell updated the translation, correcting mistakes and revising

7700-462: The room. It may be rectangular, tending towards the square, but octagonal and other near-circular plans are an English speciality, with that at Worcester Cathedral probably the earliest. Most, like those at Wells Cathedral , Lichfield Cathedral , Westminster Abbey and Lacock Abbey , have a single central column from which the high roof vaulting spreads. York Minster has a wooden roof and no central column. Many have elaborate benched arcades round

7800-421: The sculptor Giambologna . An armillary sphere (on the left) and an astronomical quadrant with gnomon (on the right) were added to the end blind arches of the lower façade by Ignazio Danti , astronomer of Cosimo I, in 1572. The armilliary sphere was intended to determine the vernal equinox and this was observed for the first time publicly in 1574. The gnomon threw shadows on the astronomical quadrant to tell

7900-410: The second chapel on the right of the apse, was founded by Riccardo Bardi and dates from early 14th century. The high-relief on a pillar on the right depicts St Gregory blessing Riccardo Bardi . The walls show us some early 14th-century frescoes attributed to Spinello Aretino . The Madonna del Rosario on the altar is by Giorgio Vasari (1568) The sacristy, at the end of the left aisle, was built as

8000-413: The site of the 9th-century oratory of Santa Maria delle Vigne. When the site was assigned to the Dominican Order in 1221, they decided to build a new church and adjoining cloister. The church was designed by two Dominican friars, Fra Sisto Fiorentino and Fra Ristoro da Campi. Building began in the mid-13th century (about 1276), and lasted 80 years, ending under the supervision of Friar Iacopo Talenti with

8100-400: The text to reflect the original serialized version. This resulted in the removal of the chapter The House on the Allées de Meilhan , with the text restored to the end of the chapter called The Departure . In 1955, Collins published an updated version of the anonymous translation which cut several passages, including a whole chapter entitled The Past , and renamed others. This abridgment

8200-510: The time according to the transalpine, Italian and Bohemian methods. Thanks to these instruments, the astronomer was able to calculate exactly the discrepancy between the true solar year and the Julian calendar, then still in use since its promulgation in 46 BC. By demonstrating his studies in Rome to Pope Gregory XIII , he helped obtain the realignment of the date of Easter and the promulgation of

8300-400: The title "Monte Cristo-haku" (モンテ・クリスト伯, the Count of Monte Cristo), the "Gankutsu-ou" title remains highly associated with the novel and is often used as an alternative. As of March 2016, all movie adaptations of the novel brought to Japan used the title "Gankutsu-ou", with the exception of the 2002 film, which has it as a subtitle (with the title itself simply being "Monte Cristo"). The novel

8400-641: The true sequence of events. Having found peace, Dantès leaves the couple part of his fortune on the island and departs for the East to begin a new life with Haydée, who has declared her love for him. The reader is left with a final line: " l'humaine sagesse était tout entière dans ces deux mots: attendre et espérer! " ("all human wisdom is contained in these two words: 'Wait and Hope'"). The Count of Monte Cristo explores key themes such as justice and vengeance, focusing on Edmond Dantès' quest for revenge against those who wronged him. This pursuit raises moral questions about

8500-429: The truth from Bertuccio. Villefort admits his guilt and rushes home to prevent his wife's suicide but is too late; she is dead and has poisoned her son Édouard as well. The Count confronts Villefort, revealing his true identity, which drives Villefort insane. Dantès tries but fails to resuscitate Édouard, causing him to question if his revenge has gone too far. As a result of the Count's financial manipulations, Danglars

8600-439: The wall are ascribed to Vasari and other contemporary Florentine painters. The large Gothic window with three mullions at the back wall dates from 1386 and was based on cartoons by Niccolò di Pietro Gerini The Spanish Chapel (or Cappellone degli Spagnoli ) is the former chapter house of the convent. It is situated at the north side of the green Cloister ( Chiostro Verde ). It was commissioned by Buonamico (Mico) Guidalotti as

8700-401: The wall, with crocketed frames for the seats. English chapter houses tend to be more elaborate and highly decorated than Continental ones, and the octagonal shape allowed for spectacular displays of stained glass , now mostly lost, though not at York. Except at Westminster Abbey any paintings have been lost, but English designs, with their emphasis on carved arcades and windows, did not leave

8800-470: The walls of the room, often in stone, with the central space left open. The seats for the senior members are often larger than the others, and may be raised on a dais . Usually there is only one doorway, and though the room is well-lit where the location allows, the windows are often too high to allow a view in from outside (or eavesdropping). Many larger chapter houses are designed with vestibules for attendants and those waiting to be called, where opening onto

