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31-454: Flammekueche ( Alsatian ), Flammkuchen ( Standard German ), or tarte flambée ( French ), is a speciality of the region of Alsace , German-speaking Moselle , Baden and the Palatinate . It is composed of bread dough rolled out very thinly in the shape of a rectangle or oval, which is covered with fromage blanc or crème fraîche , thinly sliced onions and lardons . The name of

62-411: A "ministerial cabinet" ( French : Cabinet ministériel ). Each ministerial cabinet consists of around ten to twenty members, who are political appointees. Cabinet members assist the minister in running a ministry. Members of ministerial cabinets are powerful figures within the government and work in both the political and administrative spheres. The hierarchy in each ministerial cabinet is determined by

93-653: A member of the National Assembly or the Senate who is appointed to the government must resign his or her seat in order to serve as a minister or as the prime minister. Despite these restrictions, members of the government are allowed to keep local elected positions , such as those of city mayor or regional councilor. While the Constitution of the French Republic does not prohibit ministers from being

124-529: A presentation about some reform or project that they are directing, or the president will ask for advice on some subject from the ministers. In addition, the minister of foreign affairs provides the Council with weekly updates on important international issues. Most government work, however, is done elsewhere. Much of it is done by each individual ministry, under the direction of the minister responsible for that ministry. Ministers each have their own staff, called

155-524: A revised orthography meant for use by all dialects of Alsatian promoted by the Office pour la Langue et les Cultures d'Alsace et de Moselle (OLCA) . The latest version (2016) of Orthal is described below. Not all dialects are expected to use all letters & diacritics. For example, Owerlandisch from Southern Alsace primarily uses the additional vowel letters, Ä À Ì Ü. Dialects from the north (Strasbourg region) make use of more letters including Ë, Ö, Ù and

186-668: A syllable is pronounced as a Short Vowel. e.g., Ross Alsatian has a set of 19 consonants: Three consonants are restricted in their distribution: /kʰ/ and /h/ only occur at the beginning of a word or morpheme, and then only if followed immediately by a vowel; /ŋ/ never occurs at the beginning of a word or morpheme. Alsatian, like some German dialects, has lenited all obstruents but [k] . Its lenes are, however, voiceless as in all Southern German varieties. Therefore, they are here transcribed /b̥/ , /d̥/ , /ɡ̊/ . Speakers of French tend to hear them as their /p, t, k/ , which also are voiceless and unaspirated. The phoneme /ç/ has

217-982: A velar allophone [x] after back vowels ( /u/ , /o/ , /ɔ/ , and /a/ in those speakers who do not pronounce this as [æ] ), and palatal [ç] elsewhere. In southern dialects, there is a tendency to pronounce it /x/ in all positions, and in Strasbourg the palatal allophone tends to conflate with the phoneme /ʃ/ . A labiodental voiced fricative /v/ sound is also present as well as an approximant /ʋ/ sound. /ʁ/ may have phonetic realizations as [ʁ] , [ʁ̞] , and [ʀ] . Short vowels: /ʊ/ , /o/ , /ɒ/ , /a/ ( [æ] in Strasbourg), /ɛ/ , /ɪ/ , /i/ , /y/ . Long vowels: /ʊː/ , /oː/ , /ɒː/ , /aː/ , /ɛː/ , /eː/ , /iː/ , /yː/ Alsatian nouns inflect by case, gender and number: French government The Government of France ( French : Gouvernement français , pronounced [ɡuvɛʁnəmɑ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛ] ), officially

248-491: Is chaired by the president, unlike the government, but is still led by the prime minister, who was officially titled as the president of the Council of Ministers ( French : président du Conseil des ministres ) during the Third and Fourth Republics . All bills and some decrees must be approved by the Council of Ministers. Furthermore, it is the Council of Ministers that defines the collective political and policy direction of

279-512: Is granted either to the president of the Senate or the prime minister, compromising separation of powers . If the government decides to launch an armed operation with a duration of longer than four months, it must first consult parliament and request an authorization. The prime minister may convene parliament for extraordinary sessions, or add additional sitting days to the legislative calendar. The names of ministries change often in France. This

