Misplaced Pages

#305694

81-788: Floria Sigismondi ( / ˌ s ɪ dʒ ɪ z ˈ m ɒ n d i / , born 1965) is an Italian-Canadian film director, screenwriter, music video director, artist, and photographer. She is best known for writing and directing The Runaways , for directing music videos for performers including Dua Lipa , Sam Smith , Jimmy Page and Robert Plant (of Led Zeppelin fame), Marilyn Manson , Christina Aguilera , Justin Timberlake , Rihanna , Leonard Cohen , Katy Perry , Björk , The White Stripes , and David Bowie , and commercials for brands such as Gucci , MAC , Target , and Nike . Sigismondi has also directed television including two episodes of The Handmaid's Tale and American Gods . Sigismondi

162-454: A Victorian dislike for relationships that were between different social classes. The death of Miles and Flora's parents in India became a fixture of postcolonial explorations of the text, given the status of India as a British colony during James' lifetime. Explorations of the governess have become a mainstay of feminist writing on the text. Priscilla Walton noted that James' account of

243-702: A 1982 adaptation directed by Petr Weigl primarily starring Czech actors lip-synching; a 1990 adaptation directed by Graeme Clifford ; The Haunting of Helen Walker (1995), directed by Tom McLoughlin ; a 1999 adaptation directed by Ben Bolt; a low-budget 2003 version written and directed by Nick Millard; the Italian-language Il mistero del lago ( The Mystery of the Lake , 2009); and a 2009 BBC film adapted by Sandy Welch , starring Michelle Dockery , Dan Stevens and Sue Johnston . A Brazilian movie named Através da Sombra  [ pt ] ( Through

324-541: A 2.6 percent decrease from the 1,587,970 population of the 2016 census. From the 1,587,970, 671,510 were single ethnic origin responses, while the remaining 874,880 were multiple ethnic origin responses. The majority live in Ontario, over 900,000, (seven percent of the population), while over 300,000 live in Quebec (four percent of the population) — constituting for almost 80 percent of the national population. As of 2021, of

405-413: A Broadway play (1950), a chamber opera (1954), two films (in 1961 and 2020 ), and a miniseries (2020). On Christmas Eve , an unnamed narrator and some of his friends are gathered around a fire. One of them, Douglas, reads a manuscript written by his sister's late governess. The manuscript tells the story of her being hired by a man who has become responsible for his young niece and nephew following

486-701: A Canadian embassy in Rome and an immigration office. In the late 1960s, the Italian economy experienced a period of growth and recovery , removing one of the primary incentives for emigration. In 1967, the sponsorship system was restricted, instead basing immigrant selection on labour-market considerations, also decreasing the influx of Italian immigration. 90 percent of the Italians who immigrated to Canada after World War II remained in Canada, and decades after that period,

567-423: A flesh-esque chair to appeal to the sexual tension and desire to the spectator. Sigismondi's first feature-length film was The Runaways , a period piece about the 1970s all-girl rock and roll band The Runaways . The film is largely about the relationship between Joan Jett and Cherie Currie . Sigismondi wrote the screenplay based on Currie's book Neon Angel: A Memoir of a Runaway . The film premiered in 2010 at

648-457: A frightening ghost story, but, in the 1930s, some critics suggested that the supernatural elements were figments of the governess' imagination. In the early 1970s, the influence of structuralism resulted in an acknowledgement that the text's ambiguity was its key feature. Later approaches incorporated Marxist and feminist thinking, though the validity of these later approaches is disputed. The novella has been adapted several times, including

729-576: A great deal of discrimination. As part of the War Measures Act , 31,000 Italian Canadians were labelled as " enemy aliens " with alleged fascist connections, and between 1940 and 1943, approximately 600 to 700 of these Italian Canadian men were arrested and sent to internment camps , such as Camp Petawawa —in what was the period of Italian Canadian internment . While many Italian-Canadians had initially supported fascism and Benito Mussolini 's regime for its role in enhancing Italy's presence on

