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57-539: [REDACTED] Look up fram  or fram- in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Fram may refer to: Ships [ edit ] Fram (ship) , an arctic exploration vessel from Norway MS Fram , expedition cruise ship owned by Hurtigruten Group Places and geography [ edit ] Fram, Paraguay , a town in Itapúa, Paraguay Fram Formation ,

114-412: A parametric model , the probability distribution function has variable parameters, such as the mean and variance in a normal distribution , or the coefficients for the various exponents of the independent variable in linear regression . A nonparametric model has a distribution function without parameters, such as in bootstrapping , and is only loosely confined by assumptions. Model selection

171-561: A Swedish bicycle manufacturer See also [ edit ] Fram 2 (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Fram . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fram&oldid=1245517876 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

228-561: A Swedish bicycle manufacturer See also [ edit ] Fram 2 (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Fram . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fram&oldid=1245517876 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

285-453: A certain purpose in mind, hence the core semantic concepts are predefined in a so-called meta model. This enables a pragmatic modelling but reduces the flexibility, as only the predefined semantic concepts can be used. Samples are flow charts for process behaviour or organisational structure for tree behaviour. Semantic models are more flexible and open, and therefore more difficult to model. Potentially any semantic concept can be defined, hence

342-407: A concept model operational semantic can be built-in, like the processing of a sequence, whereas a semantic model needs explicit semantic definition of the sequence. The decision if a concept model or a semantic model is used, depends therefore on the "object under survey", the intended goal, the necessary flexibility as well as how the model is interpreted. In case of human-interpretation there may be

399-452: A conceptual model is developed using some form of conceptual modeling technique. That technique will utilize a conceptual modeling language that determines the rules for how the model is arrived at. Understanding the capabilities of the specific language used is inherent to properly evaluating a conceptual modeling technique, as the language reflects the techniques descriptive ability. Also, the conceptual modeling language will directly influence

456-473: A family tree of the Greek Gods, in these cases it would be used to model concepts. A domain model is a type of conceptual model used to depict the structural elements and their conceptual constraints within a domain of interest (sometimes called the problem domain ). A domain model includes the various entities, their attributes and relationships, plus the constraints governing the conceptual integrity of

513-610: A focus on graphical concept models, in case of machine interpretation there may be the focus on semantic models. An epistemological model is a type of conceptual model whose proposed scope is the known and the knowable, and the believed and the believable. In logic , a model is a type of interpretation under which a particular statement is true. Logical models can be broadly divided into ones which only attempt to represent concepts, such as mathematical models; and ones which attempt to represent physical objects, and factual relationships, among which are scientific models. Model theory

570-737: A form of non-volatile random access memory Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization , 1950s United States Navy program to refurbish WWII-era ships A similar 1980s U.S. Coast Guard program to modernize its Hamilton -class cutters Flight Releasable Attachment Mechanism for orbital replacement units on external stowage platforms of the International Space Station Functional Resonance Analysis Method, Modelling Complex Socio-technical Systems, by Erik Hollnagel Other uses [ edit ] FRAM (brand) , an American brand of automotive filters Fram (bicycle company) ,

627-606: A form of non-volatile random access memory Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization , 1950s United States Navy program to refurbish WWII-era ships A similar 1980s U.S. Coast Guard program to modernize its Hamilton -class cutters Flight Releasable Attachment Mechanism for orbital replacement units on external stowage platforms of the International Space Station Functional Resonance Analysis Method, Modelling Complex Socio-technical Systems, by Erik Hollnagel Other uses [ edit ] FRAM (brand) , an American brand of automotive filters Fram (bicycle company) ,

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684-456: A function/ active event must be executed. Depending on the process flow, the function has the ability to transform event states or link to other event driven process chains. Other elements exist within an EPC, all of which work together to define how and by what rules the system operates. The EPC technique can be applied to business practices such as resource planning, process improvement, and logistics. The dynamic systems development method uses