310-583: Is responsible for the economic and financial policy of the French Republic, must authorize all expenditures made by each ministry, and also manage all revenue. Expenditures are made through what is called a "finance law" ( French : Loi des Finances ), which is equivalent to an appropriation bill . Each minister must prepare a list of requests for funds annually, and submit it to the Budget Ministry. This ministry decides whether to grant or deny requests for funding by ministers. The ministry also calculates

341-1297: The Flammekueche made its way as tarte flambée into French cuisine . Alsatian dialect Alsatian is closely related to other nearby Alemannic dialects , such as Swiss German , Swabian , Markgräflerisch , Kaiserstühlerisch and the other Alemannic dialects of Baden . It is often confused with Lorraine Franconian , a more distantly related Franconian dialect spoken in the northwest corner of Alsace and in neighbouring Lorraine . Like other dialects and languages, Alsatian has also been influenced by outside sources. Words of Yiddish origin can be found in Alsatian, and modern conversational Alsatian includes adaptations of French words and English words, especially concerning new technologies. Many speakers of Alsatian could, if necessary, write in reasonable standard German . For most this would be rare and confined to those who have learned German at school or through work. As with other dialects, various factors determine when, where, and with whom one might converse in Alsatian. Some dialect speakers are unwilling to speak standard German, at times, to certain outsiders and prefer to use French. In contrast, many people living near

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372-614: The Government of the French Republic ( Gouvernement de la République française , [ɡuvɛʁnəmɑ̃ də la ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz] ), exercises executive power in France . It is composed of the prime minister , who is the head of government , as well as both senior and junior ministers . The Council of Ministers, the main executive organ of the government, was established in the Constitution in 1958. Its members meet weekly at

403-518: The Élysée Palace in Paris . The meetings are presided over by the president of France , the head of state , although the officeholder is not a member of the government. The government's most senior ministers are titled as ministers of state ( ministres d'État ), followed in protocol order by ministers ( ministres ), ministers delegate ( ministres délégués ), whereas junior ministers are titled as secretaries of state ( secrétaires d'État ). All members of

434-582: The United States by a group known as the Swiss Amish , whose ancestors emigrated there in the middle of the 19th century. The approximately 7,000 speakers are located mainly in Allen County, Indiana , with "daughter settlements" elsewhere. C , Q , and X are only used in loanwords. Y is also used in native words, but is more common in loanwords. Orthal ( Orthographe alsacienne ) is

465-409: The adult population of Alsace speaks Alsatian, its use has been largely declining amongst the youngest generations. In 2023 local French public schools began offering Alsatian immersion for the first time. The programs have proven popular with students and parents but after years of official state suppression of the language, struggle to find enough teachers. A dialect of Alsatian German is spoken in

496-546: The border with Basel , Switzerland , will speak their dialect with a Swiss person from that area, as they are mutually intelligible for the most part; similar habits may apply to conversations with people of the nearby German Markgräflerland . Some street names in Alsace may use Alsatian spellings (they were formerly displayed only in French but are now bilingual in some places, especially Strasbourg and Mulhouse ). Since 1992,

527-638: The constitution of the Fifth Republic states that French is the official language of the Republic. However, Alsatian, along with other regional languages , is recognized by the French government in the official list of languages of France . France is a signatory to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages but has never ratified the law and has not given regional languages

558-481: The diphthong ÈI. In general the principles of Orthal are to: The vowels are pronounced short or long based on their position in the syllable besides the letter type. A vowel at the end of a syllable, without a subsequent consonant, is a long vowel "V" = Long Vowel (LV). e.g., hà, sì A vowel followed by a single consonant in a syllable is pronounced as a long vowel "V + C" = Long Vowel (LV). e.g., Ros Note – A vowel followed by several consonants ("V + C + C") in

