A spur route is a short road forming a branch from a longer, more important road such as a freeway , Interstate Highway , or motorway . A bypass or beltway is not considered a spur route as it typically reconnects with another or the same major road.
130-521: U.S. Route 422 ( US 422 ) is a 271-mile-long (436 km) spur route of US 22 split into two segments in the U.S. states of Ohio and Pennsylvania . The western segment of US 422 runs from downtown Cleveland , Ohio, east to Ebensburg , Pennsylvania. The eastern segment, located entirely within Pennsylvania, runs from Hershey east to King of Prussia , near Philadelphia . US 422 Business (US 422 Bus.) serves as
260-559: A business route into each of four towns along the way. In downtown Cleveland , the western terminus of the western segment of US 422 is at US 6 , US 20 , US 42 , and State Route 3 (SR 3) in Cleveland's Public Square , while the eastern terminus of the western segment is at an interchange with US 219 near Ebensburg. In Hershey, the eastern segment of US 422 begins at an interchange with US 322 and Pennsylvania Route 39 (PA 39), while
390-592: A concurrency as the roadway heads south from the square. Less than a mile from the Public Square, US 422 and SR 14 intersect the Cleveland Innerbelt , the confluence of Interstate 90 (I-90) and the northern termini of I-71 and I-77 . US 422 and SR 14 split at the interchange as SR 14 turns south to join SR ;43 . SR 8 begins at the eastern terminus of
520-746: A "family" of routes with the "parent" route lacking the added "A". Examples of spur routes in the system include the Aomori Expressway (E4A) , linking the Tōhoku Expressway (E4) to the eastern limits of Aomori , and the Sasson Expressway (E5A) , linking the Dō-Ō Expressway (E5) to Otaru ; however, some expressways that lack the "A" designation could also be considered spurs, such as the Kansai-Kūkō Expressway (E71) or
650-500: A "growth machine" that spreads the urbanization of the United States. They can obscure smaller settlements that are also going through similar phases of redevelopment. Depending on the size of the settlements the modes of urban politics can change. "State interventions are important both conceptually and to the empirical matter of this article since the extent, timing, nature, and legacies of state interventions significantly shape
780-425: A center left-turn lane, heading southeast past commercial development and to the south of Conrad Weiser High School . The route passes through a corner of Lower Heidelberg Township and becomes West Penn Avenue, soon forming the boundary between Lower Heidelberg Township to the northeast and South Heidelberg Township to the southwest. US 422 passes through farmland with some homes and businesses before it enters
910-510: A center left-turn lane. US 422 crosses into Marion Township in Berks County and becomes Conrad Weiser Parkway, passing through farm fields with some residences and businesses. The route runs past homes and businesses in the community of Stouchsburg before it runs through more agricultural areas with some development, bending to the east-southeast. The road becomes three lanes with two westbound lanes and one eastbound lane, crossing
1040-497: A center turn lane and runs through agricultural areas with some residences and commercial establishments. The route crosses the Cacoosing Creek into the borough of Sinking Spring and becomes two lanes, following Penn Avenue past a mix of homes and businesses. In the eastern part of Sinking Spring, US 422 widens to four lanes and comes to an intersection with the western terminus of PA 724 . Past this intersection,
1170-553: A city or bypassing it and then reconnecting to a major highway would receive an even first digit, and be considered a loop rather than a spur. For example, in the case of Interstate 5 , Interstate 105 is a spur route ending at Los Angeles International Airport , whereas Interstate 405 begins and ends at Interstate 5 , bypassing downtown Los Angeles . Spurs are also found branching from US highways , state routes , and county routes , often as extended onramps and offramps of expressways . There are many numbering violations in
1300-539: A considerable debate among economists as to whether "jobs follow people or people follow jobs," but in the context of the edge city phenomenon, workers have been drawn from metropolitan business hubs in favor of the edge city economy. Developers of edge cities have been shown to strategically plan expansion of such business areas to draw workers away from more dense port cities and thereby keep profits from surrounding interests. Edge cities contribute greatly to urban development by creating new jobs by attracting workers from
1430-444: A corner of Lebanon before entering North Lebanon Township and coming to a bridge over Norfolk Southern 's Harrisburg Line as it passes north of the community of Avon . The route becomes a three-lane road with a center left-turn lane and runs along the border between North Lebanon Township to the northwest and South Lebanon Township to the southeast, heading through residential areas in the community of Avon Heights. The road heads into