810-428: A house in a given area due to familiarity and because relatives and other Italian Canadians lived in the vicinity. 75 percent of Italians that immigrated after World War II were employed in low-income occupations, but by the mid-1980s, the children of immigrants had achieved a level of higher education comparable to the national average. By the 1980s, 86 percent of Italian Canadians owned a home, compared to 70 percent of

891-636: A large company. — Virginia Woolf , "The Supernatural in Fiction" (1918) Early reviews emphasised the novella's power to frighten, and most saw the tale as a brilliant, if simple, ghost story. According to scholar Terry Heller, most early reviewers saw the novel as a formidable piece of Gothic fiction. An early review of The Turn of the Screw was in The New York Times Saturday Review of Books and Art , stating it

SECTION 10

#1732791530306

972-460: A later revision of his essay, he argued the governess had been made aware of another male at Bly by Mrs Grose. In the 1970s, critics began to apply structuralist Tzvetan Todorov 's notion of the fantastic to The Turn of the Screw . Todorov emphasised the importance of "hesitation" in stories with supernatural elements, and critics found an abundance of them within James' novella. For example,

1053-459: A letter from October 1895, James wrote: "I see ghosts everywhere". In an entry in his journal from January 12, 1895, James recounts a ghost story told to him by Edward White Benson , the archbishop of Canterbury, while visiting him for tea at his home two days earlier. The story bears a striking resemblance to what would eventually become The Turn of the Screw , with depraved servants corrupting young children before and after their deaths. Towards

1134-423: A man and woman whom she does not recognize. The figures come and go at will without being seen or challenged by other members of the household, and they seem to the governess to be supernatural. She learns from Mrs. Grose that the governess's predecessor, Miss Jessel, and another employee, Peter Quint, had had a close relationship. Before their deaths, Jessel and Quint spent much of their time with Flora and Miles, and

1215-789: A manager of the Association for the Memory of Italo-Canadian Immigrants, were seen "as transients and judged, according to the stereotype, as warm-blooded people with violent and criminal dispositions". Italians were among the immigrants considered "undesirable", as expressed in Canada's first law concerning immigration, dating back to 1869 . This law provided for certain categories of foreigners deemed more "desirable", precisely, for reasons of cultural affinity or stereotypes related to labor industriousness, favoring workers from Great Britain or Northern European countries. Italians were usually referred to by

1296-573: A new identity profile was born that originated from the fusion of two cultures to become something else and evolve in its own way. In 2010, the Government of Ontario passed Bill 103 with royal assent proclaiming the month of June as Italian Heritage Month. On May 17, 2017, the Minister of Canadian Heritage Mélanie Joly passed a unanimous motion, Motion 64, in the House of Commons to recognize

1377-1014: A number of very prominent musicians. She has further described her works as, "Something quite textural and brutal" and something quite beautiful and light. It's like blending two worlds." With her photography and sculpture installations she had solo exhibitions in Hamilton and Toronto , New York City , Brescia (Italy), Gothenburg (Sweden), and London. Her photographs also were included in numerous group exhibitions, together with artists such as Cindy Sherman , Joel-Peter Witkin , and Francesco Clemente . The German art press Die Gestalten Verlag has published two monographs of her photography, Redemption (1999) and Immune (2005). Sigismondi also willingly creates her own set props for various music video productions such as, Perfume Genius 's "Die 4 U". "If I don't create them myself, I design or draw them, I can get quite tactile detailed as far as what I see." She has an affinity for strange yet alluring things and created

1458-505: A photography course, she became obsessed once more, and graduated with a photography major. Sigismondi started a career as a fashion photographer. She came to directing music videos when she was approached by the production company The Revolver Film Co. , and directed music videos for a number of Canadian bands. Her very innovative, but also very disturbing video works, located in sceneries she once described as "entropic underworlds inhabited by tortured souls and omnipotent beings," attracted

1539-546: A young and growing country. A small number of Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians also immigrated to Canada during the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus , leaving their homelands, which were lost to Italy and annexed to Yugoslavia after the Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947 . Between the early 1950s and the mid-1960s, approximately 20,000 to 30,000 Italians immigrated to Canada each year, surpassing those who went to