741-411: A given model involving a variety of abstract structures. A more comprehensive type of mathematical model uses a linguistic version of category theory to model a given situation. Akin to entity-relationship models , custom categories or sketches can be directly translated into database schemas . The difference is that logic is replaced by category theory, which brings powerful theorems to bear on

798-434: A metaphysical model intends to represent reality in the broadest possible way. This is to say that it explains the answers to fundamental questions such as whether matter and mind are one or two substances ; or whether or not humans have free will . Conceptual Models and semantic models have many similarities, however the way they are presented, the level of flexibility and the use are different. Conceptual models have

855-503: A museum in Oslo, Norway Sports [ edit ] Knattspyrnufélagið Fram , Icelandic association football club IF Fram Tórshavn , Faroese association football club IF Fram , Finnish association football club from Åland IF Fram Larvik , Norwegian sports club IL Fram , Norwegian sports club IL Hjelset-Fram , Norwegian sports club SK Fram (Oslo) , Norwegian skiing and social club SK Fram, Norwegian sports club now

912-610: A part of Selsbakk IF SK Fram, Norwegian sports club now a part of Brumunddal IL Framlingham Town F.C. (known as Fram), English association football club Fram Stadion , a football stadium in Larvik, Norway People [ edit ] Fram (name) , list of people with the name As an acronym FRAM [ edit ] Fellow of the Royal Academy of Music in the University of London Ferroelectric RAM ,

969-436: A part of Selsbakk IF SK Fram, Norwegian sports club now a part of Brumunddal IL Framlingham Town F.C. (known as Fram), English association football club Fram Stadion , a football stadium in Larvik, Norway People [ edit ] Fram (name) , list of people with the name As an acronym FRAM [ edit ] Fellow of the Royal Academy of Music in the University of London Ferroelectric RAM ,

1026-913: A sequence of rock strata on Ellesmere Island, Canada Fram, Rače–Fram , a settlement in Slovenia Fram (river) , a stream in Slovenia Framlingham , town in England referred to by locals as "Fram" Framingham, Massachusetts , a city often nicknamed "Fram" Framingham State University , a university in that city also often nicknamed "Fram" Fram Strait , in the Arctic Ocean Fram Islands , in Antarctica Fram Mesa , in Antarctica Fram (crater) , crater on Mars explored by

1083-451: A single thing (e.g. the Statue of Liberty ), whole classes of things (e.g. the electron ), and even very vast domains of subject matter such as the physical universe. The variety and scope of conceptual models is due to the variety of purposes had by the people using them. Conceptual modeling is the activity of formally describing some aspects of the physical and social world around us for

1140-580: A specific process called JEFFF to conceptually model a systems life cycle. JEFFF is intended to focus more on the higher level development planning that precedes a project's initialization. The JAD process calls for a series of workshops in which the participants work to identify, define, and generally map a successful project from conception to completion. This method has been found to not work well for large scale applications, however smaller applications usually report some net gain in efficiency. Also known as Petri nets , this conceptual modeling technique allows

1197-431: A statistical model of customer behavior is a model that is conceptual (because behavior is physical), but a statistical model of customer satisfaction is a model of a concept (because satisfaction is a mental not a physical event). In economics , a model is a theoretical construct that represents economic processes by a set of variables and a set of logical and/or quantitative relationships between them. The economic model

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1254-735: A system to be constructed with elements that can be described by direct mathematical means. The petri net, because of its nondeterministic execution properties and well defined mathematical theory, is a useful technique for modeling concurrent system behavior , i.e. simultaneous process executions. State transition modeling makes use of state transition diagrams to describe system behavior. These state transition diagrams use distinct states to define system behavior and changes. Most current modeling tools contain some kind of ability to represent state transition modeling. The use of state transition models can be most easily recognized as logic state diagrams and directed graphs for finite-state machines . Because