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#17328022170811560-671: A direct connection between US 422 and I-76 to be achieved. The project was completed in 2003. On June 22, 2000, the section of US 422 between US 422 Bus. and Shelbourne Road, along with US 422 Bus. between PA 562 and the eastern terminus at US 422 in Exeter Township was designated by an act of the Pennsylvania General Assembly as the Albert Boscov Commemorative Highway, honoring Albert Boscov ,
1690-553: A few businesses, intersecting the southbound direction of PA 72 at 10th Street and the northbound direction of PA 72 at 9th Street. The westbound direction heads through the downtown area of Lebanon, passing south of the Harrisburg Area Community College Lebanon Campus, while the eastbound direction heads through residential areas to the south of downtown. Farther east, US 422 passes urban areas of homes and businesses in
1820-483: A four-lane divided highway and crosses PA 501 before becoming East Lincoln Avenue at the Railroad Street intersection. US 422 leaves Myerstown for Jackson Township again and becomes a three-lane road with a center turn lane, heading east through farmland with some commercial development. The road intersects Wintersville Road/Millardsville Road, where it briefly become a divided highway before regaining
1950-681: A four-lane freeway called the Pottstown Bypass at an eastbound exit and westbound entrance. Benjamin Franklin Highway continues east and the road runs through the borough of Pottstown as High Street before becoming Ridge Pike east of Pottstown. Past the split with Benjamin Franklin Highway, the freeway passes over Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line and the Schuylkill River Trail before it enters Douglass Township and heads east-southeast through wooded areas to
2080-435: A half-century later, the D Line subway extension will finally provide rail access, with Century City/Constellation station planned to open in 2025. As recently as 2003, some critics believed that edge cities might turn out to have been only a 20th-century phenomenon because of their limitations. The residents of the low-density housing areas around them tend to be fiercely resistant to their outward expansion (as has been
2210-500: A history of severe traffic problems if one of these freeways goes unbuilt. In particular, Century City , a pioneering 1960s edge city built on a former 20th Century Fox backlot in western Los Angeles, was built with long-term plans for access via an urban rail system and the planned Beverly Hills Freeway . Neither project ever came to fruition, resulting in massive congestion on the surface streets connecting Century City to existing freeways, every two miles (3 km) distant. More than
2340-476: A mix of farmland and residential and commercial development. US 422 enters Jackson Township and becomes West Lincoln Avenue, crossing the Tulpehocken Creek and continuing through agricultural areas with some homes and businesses. The route heads into business areas and enters the borough of Myerstown , where it reaches an intersection with the southern terminus of PA 645 . The road becomes
2470-610: A mix of woodland and development before the eastbound and westbound lanes split as it reaches an intersection with the northern terminus of PA 345 in the community of Baumstown . Following this intersection, US 422 continues east as a one-way pair through wooded areas with some residences and businesses, crossing into Amity Township . Both directions of the route rejoin and the route heads southeast as four-lane divided Benjamin Franklin Highway, crossing Monocacy Creek and passing farm fields before running through wooded areas with some commercial development. The road passes south of
2600-418: A one-way road again, while eastbound US 422 fully enters South Lebanon Township, heading past residential areas in the community of Hebron . Eastbound US 422 turns north and passes businesses, crossing Quittapahilla Creek and rejoining westbound US 422 at East Cumberland Street. At this point, US 422 heads northeast as four-lane undivided East Cumberland Street past businesses, passing through
2730-475: A partial cloverleaf interchange with PA 29 that serves the borough of Collegeville to the northeast and the borough of Phoenixville the southwest. The Providence Town Center lifestyle center is located along PA 29 north of this interchange. Following this interchange, the road runs near office parks before heading through wooded areas with some farm fields, with the median widening. The route passes near housing developments and office complexes before
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#17328022170812860-512: A partial cloverleaf interchange with State Hill Road. Following this, US 222/US 422 passes between the Berkshire Mall to the west and commercial areas to the east before it reaches an interchange with Paper Mill Road and Crossing Drive, where it curves to the northeast and runs near more businesses. The freeway comes to an interchange where US 222 splits to the northwest, US 422 immediately afterward splits southeast along
2990-530: A place to be considered an edge city: Most edge cities develop at or near existing or planned freeway intersections, and are especially likely to develop near major airports . They rarely include heavy industry . They often are not separate legal entities but are governed as part of surrounding counties (this is more often the case in the East than in the Midwest, South, or West). They are numerous—almost 200 in