1620-405: Is "mystification". In his 1983 nonfiction survey of the horror genre, author Stephen King described The Turn of the Screw and The Haunting of Hill House (1959) as the only two great supernatural works of horror in a century. He argued that both contain "secrets best left untold and things left best unsaid", calling that the basis of the horror genre. Gillian Flynn called the novella one of

1701-411: Is also meant as an address to the reader, telling them that they will "easily judge" whether or not the ghosts are real. After the debate over the reality of the ghosts quieted in literary criticism, critics began to apply other theoretical frameworks to The Turn of the Screw . Marxist critics argued that the emphasis placed by academics on James' language distracted from class -based explorations of

SECTION 20

#1732791530306

1782-428: Is infatuated with her employer. Before Wilson's article, another critic— Edna Kenton —had written to similar effect, but Wilson's fame as a literary critic shifted the discourse around the novella completely. Wilson drew heavily from Kenton's writing, but applied explicitly Freudian terminology. For example, he pointed to Quint first being sighted by the governess on a phallic tower. A book-length close reading of

1863-446: Is still a position held by many critics, such as Giovanni Bottiroli  [ it ] , who argues that evidence for the intended ambiguity of the text can be found at the beginning of the novella, where Douglas tells his fictional audience that the governess had never told anyone but himself about the events that happened at Bly, and that they "would easily judge" why. Bottiroli believes that this address to Douglas' fictional audience

1944-602: The Kilruddery Estate in Ireland. Television films have included a 1959 American adaptation as part of Ford Startime directed by John Frankenheimer and starring Ingrid Bergman ; the West German Die sündigen Engel ( The Sinful Angel , 1962), a 1974 adaptation directed by Dan Curtis , adapted by William F. Nolan ; a French adaptation entitled Le Tour d'écrou ( The Turn of the Screw , 1974);

2025-634: The Sundance Film Festival and was released in Canada and the United States in March 2010. In 2020, Sigismondi directed the horror film The Turning , which was inspired by the 1898 Henry James novella The Turn of the Screw , and stars Mackenzie Davis and Finn Wolfhard . Short film Feature film Television Director Cinematographer Italian Canadians Italian immigration to Canada started as early as

2106-466: The unification of Italy , the young nation experienced the phenomenon of emigration on a massive scale. While until that time the migratory destinations had been mostly European, starting in the second half of the 19th century transatlantic emigration to the Americas emerged, in the direction of lands that became typical destinations for Italians. The first Canadian census enumerating the population

2187-621: The 1,546,390 Italian Canadians, 204,070 are Italian born immigrants, with 319,505 claiming Italian as their mother tongue . There has been an overall decline in the use of the Italian language since 2001. Notable Italian-Canadian films have included Almost America , Caffè Italia, Montréal , Corbo , Enigmatico , From the Vine , Mambo Italiano , The Saracen Woman (La Sarrasine) and Ricardo Trogi 's semi-autobiographical tetralogy of 1981 , 1987 , 1991 and 1995 . Depictions of Italian Canadians in television have included

2268-431: The 1960s); Eloy de la Iglesia 's Spanish language Otra vuelta de tuerca ( The Turn of the Screw , 1985); Presence of Mind (1999), directed by Atoni Aloy; and In a Dark Place (2006), directed by Donato Rotunno. The Others (2001) is not an adaptation but has some themes in common with James's novella. In 2018, director Floria Sigismondi filmed an adaptation of the novella, titled The Turning , on

2349-680: The Government of Canada also declared the month of June as Italian Heritage Month across Canada. The first explorer to coastal North America was the Venetian John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto), making landfall in Cape Bonavista , Newfoundland and Labrador , in 1497. His voyage to Canada and other parts of the Americas was followed by his son Sebastian Cabot (Sebastiano Caboto) and Giovanni da Verrazzano . Immediately after

2430-453: The Italian citizens who moved abroad (53 percent) had medium-high educational qualifications: 33,000 high school graduates and 29,000 college graduates. Highly qualified people are in demand in Canada in areas that are lacking in the territory, particularly in information and communication technologies. As of the 2021 census, 1,546,390 Canadian residents stated they had Italian ancestry, comprising 4.3 percent of Canada's population, marking