1311-472: A system, often a relational database, and its requirements in a top-down fashion. Diagrams created by this process are called entity-relationship diagrams, ER diagrams, or ERDs. Entity–relationship models have had wide application in the building of information systems intended to support activities involving objects and events in the real world. In these cases they are models that are conceptual. However, this modeling method can be used to build computer games or

1368-459: A system. DFM is a fairly simple technique; however, like many conceptual modeling techniques, it is possible to construct higher and lower level representative diagrams. The data flow diagram usually does not convey complex system details such as parallel development considerations or timing information, but rather works to bring the major system functions into context. Data flow modeling is a central technique used in systems development that utilizes

1425-435: A technique that would allow relevant information to be presented. The presentation method for selection purposes would focus on the technique's ability to represent the model at the intended level of depth and detail. The characteristics of the model's users or participants is an important aspect to consider. A participant's background and experience should coincide with the conceptual model's complexity, else misrepresentation of

1482-428: A town in Itapúa, Paraguay Fram Formation , a sequence of rock strata on Ellesmere Island, Canada Fram, Rače–Fram , a settlement in Slovenia Fram (river) , a stream in Slovenia Framlingham , town in England referred to by locals as "Fram" Framingham, Massachusetts , a city often nicknamed "Fram" Framingham State University , a university in that city also often nicknamed "Fram" Fram Strait , in

1539-487: Is a conceptual modeling technique which is mainly used to systematically improve business process flows. Like most conceptual modeling techniques, the event driven process chain consists of entities/elements and functions that allow relationships to be developed and processed. More specifically, the EPC is made up of events which define what state a process is in or the rules by which it operates. In order to progress through events,

1596-419: Is a graphical representation of modal logic in which modal operators are used to distinguish statement about concepts from statements about real world objects and events. In software engineering, an entity–relationship model (ERM) is an abstract and conceptual representation of data. Entity–relationship modeling is a database modeling method, used to produce a type of conceptual schema or semantic data model of

1653-423: Is a simplified framework designed to illustrate complex processes, often but not always using mathematical techniques. Frequently, economic models use structural parameters. Structural parameters are underlying parameters in a model or class of models. A model may have various parameters and those parameters may change to create various properties. A system model is the conceptual model that describes and represents

1710-445: Is a statistical method for selecting a distribution function within a class of them; e.g., in linear regression where the dependent variable is a polynomial of the independent variable with parametric coefficients, model selection is selecting the highest exponent, and may be done with nonparametric means, such as with cross validation . In statistics there can be models of mental events as well as models of physical events. For example,

1767-494: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages fram [REDACTED] Look up fram  or fram- in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Fram may refer to: Ships [ edit ] Fram (ship) , an arctic exploration vessel from Norway MS Fram , expedition cruise ship owned by Hurtigruten Group Places and geography [ edit ] Fram, Paraguay ,

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1824-572: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Conceptual model The value of a conceptual model is usually directly proportional to how well it corresponds to a past, present, future, actual or potential state of affairs. A concept model (a model of a concept) is quite different because in order to be a good model it need not have this real world correspondence. In artificial intelligence, conceptual models and conceptual graphs are used for building expert systems and knowledge-based systems ; here

1881-674: Is the study of (classes of) mathematical structures such as groups, fields, graphs, or even universes of set theory, using tools from mathematical logic. A system that gives meaning to the sentences of a formal language is called a model for the language. If a model for a language moreover satisfies a particular sentence or theory (set of sentences), it is called a model of the sentence or theory. Model theory has close ties to algebra and universal algebra. Mathematical models can take many forms, including but not limited to dynamical systems, statistical models, differential equations, or game theoretic models. These and other types of models can overlap, with

1938-578: The structured systems analysis and design method (SSADM). Entity–relationship modeling (ERM) is a conceptual modeling technique used primarily for software system representation. Entity-relationship diagrams, which are a product of executing the ERM technique, are normally used to represent database models and information systems. The main components of the diagram are the entities and relationships. The entities can represent independent functions, objects, or events. The relationships are responsible for relating