3120-514: A push for more accessibility by transit and bicycle, and addition of housing in denser, urban-style neighborhoods within the edge city. For example, at Tysons, in the Washington, D.C., metro area, the plan remains to see the city become the downtown core of Fairfax County. To this point "…eight districts have been delimited, with four centered on new metro stations being transit-oriented development districts". Future plans to transportation around
3250-401: A rail service connecting Philadelphia to Reading and paralleling US 422 from King of Prussia into Berks County. However, in 2006, Pennsylvania governor Ed Rendell announced that the project would not receive funding to move forward, and was considered dead. Although similar rail lines have since been proposed to relieve traffic on this segment of US 422 and have failed to move forward,
3380-544: A relatively short spur route that connects an autostrada (Italian for motorway ) to a nearby city or tourist resort not directly served by the motorway. These spurs are owned and managed by Anas . Some spurs are toll-free motorways (type-A), but most are type-B or type-C roads. All RA have separate carriageways with two lanes in each direction. Generally, they do not have an emergency lane. In Japan, spurs of its expressways are usually designated with an added letter "A". This designation applies to all routes that are part of
3510-477: A residential development before the eastbound and westbound lanes split again, running a short distance to the north of Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line. US 422 curves southeast and heads into businesses areas, coming to an intersection with the southern terminus of PA 662 in the community of Douglassville . Following this, the route curves to the east before both directions rejoin. US 422 splits from Benjamin Franklin Highway by heading southeast onto
3640-814: A short distance west of the border with Upper Merion Township in Montgomery County. The freeway passes under the Pennsylvania Turnpike ( I-76 ) and heads near commercial areas west of the Village at Valley Forge, a residential and retail development which contains the King of Prussia Town Center lifestyle center. US 422 comes to its eastern terminus at a trumpet interchange with the US ;202 freeway that also has ramps connecting to Swedesford Road and I-76 eastbound ( Schuylkill Expressway ) to
3770-440: A significant growth in sophisticated retail, entertainment, and consumer service facilities, which in turn leads to a rise in local employment opportunities. The edge city has a tendency to affect the surrounding areas by procuring more opportunities within the labor market. Edge Cities are well suited to an economy which is known for a service-oriented market as well as sustaining major manufacturing sectors. Political groups aid
3900-433: A three-digit number. The last two digits of the number are the number of the "parent" Interstate ( Interstate 238 , which connects Interstate 880 with Interstate 580 near Hayward, CA, is the only exception to this); e.g. a spur route of Interstate 90 could be 990; a spur route of Interstate 5 could be 105. Spur Interstate routes have three-digit numbers with an odd first digit. A subsidiary route either passing through
4030-563: A three-lane road with a center turn lane that heads through rural areas with residential and commercial development. The road runs a short distance to the north of Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line before it enters the borough of Robesonia . Here, the route runs along two-lane West Penn Avenue and is lined with homes and a few businesses. US 422 becomes East Penn Avenue at the Robeson Street intersection and passes more development. The road heads back into Heidelberg Township and gains
U.S. Route 422 - Misplaced Pages Continue
4160-416: A town's central core or main attraction, while B stands for "Business Route" or "Bypass", but are used when a main highway is routed around a town and away from its former alignment. The designation of "C" was used twice (Highway 3C and 40C), and is assumed to mean "Connector". Both highways have long since been retired and are now county roads . There was also one road with the D designation (Highway 8D, later
4290-676: A turn to the south, gaining a third auxiliary lane in each direction. US 422 heads over the Schuylkill River Trail before it crosses the Schuylkill River on the Schuylkill River Crossing Complex east of the parallel Sullivan's Bridge into Upper Merion Township , where it becomes the County Line Expressway. The freeway passes over Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line before reaching a partial cloverleaf interchange with PA 23 to
4420-700: A two-lane highway. It continues like this for sixteen miles, until just before its terminus at US 219 near Ebensburg . The eastern section of US 422 begins at a partial cloverleaf interchange with US 322 and the eastern terminus of PA 39 east of the borough of Hummelstown in Derry Township , Dauphin County , heading northeast as a four-lane freeway that soon ends and becomes an at-grade divided highway called West Chocolate Avenue . The road passes commercial development along with some farm fields and residential development as it heads into