2511-879: The Italian population increased from 4,900 in 1911, to 9,000 in 1921, constituting almost two percent of Toronto's population. Italians in Toronto and in Montreal soon established ethnic enclaves , especially Little Italies in Toronto and in Montreal . Smaller communities also arose in Vancouver , Hamilton , Niagara Falls , Guelph , Windsor , Thunder Bay , Sault Ste. Marie , Ottawa and Sherbrooke . Many also settled in mining communities in British Columbia ( Trail ), Alberta ( Crowsnest Pass ), Cape Breton Island ( Inverness ), and Northern Ontario ( Sault Ste. Marie and Fort William ). This migration

Floria Sigismondi - Misplaced Pages Continue

2592-521: The Screw for the New York Edition of the text. James made many changes, but most were minor, such as changing "utter" to "express"; the narrative was unchanged. The New York Edition ' s most important contribution was the retrospective account of the influences and writing of the novella James gave in his preface. James indicated, for example, that he was aware of research into the supernatural. In his preface, James only briefly mentions

2673-580: The Screw include The Turning (2012) by Francine Prose and Tighter (2011) by Adele Griffin . Ruth Ware 's 2019 novel The Turn of the Key sets the story in the 21st century. The Turn of the Screw has also influenced television. In December 1968, the ABC daytime drama Dark Shadows featured a storyline based on The Turn of the Screw . In the story, the ghosts of Quentin Collins and Beth Chavez haunted

2754-401: The Screw was dictated to his secretary, William MacAlpine, who took shorthand notes and returned with typed notes the following day. Finding such a delay frustrating, James purchased his own Remington typewriter and dictated directly to MacAlpine. In December 1897, James wrote to his sister-in-law: "I have , at last, finished my little book." The Turn of the Screw was first published in

2835-1009: The Shadow , 2015) was released, heavily influenced by the book, only changing the characters' names and location to make it feel like it is set in Brazil. Literary references to and influences by The Turn of the Screw identified by the James scholar Adeline R. Tintner include The Secret Garden (1911), by Frances Hodgson Burnett ; "Poor Girl" (1951), by Elizabeth Taylor ; The Peacock Spring (1975), by Rumer Godden ; Ghost Story (1975) by Peter Straub ; "The Accursed Inhabitants of House Bly" (1994) by Joyce Carol Oates ; and Miles and Flora (1997)—a sequel—by Hilary Bailey . Further literary adaptations identified by other authors include Affinity (1999), by Sarah Waters ; A Jealous Ghost (2005), by A. N. Wilson ; Florence & Giles (2010), by John Harding ; and Maybe This Time (2010) by Jennifer Crusie . Young adult novels inspired by The Turn of

2916-405: The United States during the same period. Between 1946 and 1967, more than 90 percent of Italian immigrants took advantage of the sponsorship system whereby they were admitted into Canada if sponsored by relatives residing in Canada that would assume the financial responsibility for them during their settlement period. In 1948, relations between Canada and Italy were formalized through the opening of

2997-518: The World War II, and between the early 1950s and the mid-1960s, approximately 20,000 to 30,000 Italians immigrated to Canada each year, many of the men working in the construction industry upon settling. Pier 21 in Halifax, Nova Scotia was an influential port of Italian immigration between 1928 until it ceased operations in 1971, where 471,940 individuals came to Canada from Italy , making them

3078-409: The best-known example of a ghost story which exploits the ambiguity of a first-person narrative . Citing James' reference to the work as his "designed horror", Donald P. Costello suggested that the effect of a given scene varies depending on who represents the action. In scenes where the governess directly reports on what she sees, the effect is horror, but in those where she merely comments, the effect

3159-451: The community still had fluency in the Italian language. There has been an overall decline in the use of the Italian language in Canada since 2001. Pier 21 in Halifax, Nova Scotia was an influential port of Italian immigration between 1928 until it ceased operations in 1971, where 471,940 individuals came to Canada from Italy, making them the third largest ethnic group to immigrate to Canada during that time period. The rapid growth of