1995-525: The Arctic Ocean Fram Islands , in Antarctica Fram Mesa , in Antarctica Fram (crater) , crater on Mars explored by the Opportunity rover Arts and culture [ edit ] Fram (play) , by Tony Harrison Fram (Middle-earth) , fictional character from the stories of J. R. R. Tolkien Fram, the Polar Bear , children's book by Romanian writer Cezar Petrescu Fram Museum ,

2052-732: The Opportunity rover Arts and culture [ edit ] Fram (play) , by Tony Harrison Fram (Middle-earth) , fictional character from the stories of J. R. R. Tolkien Fram, the Polar Bear , children's book by Romanian writer Cezar Petrescu Fram Museum , a museum in Oslo, Norway Sports [ edit ] Knattspyrnufélagið Fram , Icelandic association football club IF Fram Tórshavn , Faroese association football club IF Fram , Finnish association football club from Åland IF Fram Larvik , Norwegian sports club IL Fram , Norwegian sports club IL Hjelset-Fram , Norwegian sports club SK Fram (Oslo) , Norwegian skiing and social club SK Fram, Norwegian sports club now

2109-400: The affected variable content of their proposed framework by considering the focus of observation and the criterion for comparison. The focus of observation considers whether the conceptual modeling technique will create a "new product", or whether the technique will only bring about a more intimate understanding of the system being modeled. The criterion for comparison would weigh the ability of

2166-479: The analysts are concerned to represent expert opinion on what is true not their own ideas on what is true. Conceptual models range in type from the more concrete, such as the mental image of a familiar physical object, to the formal generality and abstractness of mathematical models which do not appear to the mind as an image. Conceptual models also range in terms of the scope of the subject matter that they are taken to represent. A model may, for instance, represent

2223-459: The authors specifically state that they are not intended to represent a state of affairs in the physical world. They are also used in information requirements analysis (IRA) which is a variant of SSM developed for information system design and software engineering. Logico-linguistic modeling is another variant of SSM that uses conceptual models. However, this method combines models of concepts with models of putative real world objects and events. It

2280-403: The conceptual modeling method can sometimes be purposefully vague to account for a broad area of use, the actual application of concept modeling can become difficult. To alleviate this issue, and shed some light on what to consider when selecting an appropriate conceptual modeling technique, the framework proposed by Gemino and Wand will be discussed in the following text. However, before evaluating

2337-456: The conceptual modeling technique to be efficient or effective. A conceptual modeling technique that allows for development of a system model which takes all system variables into account at a high level may make the process of understanding the system functionality more efficient, but the technique lacks the necessary information to explain the internal processes, rendering the model less effective. When deciding which conceptual technique to use,

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2394-500: The depth at which the system is capable of being represented, whether it be complex or simple. Building on some of their earlier work, Gemino and Wand acknowledge some main points to consider when studying the affecting factors: the content that the conceptual model must represent, the method in which the model will be presented, the characteristics of the model's users, and the conceptual model languages specific task. The conceptual model's content should be considered in order to select

2451-418: The effectiveness of a conceptual modeling technique for a particular application, an important concept must be understood; Comparing conceptual models by way of specifically focusing on their graphical or top level representations is shortsighted. Gemino and Wand make a good point when arguing that the emphasis should be placed on a conceptual modeling language when choosing an appropriate technique. In general,

2508-403: The enterprise process model is often referred to as the business process model . Process models are core concepts in the discipline of process engineering. Process models are: The same process model is used repeatedly for the development of many applications and thus, has many instantiations. One possible use of a process model is to prescribe how things must/should/could be done in contrast to

2565-429: The entities to one another. To form a system process, the relationships are combined with the entities and any attributes needed to further describe the process. Multiple diagramming conventions exist for this technique; IDEF1X , Bachman , and EXPRESS , to name a few. These conventions are just different ways of viewing and organizing the data to represent different system aspects. The event-driven process chain (EPC)

