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26-446: The harsh winter weather in the colonies proved to be dangerous. To adapt to the conditions, First Period houses are built facing south to optimize sunlight and allow the house to be heated better. First Period houses are often constructed with a central chimney, to allow multiple rooms on multiple floors to have a fireplace and further maximize heat during the winter. A gabled, asymmetrical rooftop helps prevent snow from accumulating on

52-425: A gable roof can vary greatly. The gable roof is so common because of the simple design of the roof timbers and the rectangular shape of the roof sections. This avoids details which require a great deal of work or cost and which are prone to damage. If the pitch or the rafter lengths of the two roof sections are different, it is described as an 'asymmetrical gable roof'. A gable roof on a church tower (gable tower)

78-459: A tendency to be hidden and decorated, instead of being shown to people. The joiners substituted the carpenters as main contributors to interior design. First Period concepts were developed from English post-medieval styles, there are dominant three types of roof structures in New England which adopt architectural characteristics from the west of England, the principal and common rafter system,

104-526: Is believed to have served as a garrison during King Philip's War when it was owned by Captain John Williams and the walls were reinforced with bricks. The thick wooden walls and beams were "once pierced for portholes." The Williams and Barker families occupied the house for seven generations, until it was sold in 1910 and became known as the Hatherly Inn in the early twentieth century. In 1978,

130-656: Is erosion. During the 1930s, one of nine First Period houses collapsed due to decay of construction materials, wooden are easily rotten due to moisture and fungi (microscopic organisms). Apart from these two decades, First Period houses are demolishing at a stable rate, this is because the local historical commission scrutinizes the process of erosion regularly and takes actions immediately after finding endangered architectures. To summarize, among over 250 buildings constructed in First Period, about 50 of them were lost, 15 of them were destroyed by fire, four of them collapsed, for

156-477: Is usually called a 'cheese wedge roof' ( Käsbissendach ) in Switzerland . Its versatility means that the gable roof is used in many regions of the world. In regions with strong winds and heavy rain, gable roofs are built with a steep pitch in order to prevent the ingress of water. By comparison, in alpine regions, gable roofs have a shallower pitch which reduces wind exposure and supports snow better, reducing

182-437: The First Period is façade gable, its purpose is to direct the rainwater away and introduce light to the attics, which is abandoned in the later Georgian style, an advanced version of First Period styles but more modern, demands highly symmetrical design. The Williams–Barker House is a heritage house, its foundation finished in 1634 by house owner, John Williams, who was one of the earliest English immigrants in New England. From

208-459: The earliest appeared public buildings, they did not serve the role of imprisonment, but a pre-trial accommodation for defendants. In Massachusetts Bay Colony , colonists established regulations that immigrants should not breach the laws in England and then erected houses of correction for penalty. At that time, recognizance is well accepted by colonial judges, so only few amount of criminals went to

234-467: The earliest immigrants constitute this age category from settlement to the 1660s. Ten existing houses in Massachusetts have been proved that they were built before 1660 based on structural evidences. While houses built before 1660 were designed by colonists with no architectural background, houses built from 1660 to 1700 were constructed by experienced carpenters, with heavy timber frame to support

260-495: The house structure. Wooden frames of First Period houses were smoothed by planes, whereas timber frames of later colonial architecture styles were roughly adzed and incomplete. Due to the lack of an architect, the frame was often left exposed. First Period houses were constructed with less variable floor plans. The most common plan is two-room central-chimney, found in Massachusetts Bay. Another variation of floor plan

286-572: The jail, the scale is much smaller compared with contemporary jail in United States. The structure is also different; the culprits live in cages or cabinets. A familial model is adopted in colonial jail system, jailers and perhaps their family live in the same building as the culprits. The jails imitates First Period residential places, built in wood structure and tight arranged planks. The Old Jail established in Barnstable, Massachusetts

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312-430: The outside, it could be seen that the timber frame supports the shape of the house and there is a central chimney to ventilate, few casement windows and a steep roof. Inside of the house, the ceiling is fairly low and wood beams are visible, fireplace is centered to ensure it heat up the house evenly and dining tables are placed surround it, due to its new use as a restaurant. In colonial British America , jails are one of

338-459: The outside. However, houses in New England are not unified. The Puritans dislodged some people to Rhode Island and Connecticut River valley and later more untrammeled colonists from other part of England. Compared with former architectures erected by the Puritans, their style is more laissez-faire, mixed with individual personality. Another English architecture style is brought to New England in