3240-632: The deaths of their parents. He lives mainly in London and has a country house in Bly, Essex . The boy, Miles, is attending a boarding school, while his younger sister, Flora, is living in Bly, where she is cared for by Mrs. Grose, the housekeeper. Flora's uncle, the governess's new employer, is uninterested in raising the children and gives her full charge, explicitly stating that she is not to bother him with communications of any sort. The governess travels to Bly and begins her duties. Miles returns from school for

3321-649: The end of 1897, James was contracted to write a twelve-part ghost story for Collier's Weekly , an illustrated magazine. Having just signed a twenty-one year lease on a house in Rye, East Sussex, James —thankful for the additional income—accepted the offer. Collier's Weekly paid James US$ 900 (equivalent to US$ 27,659 in 2019) for the serial rights. A year earlier, in 1897, The Chap-Book paid him US$ 150 (equivalent to US$ 4,610 in 2019) for serial and book rights to What Maisie Knew . James found it difficult to write by hand, reserving that for his journals. The Turn of

Floria Sigismondi - Misplaced Pages Continue

3402-485: The general population. Canada thus began a multicultural policy that resulted in a strengthening of the identity of the different ethnic groups. Among them, the Italian one experienced a strong socio-cultural transformation due to multiple factors. As the mistrust caused by the fascist period ceased, Italians were able to improve their living conditions, with an increase in the social mobility of young Italian-Canadians. The second generation, better educated, began to abandon

3483-537: The ghost. The governess insists to Miles he is no longer controlled by the ghost, only to find that Miles has died in her arms. As a piece of Gothic fiction, critics highlight the influence of Charlotte Brontë 's Jane Eyre (1847) on the novella. The Turn of the Screw borrows both from Jane Eyre 's themes of class and gender, and from its mid-nineteenth century setting. The novella alludes to Jane Eyre in tandem with an explicit reference to Ann Radcliffe 's Gothic novel The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794), wherein

3564-617: The ghosts found in scientific literature rather than those of fictional narratives. The character of Douglas describes himself as a student of Trinity College , where James knew research into the supernatural occurred. It is unknown whether James believed in ghosts. By the 1890s, James' readership had dwindled since the success of Daisy Miller (1878), and he had encountered financial troubles. His health had also worsened, with advancing gout , and several of his close friends had died: his sister and diarist Alice James , and writers Robert Louis Stevenson and Constance Fenimore Woolson . In

3645-586: The governess becomes convinced that the two children are aware of the ghosts' presence and influenced by them. Without permission, Flora leaves the house while Miles is playing music for the governess. The governess notices Flora's absence and goes with Mrs. Grose in search of her. They find her on the shore of a nearby lake, and the governess is convinced that Flora has been talking to the ghost of Miss Jessel. The governess sees Miss Jessel and believes Flora sees her as well, but Mrs. Grose does not. Flora denies seeing Miss Jessel and begins to insist that she will not see

3726-494: The governess to a case of neurotic sexual repression. The Turn of the Screw has been the subject of a range of adaptations and reworkings in a variety of media. Many of these have, themselves, been analysed in the academic literature on Henry James and neo-Victorian culture. The novella was adapted to an opera by Benjamin Britten , which premiered in 1954, and the opera has been filmed on multiple occasions. The novella

3807-530: The governess wonders if there might be a secret relative hidden in the attic at Bly. One critic writes that the only "definite event" in the novel that does not "belong" in Gothic fantasy is Miles' expulsion from school. Although the influence of the Gothic on the novella is clear, it cannot only be characterised as one. James' ghosts differ from those of traditional Gothic tales – frightening, often bound in chains – by appearing like their living selves. Similarly,

3888-423: The governess' growing awareness of evil in the world. The power of the story, she argued, was in forcing readers to realise the dark places fiction could take their minds. In 1934, literary critic Edmund Wilson posited that the ghosts were hallucinations of the governess, who he suggested was sexually repressed. As evidence, Wilson points to her background as the daughter of a country parson, and suggests that she