4550-562: A unique A-number road) and the unique case of the M181 motorway , a spur of a spur M180 motorway , and that of the M18 motorway A-road spurs do not follow a noticeable numbering system; they would be impossible to assign due to the quantity of A-road numbers in use. In the US, many Interstate Highways have spur routes when they enter a large metropolitan area. Interstate spur routes are numbered with
4680-555: A weaving lane in each direction for direct access between PA 363 and PA 23. In 2009, a $ 12.2 million project funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 began to resurface and improve over four miles of US 422 between the Trappe/Royersford and PA 29 interchanges. The project was completed in 2010. As congestion continued to grow into the 2010s, local planning commissions created
4810-403: A westbound exit and eastbound entrance, a full interchange by adding a ramp from PA 363 to westbound US 422 and from eastbound US 422 to PA 363. The new ramps opened to traffic on December 1, 2015. Spur route In the province of Ontario, most spur routes are designated as A or B, such as Highway 17A, or 7B. A stands for "Alternate Route", and usually links a highway to
4940-548: A ‘privatopia’ is formed within edge city residential areas, where the private housing developments are administered by homeowner associations. In 1964 there were fewer than 500 associations, but “…by 1992, there were 150,000 associations privately governing approximately 32 million Americans”. As with any city, edge cities go through phases of growth and redevelopment. Politics within Edge Cities are unique in that they typically revolve around developing them. They contribute to
5070-452: Is back!". Garreau shows how edge cities developed in a U.S. context. Starting in the 1950s, businesses were incentivized to open branches in the suburbs and eventually in many cases, leave traditional downtowns entirely, due to increased use of the automobile and move of middle and upper class residents to suburbs, which in turn led to frustration with downtown traffic and lack of parking. Escalating land values in central downtown areas, and
5200-704: Is just 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) in length (NH 1C) and the longest is 663 kilometres (412 mi) (NH 1A). While the spur routes essentially originate at the parent National Highway, they are not merely secondary in status as some of the spur routes serve important cities in India. For example, Srinagar , the capital of the state of Jammu and Kashmir , is served by the spur route NH 1A. Some spur routes are specifically used to connect important Indian ports : NH 5A links Paradip with its parent NH 5 and NH 7A links Tuticorin with NH 7 ). The acronym RA stands for Raccordo autostradale (translated as "motorway connection"),
5330-518: Is known as "The Strip" and is lined with shopping centers, fast-food restaurants and other retail establishments, including the Eastwood Mall . In the 1960s and 1970s, nightclubs along The Strip attracted top-name entertainers. Farther southeast, US 422 enters Youngstown and Mahoning County before entering Pennsylvania. US 422 enters Pennsylvania eight miles (13 km) northwest of New Castle . Three miles northwest of New Castle
U.S. Route 422 - Misplaced Pages Continue
5460-502: Is located within the southwest quadrant of this interchange. The route continues near more suburban development and reaches a diamond interchange with Township Line Road in a commercial area that serves the borough of Trappe to the northeast and the borough of Royersford to the southwest. Past this interchange, the freeway enters Upper Providence Township and continues southeast past suburban housing developments. US 422 passes over PA 113 without an interchange before coming to
5590-489: The Allegheny River and PA 66 joins US 422 and PA 28 on the expressway. At the east end of the expressway, PA 28/PA 66 splits to the north and US 422 becomes a two-lane highway with a center lane. It continues in this way for eighteen miles to where it bypasses Indiana , where it junctions with US 119 . The expressway continues for eight miles to where the expressway ends north of Yellow Creek State Park , becoming
5720-797: The Brașov . In the UK , a spur route carries the same definition, but the numbering rules differ. Short spurs from primary roads or motorways typically are not given a unique number, and three arms of the junction will apparently have the same number. For example, the A14 has a same-number spur to the A1(M) motorway at Huntingdon in Cambridgeshire , the M23 motorway has one to Gatwick Airport in West Sussex and
5850-662: The Canada–United States border or Yellowstone National Park . At the creation of the U.S. Highway system, AASHTO proposed the present western segment as the full length of US 422, while Pennsylvania wanted it to stretch across the state as part of a proposed Philadelphia– Omaha "Ben Franklin Highway" – including the Philadelphia– Reading road, which AASHTO had proposed to be a part of US 120 . AASHTO questioned this request and noted that it would not renumber
5980-549: The Lebanon Valley College campus. The road continues east past residential areas with a few businesses, gaining a center left-turn lane. US 422 heads into the borough of Cleona and becomes West Penn Avenue, heading past homes and commercial establishments. The route becomes East Penn Avenue at the Center Street intersection and runs through more developed areas, becoming the border between Cleona to