589-551: The dish varies in local dialects; it is called Flàmmeküeche , or Flàmmaküacha in Alsatian , or Flammkuche in Lorraine Franconian – compare (Standard) German Flammkuchen . All these names translate as "pie baked in the flames". Contrary to what the direct translation would suggest, tarte flambée is not flambéed but is cooked in a wood-fired oven. There are many variations of the original recipe in terms of

620-407: The garniture. The standard variations are: The dish was created by farmers from Alsace , Baden and the Palatinate who used to bake bread once a week. The Flammekueche was originally a homemade dish which did not make its urban restaurant debut until the "pizza craze" of the 1960s. A Flammekueche would be used to test the heat of the farmers' wood-fired ovens . At the peak of its temperature,

651-409: The government are ranked in a precise order, which is established at the time of government formation. In this hierarchy, the prime minister is the head of government. They are appointed by the president of the Republic. While the president is constitutionally free to appoint whomever they like, in practice, they must nominate a candidate that reflects the will of the majority of the National Assembly, as

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682-546: The government relies on the confidence of the French Parliament. After being nominated to lead a government, the prime minister nominee must propose a list of ministers to the president. The president can either accept or reject these proposed ministers. Ministers are ranked by importance: According to the Constitution of the French Fifth Republic , the government directs and decides the policy of

713-504: The government, and takes practical steps to implement that direction. In addition to writing and implementing policy, the government is responsible for national defense, and directs the actions of the French Armed Forces . The workings of the government of France are based on the principle of collegiality . Meetings of the Council of Ministers take place every Wednesday morning at the Élysée Palace. They are presided over by

744-603: The government, who are appointed by the president following the recommendation of the prime minister, are responsible to the National Assembly , the lower house of the French Parliament . Cases of ministerial misconduct are tried before the Cour de Justice de la République . All members of the French government are appointed by the president of the Republic on the advice of the prime minister. Members of

775-434: The leader of a political party, it is customary that ministers should not occupy such a post. The government is responsible to the French Parliament. In particular, the government must assume responsibility for its actions before the National Assembly, and the National Assembly can dismiss the government with a motion of censure . The government cannot function during the tenure of acting (interim) president, as that position

806-406: The minister. Working groups consisting of representatives from several ministries are commonplace. It is the duty of the prime minister to oversee these inter-ministry meetings and to ensure that government work is done effectively and efficiently. All ministerial cabinet decisions must be co-signed by the prime minister. Any decree must also seek the prime minister's advice as well. The government

837-453: The nation. In practice, the government writes bills to be introduced to parliament, and also writes and issues decrees . All political decisions made by the government must be registered in the government gazette . The Council of Ministers ( French : Conseil des ministres ) is established by the Constitution. It is composed only of the senior ministers, though some secretaries of state may attend Council meetings. The Council of Ministers

868-408: The oven would also have the ideal conditions in which to bake a Flammekueche . The embers would be pushed aside to make room for the cake in the middle of the oven, and the intense heat would be able to bake it in one or two minutes. The crust that forms the border of the Flammekueche would be nearly burned by the flames. The result resembles a thin pizza . After the annexation of Alsace by France ,

899-441: The president of the Republic, who promotes solidarity and collegiality amongst government ministers. These meetings follow a set format. In the first part of a meeting, the Council deliberates over general interest bills, ordinances, and decrees. In the second part, the Council discusses individual decisions by each minister regarding the appointment of senior civil servants . In the third part, usually, either one minister will give

930-451: The state budget for the coming year. The parliament must vote on all applications of finance law. Members of the French government cannot occupy any parliamentary office or position of occupational or trade leadership at the national level, any public employment, or any professional activity. These restrictions are in place to alleviate external pressure and influence on ministers, and to enable them to focus on their governmental work. Thus,

961-407: The support that would be required by the charter. Alsatian has gone from being the prevalent language of the region to one in decline. A 1999 INSEE survey counted 548,000 adult speakers of Alsatian in France , making it the second-most-spoken regional language in the country (after Occitan ). Like all regional languages in France, however, the transmission of Alsatian is declining. While 43% of

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