3969-536: The magazine Collier's Weekly , serialised in 12 installments (27 January – 16 April 1898). The title illustration by John La Farge depicts the governess with her arm around Miles. Episode illustrations were by Eric Pape . In October 1898, the novella appeared with the short story "Covering End" in a volume titled The Two Magics , published by Macmillan in New York City and by Heinemann in London. Ten years after publication, James revised The Turn of

4050-430: The manual jobs traditionally performed by their parents in favor of jobs for which a good level of education was necessary. Many of these young people began to speak English as their first language, moving away from the customs of their parents in a process of constructing their own specific Italian-Canadian identity, different from the category of "Italian citizens residing in Canada" or "population of Italian origin". Thus,

4131-424: The metropolitan areas that had attracted Italian immigrants, created a strong demand for construction work, and by the 1960s, more than 15,000 Italian men worked in Toronto's construction industry, representing one third of all construction workers in the city at that time. Others started small businesses such as barber shops, grocery stores and bakeries that created Italian ethnic enclaves. Italian women who entered

SECTION 50

#1732791530306

4212-607: The mid 19th century. A substantial influx of Italian immigration to Canada began in the early 20th century, primarily from rural southern Italy , with immigrants primarily settling in Toronto and Montreal . During the interwar period after World War I , new immigration laws in the 1920s limited Italian immigration. During World War II , approximately 600 to 700 Italian Canadian men were interned between 1940 and 1943 as potentially dangerous enemy aliens with alleged fascist connections. A second wave of immigration occurred after

4293-518: The month of June as Italian Heritage Month across Canada — a time to recognize, celebrate and raise awareness of the Italian community in Canada, one of the largest outside of Italy. In 2019, Canada received the 11th highest number of Italian emigrants, and among non-European countries was the fourth highest after Brazil, the United States and Australia. Compared to the past, the skills of migrants have changed as today there are many researchers, skilled workers and entrepreneurs. In 2018, more than half of

4374-433: The most chilling ghost stories ever written. Several biographers have indicated that James was familiar with spiritualism , and at the very least regarded it as entertainment. His brother William was an active researcher of supernatural phenomena. Scientific inquiry at the time was curious about the existence of ghosts, and James' description of Peter Quint and Miss Jessel—dressed in black with severe expressions—resemble

4455-466: The necessary stages to become law. In 2021, prime minister Justin Trudeau formally apologized for the war internment of Italian Canadians, in the House of Commons. A second wave occurred after World War II when Italians, especially from the more southern regions, Lazio , Abruzzo , Molise , Apulia , Campania , Calabria , and Sicily regions, left the war-impoverished country for opportunities in

4536-403: The new governess again. The governess decides that Mrs. Grose should take Flora away to her uncle in attempt to escape Miss Jessel's influence. Left alone with the governess, Miles at last confesses he was expelled for something he said but cannot remember what he said or to whom he said it. The ghost of Quint appears to the governess at the window. The governess shields Miles, who attempts to see

4617-521: The nickname navvies , short for navigator , a term coined in England to refer to laborers and which from 1830 onwards was applied in a derogatory sense to those who worked on tunnel or railway construction in uncomfortable conditions. A substantial influx of Italian immigration to Canada began in the early 20th century when over 60,000 Italians moved to Canada between 1900 and 1913. These were largely peasants from southern Italy and agrarian parts of

4698-687: The northeast ( Veneto and Friuli ). In 1905, the Royal Commission appointed to Inquire into the Immigration of Italian Labourers to Montreal and alleged Fraudulent Practices of Employment Agencies was launched into deceptive tactics used by padroni , labour brokers that recruited Italian workers for Canadian employers. These numbers were dwarfed in comparison to those of the United States, however, where about four million Italians immigrated between 1880 and 1920. Italian Canadians primarily immigrated to Toronto and Montreal . In Toronto,

4779-530: The novella foregoes major devices associated with Gothic novels, such as digressions, as in Frankenstein (1818) and Dracula (1897), instead relating one whole, continuous narrative. For the story's publication in Collier's Weekly , James was contracted to write a ghost story. As a result, some critics have regarded it in that tradition. L. Andrew Cooper observed that The Turn of the Screw might be