8900-419: The west it has a scarsella containing the altar and a marble crucifix by Domenico Pieratti from the early seventeenth century, donated in 1731 by Gian Gastone de' Medici . Vasari was the architect, commissioned in 1567 by Grand Duke Cosimo I , for the first remodelling of the church, which included removing its original rood screen and loft, and adding six chapels between the columns. The second remodelling

9000-444: Was "translated into virtually all modern languages and has never been out of print in most of them. There have been at least twenty-nine motion pictures based on it ... as well as several television series, and many movies [have] worked the name 'Monte Cristo' into their titles." The title Monte Cristo lives on in a " famous gold mine , a line of luxury Cuban cigars, a sandwich , and any number of bars and casinos—it even lurks in

9100-463: Was also released by M.J. Ivers in 1892 with Williams using the pseudonym of Professor William Thiese). A more recent abridgment is the translation by Lowell Bair for Bantam Classics in 1956. Many abridged translations omit the Count's enthusiasm for hashish . When serving a hashish jam to the young Frenchman Franz d'Épinay, the Count (calling himself Sinbad the Sailor ), calls it, "nothing less than

9200-576: Was an abridged edition with woodcuts published by Geo Pierce in January 1846 entitled The Prisoner of If or The Revenge of Monte Christo . In April 1846, volume three of the Parlour Novelist , Belfast, Ireland: Simms and M'Intyre, London: W S Orr and Company, featured the first part of an unabridged translation of the novel by Emma Hardy. The remaining two parts would be issued as the Count of Monte Christo volumes I and II in volumes 8 and 9 of

9300-410: Was applied by Giuliano da Sangallo (c. 1503). The stained-glass window and dates from the 20th century. The Cappella Strozzi di Mantova is situated at the end of the left transept. The frescoes were commissioned from Nardo di Cione (1350–1357) by Tommaso Strozzi , an ancestor of Filippo Strozzi . The frescoes are inspired by Dante 's Divine Comedy : Last Judgment (on the back wall; including

9400-486: Was built). However, such an interpretation is fantasy since the Duomo was never intended to be pink, nor to have the bell tower at the rear. This fresco also contains portraits of pope Benedict IX , cardinal Friar Niccolò Albertini , count Guido di Poppi, Arnolfo di Cambio and the poet Petrarch . The frescoes on the other walls represent scenes from the lives of Christ and St Peter on the entry wall (mostly ruined due to

9500-409: Was constructed with Renaissance columns. It was restored in 1841 by Gaetano Baccani . On the left side there is a lunette with a 14th-century fresco Madonna and Child with St Catherine . On the front altar there is a wooden crucifix by Baccio da Montelupo (1501). The Rucellai Chapel, at the end of the right aisle, dates from the 14th century. Besides the tomb of Paolo Rucellai (15th century) and

9600-498: Was designed by Enrico Romoli, and was carried out between 1858 and 1860. The square in front the church was used by Cosimo I for the yearly chariot race ( Palio dei Cocchi ). This custom existed between 1563 and late in the 19th century. The two Obelisks of the Corsa dei Cocchi marked the start and the finish of the race. They were set up to imitate an antique Roman Circus Maximus . The obelisks rest on bronze tortoises, made in 1608 by

9700-506: Was published in 1843, before The Count of Monte Cristo was written. This novel is of particular interest to scholars because Dumas reused many of the ideas and plot devices in The Count of Monte Cristo . Dumas wrote that the germ of the idea of revenge as one theme in his novel The Count of Monte Cristo came from an anecdote ( Le Diamant et la Vengeance ) published in a memoir of incidents in France in 1838, written by an archivist of

9800-612: Was republished by many Collins imprints and other publishers including the Modern Library , Vintage , and the 1998 Oxford World's Classics edition (later editions restored the text). In 2008 Oxford released a revised edition with translation by David Coward. The 2009 Everyman's Library edition reprints the original anonymous English translation that first appeared in 1846, with revisions by Peter Washington and an introduction by Umberto Eco. In 1996, Penguin Classics published

9900-609: Was the first part of a serialization by W. Harrison Ainsworth in volume VII of Ainsworth's Magazine published in 1845, although this was an abridged summary of the first part of the novel only and was entitled The Prisoner of If . Ainsworth translated the remaining chapters of the novel, again in abridged form, and issued these in volumes VIII and IX of the magazine in 1845 and 1846 respectively. Another abridged serialization appeared in The London Journal between 1846 and 1847. The first single volume translation in English

10000-439: Was usually a refectory (hall for eating). But by at least 1000 such a room had become normal in large monastic establishments. The east side of the cloister on which the chapter house was often located was usually the first to be constructed; it would have been begun shortly after the church walls were built. Important examples of chapter houses from an architectural or artistic point of view can be seen at: Non-religious use of

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