364-412: The principal rafter and purlin system, and the principal rafter system. These roof design systems were maintained to the later eighteenth century along with exposed and decorated timber frames. The main multiple purlins span the principal rafters at the level of the outer face of the rafters, which are placed above the bay posts, and support vertically laid roofing boards. This style had gained prevalence in

390-468: The remaining buildings, 14 percent of them were demolished for better urban planning, such as road widening or school playgrounds. Only a small portion of First Period houses are maintained until now. Gable roof A gable roof is a roof consisting of two sections whose upper horizontal edges meet to form its ridge . The most common roof shape in cold or temperate climates, it is constructed of rafters , roof trusses or purlins . The pitch of

416-535: The risk of an uncontrolled avalanche and more easily retaining an insulating layer of snow. Gable roofs are most common in cold climates. They are the traditional roof style of New England and the east coast of Canada. Nathaniel Hawthorne ’s The House of Seven Gables and Lucy Maud Montgomery ’s Anne of Green Gables , the authors of which are from these respective regions, both reference this roof style in their titles. Gable roofs have several advantages. They are: Disadvantages: In German-speaking countries,

442-623: The roof during snowy winters. It also provides extra light for the attics through small casement windows . A still standing example of a First Period house in the British colonies is the Ross Tavern in Ipswich, Massachusetts , built in 1680. Inside, walls were furnished with clay and twigs to act as insulation. Staircases are often built in an L or U shape around the central chimney. A heavy oak frame and thick wooden beams are used to maintain

468-522: The seventeenth century, especially in Essex County, where English colonists firstly settled down. Meanwhile, English settlers innovated the principal rafter system in New England with adjustments to local conditions. In the West of England, thatch rooftops were widely used, so thick collar beams were demanded, but in New England, thatch roofs were superseded by wooden shingles which significantly reduced

494-634: The side were added. It is not surprising that First Period houses are damaged as time goes by, but it is not noticeable before 1876 as the Centennial at Philadelphia focused on the past glories. Since only a small amount of architecture samples were left after World War II and the Great Depression , house owners could not afford the fees to restore the buildings, and wartime preoccupation distracted people from heritage preservation. Another reason that first period houses are hard to preserve

520-469: The staircases. Old Ship Church is one of the oldest church built by puritans in Hingham, Massachusetts , and a well-preserved example of First Period architecture style. It is named after the shape of ceiling, which was inspired by its architects, carpenters from the early arrived English colonists. The wooden timber frame of the church and walls were constructed in 1681, and later in the 1740s, galleries on

546-421: The structure and more complex design. One iconic characteristic about it is chamfers with massive amount of decorative "stops" to carry the wooden frame. Houses built after 1700 are less decorative and quarter-round or wide decorative bevels replaced the older, bold version of chamfers, sophisticated design are no longer favored. With growing populace of Georgian architecture style in New England, timber frames had

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572-489: The types of gable roof are referred to as: Williams%E2%80%93Barker House Williams–Barker House (also known as Barker House ) is an historic building on Barker Road in Scituate, Massachusetts . The core of house is believed to date from 1634 when it was constructed by John Williams who had emigrated from England. The construction date of the building has not yet been verified through dendrochronology . The house

598-506: The weight and hence collar beams disappeared after modernization. New settlers found adequate amount of wood and mud in New England , but few materials to mix them. They decided to design their homes with solid wooden structures and natural resources to acclimatize themselves to the long and cold winter and the short time suitable for agricultural work. Hence, wooden English cottages emerged in large numbers with thick clapboards nailed to

624-401: Was a one-room-deep linear plan, which featured a small porch or hall immediately after the main entrance with large rooms on either side. The rooms would be separated by the central chimney and the staircase leading to the second floor. The second floor was usually a similar layout, but with the addition of sleeping quarters. First Period architecture could be divided into three periods of time,

650-576: Was built in New Mexico in 1629, named San Estevan del Rey Mission Church, is still in use as a museum. And later in Virginia, Maryland, and Massachusetts, few churches were constructed by Puritans following English medieval architecture styles in the 17th century. Unlike Boston, cities like Plymouth and Hingham have not been restored to attract tourism, churches are well-maintained in original medieval architecture styling with centered fireplaces near

676-410: Was used for 130 years since 1690; the maximum capacity of whole jail is 6–8 people. Cells are small and windows are reinforced with rectangle metals, there is one door in the front which is small as well with heavy bar locks, and clapboards are interlocked at the joints with massive amount of nails. Christianity was brought to the United States by early English colonists; the oldest First Period church

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