4860-417: The reader's sympathy may hesitate between the children or the governess, and the text hesitates between supporting the ghosts' existence, and rejecting them. Christine Brooke-Rose argued in a three-part essay that the ambiguity so frequently argued over was a foundational part of the text that had been ignored. From the 1980s onwards, critics increasingly refused to ask questions about diegetic elements of

4941-572: The same title by Rebecca Lenkiewicz was presented in a co-production with Hammer at the Almeida Theatre , London, in January 2013. There have been numerous film adaptations of the novel. The critically acclaimed The Innocents (1961), directed by Jack Clayton , and Michael Winner 's prequel The Nightcomers (1972) are two notable examples. Other feature film adaptations include Rusty Lemorande 's 1992 eponymous adaptation (set in

SECTION 60

#1732791530306

5022-621: The series Ciao Bella , Fugget About It and Il Duce canadese . In literature, the novels of Nino Ricci , particularly his Governor General's Award -winning 1990 novel Lives of the Saints , are the best-known depictions of Italian-Canadian culture. The Turn of the Screw The Turn of the Screw is an 1898 gothic horror novella by Henry James which first appeared in serial format in Collier's Weekly from January 27 to April 16, 1898. On October 7, 1898, it

5103-486: The story as a Hawthornesque allegory about good and evil, and the ghosts as active agents to that effect. Scholars critical of Wilson's essay pointed to Douglas' positive account of the governess's character in the prologue, long after her death. Most crucially, they indicated that the governess's description of the ghost enabled Mrs Grose to identify him as Peter Quint before the governess knew he existed. The second point led Wilson to "retract his thesis (temporarily)"; in

5184-454: The story's origin disparaged the ability of women to tell stories, and framed The Turn of the Screw as James thus telling it on their behalf. Others see James in a more positive light. Paula Marantz Cohen positively compares James' treatment of the governess to Sigmund Freud's writing about a young woman named Dora . Cohen likens the way that Freud transforms Dora into merely a summary of her symptoms to how critics such as Edmund Wilson reduced

5265-447: The story's origin in a magazine. In 2016, Kirsten MacLeod, citing James' private correspondence, indicated that he had a strong dislike for the serial form. The horror of the story comes from the force with which it makes us realize the power that our minds possess for such excursions into the darkness; when certain lights sink or certain barriers are lowered, the ghosts of the mind, untraced desires, indistinct intimations, are seen to be

5346-406: The summer just after a letter arrives from the headmaster, informing his caretakers that he has been expelled. Miles never speaks of the matter, and the governess is hesitant to raise the issue. She fears there is some horrible secret behind the expulsion, but is too charmed by the boy to want to press the issue. Soon after, around the grounds of the estate, the governess begins to see the figures of

5427-437: The text was produced in 1965 using Wilson's Freudian analysis as a foundation; it characterised the governess as increasingly mad and hysterical. Leon Edel , James' most influential biographer, wrote that it is not the ghosts who haunt the children, but the governess. While many supported Wilson's theory, it was by no means authoritative. Robert B. Heilman was a prominent advocate for the apparitionist interpretation; he saw

5508-450: The text wherein the ghosts are real entities are often referred to as the "apparitionist interpretation"; consequently, a "non-apparitionist" holds the opposite perspective. In a 1918 essay, Virginia Woolf wrote that Miss Jessel and Peter Quint possessed "neither the substance nor independent existence of ghosts". Woolf did not suggest that the ghosts were hallucinations, but—in a similar fashion to other early critics—said they represented

5589-425: The text, instead acknowledging that many elements simply cannot be known definitively. Focus shifted away from whether the ghosts were real and onto how James generated and then sustained the text's ambiguity. A study into revisions James made to two paragraphs in the novella concluded that James was not striving for clarity, but to create a text which could not be interpreted definitively in either direction. This

5670-416: The text. The children's uncle, who featured largely only in the psychoanalytic interpretations as an obsession of the governess, was regarded by some as symbolising a selfish upper-class . Heath Moon notes how he abandoned his orphaned niece, nephew, and their ancestral home to instead live in London as a bachelor. Mrs Grose's distaste for the relationship between Quint and Miss Jessel was noted to be part of