2622-406: The modelling support is very generic. Samples are terminologies, taxonomies or ontologies. In a concept model each concept has a unique and distinguishable graphical representation, whereas semantic concepts are by default the same. In a concept model each concept has predefined properties that can be populated, whereas semantic concepts are related to concepts that are interpreted as properties. In

2679-505: The overall system development life cycle. Figure 1 below, depicts the role of the conceptual model in a typical system development scheme. It is clear that if the conceptual model is not fully developed, the execution of fundamental system properties may not be implemented properly, giving way to future problems or system shortfalls. These failures do occur in the industry and have been linked to; lack of user input, incomplete or unclear requirements, and changing requirements. Those weak links in

2736-432: The process itself which is really what happens. A process model is roughly an anticipation of what the process will look like. What the process shall be will be determined during actual system development. Conceptual models of human activity systems are used in soft systems methodology (SSM), which is a method of systems analysis concerned with the structuring of problems in management. These models are models of concepts;

2793-468: The purposes of understanding and communication. A conceptual model's primary objective is to convey the fundamental principles and basic functionality of the system which it represents. Also, a conceptual model must be developed in such a way as to provide an easily understood system interpretation for the model's users. A conceptual model, when implemented properly, should satisfy four fundamental objectives. The conceptual model plays an important role in

2850-462: The recommendations of Gemino and Wand can be applied in order to properly evaluate the scope of the conceptual model in question. Understanding the conceptual models scope will lead to a more informed selection of a technique that properly addresses that particular model. In summary, when deciding between modeling techniques, answering the following questions would allow one to address some important conceptual modeling considerations. Another function of

2907-460: The same way logicians axiomatize the principles of logic . The aim of these attempts is to construct a formal system that will not produce theoretical consequences that are contrary to what is found in reality . Predictions or other statements drawn from such a formal system mirror or map the real world only insofar as these scientific models are true. A statistical model is a probability distribution function proposed as generating data. In

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2964-461: The simulation conceptual model is to provide a rational and factual basis for assessment of simulation application appropriateness. In cognitive psychology and philosophy of mind, a mental model is a representation of something in the mind, but a mental model may also refer to a nonphysical external model of the mind itself. A metaphysical model is a type of conceptual model which is distinguished from other conceptual models by its proposed scope;

3021-527: The structure, behavior, and more views of a system . A system model can represent multiple views of a system by using two different approaches. The first one is the non-architectural approach and the second one is the architectural approach. The non-architectural approach respectively picks a model for each view. The architectural approach, also known as system architecture , instead of picking many heterogeneous and unrelated models, will use only one integrated architectural model. In business process modelling

3078-410: The subject of modeling, especially useful for translating between disparate models (as functors between categories). A scientific model is a simplified abstract view of a complex reality. A scientific model represents empirical objects, phenomena, and physical processes in a logical way. Attempts to formalize the principles of the empirical sciences use an interpretation to model reality, in

3135-417: The system design and development process can be traced to improper execution of the fundamental objectives of conceptual modeling. The importance of conceptual modeling is evident when such systemic failures are mitigated by thorough system development and adherence to proven development objectives/techniques. Numerous techniques can be applied across multiple disciplines to increase the user's understanding of

3192-472: The system or misunderstanding of key system concepts could lead to problems in that system's realization. The conceptual model language task will further allow an appropriate technique to be chosen. The difference between creating a system conceptual model to convey system functionality and creating a system conceptual model to interpret that functionality could involve two completely different types of conceptual modeling languages. Gemino and Wand go on to expand

3249-537: The system to be modeled. A few techniques are briefly described in the following text, however, many more exist or are being developed. Some commonly used conceptual modeling techniques and methods include: workflow modeling, workforce modeling , rapid application development , object-role modeling , and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Data flow modeling (DFM) is a basic conceptual modeling technique that graphically represents elements of

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