5751-456: The third largest ethnic group to immigrate to Canada during that time period. In the late 1960s, the Italian economy experienced a period of growth and recovery, removing one of the primary incentives for emigration. The importance of the family unit of Italian Canadians has provided a central role in the adaptation of newer socioeconomic realities. In 2010, the Government of Ontario proclaimed the month of June as Italian Heritage Month, and in 2017,

5832-478: The west wing of Collinwood, possessing the two children living in the mansion. The story led to a year-long story in the year 1897, as Barnabas Collins travelled back in time to prevent Quentin's death and stop the possession. In early episodes of Star Trek: Voyager (" Cathexis ", " Learning Curve " and " Persistence of Vision "), Captain Kathryn Janeway is seen on the holodeck acting out scenes from

5913-454: The workforce often worked in the garment and clothing industry. The importance of the family unit of Italian Canadians has provided a central role in the adaptation of newer socioeconomic realities. A mid-1960s study conducted in Montreal found that two in three Canadian-born Italians had their nearest relative living in the same building as them or within a five-minute walking distance, and that more than half of those sampled had chosen to buy

5994-485: The world stage, most Italians in Canada did not harbour any ill will against Canada and few remained committed followers of the fascist ideology. In 1990, former prime minister Brian Mulroney apologized for the war internment of Italian Canadians to a Toronto meeting of the National Congress of Italian Canadians . In May 2009, Massimo Pacetti introduced bill C-302, an "Act to recognize the injustice that

6075-550: Was adapted as a ballet score (1980) by Luigi Zaninelli , and separately as a ballet (1999) by Will Tucket for the Royal Ballet . Harold Pinter directed The Innocents (1950), a Broadway play which was an adaptation of The Turn of the Screw . An adaptation by Jeffrey Hatcher , using the title The Turn of the Screw , premiered in Portland, Maine, in 1996 and was produced off-Broadway in 1999. Another adaptation of

6156-553: Was born in Pescara , Abruzzo , Italy. Her parents, Lina and Domenico Sigismondi, were opera singers. Her family, including her sister Antonella, moved to Hamilton , Ontario , Canada when she was two. In her childhood she became obsessed by drawing and painting. Starting in 1987, she studied painting and illustration at the Ontario College of Art , today's Ontario College of Art & Design University (OCADU). When she took

6237-533: Was collected in The Two Magics , published by Macmillan in New York City and Heinemann in London. The novella follows a governess who, caring for two children at a remote country house, becomes convinced that they are haunted. The Turn of the Screw is considered a work of both Gothic and horror fiction . In the century following its publication, critical analysis of the novella underwent several major transformations. Initial reviews regarded it only as

6318-571: Was done to persons of Italian origin through their "enemy alien" designation and internment during the Second World War, and to provide for restitution and promote education on Italian Canadian history [worth $ 2.5 million]", which was passed by the House of Commons on April 28, 2010; Canada Post was also to issue a commemorative postage stamp commemorating the internment of Italian Canadian citizens, however, Bill C-302 did not pass through

6399-469: Was largely halted after World War I , new immigration laws in the 1920s, and the Great Depression limited Italian immigration. Approximately 40,000 Italians came to Canada during the interwar period , predominantly from southern Italy where an economic depression and overpopulation had left many families in poverty. During World War II , Italian Canadians were regarded with suspicion and faced

6480-516: Was not conducted until 1871 . At this time, there were only 1,035 people of Italian origin that lived in Canada. A number of Italians were imported, often as " soldiers of fortune " and " men of letters ", to work as navvies in the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway . In 1904, 3,144 of the 8,576 seasonal Canadian Pacific Railway workforce were Italian men. Italian workers in that period, as described by Lucy di Pietro,

6561-412: Was worthy of being compared to Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886). The reviewer noted it as a successful study of evil, referring to the ghosts' influence over the children and the governess. Scholar Terry Heller notes that the children featured prominently in early criticism because the novella violated a Victorian presumption of childhood innocence. Conceptions of

#305694