6110-522: The M4 has one to Heathrow Airport . To distinguish the spur on road signs, the road it leads to is usually given - for example "Gatwick Airport ( A23 )". Typically, slightly longer spurs, or those with intermediate junctions of their own, are given unique numbers to distinguish them from their parent road, for example, the A48(M) motorway , a spur of the M4 . There is a loose numbering system for these spurs on
6240-698: The Perkiomen Trail and the Perkiomen Creek into Lower Providence Township and becomes parallel to the Schuylkill River Trail to the west, making a sharp turn to the east and passing through woods and fields within Valley Forge National Historical Park . The route comes to a partial cloverleaf interchange with the southern terminus of PA 363 that provides access to the communities of Audubon and Trooper , where it enters West Norriton Township and makes
6370-578: The Philadelphia Premium Outlets to the southwest and Heritage Field Airport to the northeast, with the Limerick Generating Station , a nuclear power plant, located further to the southwest. The road runs near a mix of farmland and residential and commercial development, coming to a diamond interchange with Lewis Road that provides access to the communities of Limerick and Linfield . A park and ride lot
6500-711: The Schuylkill River Passenger Rail proposal has been actively in planning stages since 2021. In 1999, the interchange area in King of Prussia at the eastern terminus of US 422 underwent a massive, $ 290 million reconstruction project. Due to the convergence of multiple major highways (US 202, I-76, and the Pennsylvania Turnpike) near the eastern terminus of US 422, the interchange area frequently suffered from heavy congestion. The project included construction of new ramps and
6630-453: The US 222 freeway and the western terminus of US 422 Bus. , which continues east along Penn Avenue. At this interchange, US 422 becomes concurrent with US 222, and the two routes continue east-northeast along the six-lane Warren Street Bypass , a freeway that runs between residential areas to the northwest and Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line to the southeast. The freeway curves north into business areas and comes to
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#17328022170816760-565: The United Arab Emirates , the edge city is quickly emerging as an important new development form as automobile ownership skyrockets and marginal land is bulldozed for development. For example, the outskirts of Bangalore , India are increasingly replete with mid-rise mirrored-glass office towers set amid lush gardens and sprawling parking lots where many foreign companies have set up shop. Dubai offers another example. The emergence of edge cities has not been without consequences to
6890-713: The streetcar has a pedestrian-friendly grid pattern of relatively narrow streets, most edge cities instead have a hierarchical street arrangement centered on pedestrian-hostile arterial roads , making most of this generation of edge cities difficult to get to and get around with public transportation or by walking, although transit was sometimes added in later decades, such as the Silver Line metro linking Downtown Washington, D.C. , with Arlington and Tysons edge cities, and government-planned edge cities in London ( Canary Wharf ) and Paris ( La Défense ) integrated transit from
7020-586: The Ōita Airport Road (E97) . In New Zealand, spurs on state highways are usually designated with an added letter. Examples include SH 2B , linking SH 2 to Napier Airport, and SH 6A , linking SH 6 with Queenstown town center. Not all such alphabetic suffixes refer to spurs, however; ring roads and linking roads between highways are also so designated. Conversely, some State Highways could themselves be considered spurs, notably SH 78 , New Zealand's shortest state highway, which links SH 1 in Timaru city center with
7150-463: The "US 422 Corridor Master Plan". This plan detailed ways to address the future trends of traffic on US 422 through a set of sustainability programs, including: extending SEPTA 's Manayunk/Norristown Line regional rail service to Wyomissing (a partial restoration of rail service between Norristown and Pottsville that SEPTA abruptly terminated in July 1981), widening US 422 to six lanes from
7280-633: The Big Butler Fairgrounds. It proceeds further for four miles to where it becomes an expressway bypassing Butler , and ending in East Butler . It continues on for fifteen miles, becoming an expressway again to bypass Kittanning , where it meets with the Allegheny Valley Expressway ( PA 28 ) at the northern terminus of that expressway. At this point, PA 28 joins US 422 in a concurrency. US 422/PA 28 crosses over
7410-614: The Miracle Mile as a retail strip). Garreau's classic example of an edge city is the information technology center Tysons, Virginia , west of Washington, D.C. Garreau shows how edge cities have also developed in other countries, specifically citing Canada, Mexico, Australia, and cities such as Paris, London, Karachi, Jakarta, and Tianjin, China. In the cases of London and Paris he notes how these edge cities developed with government planning and with integrated public transportation. Edge cities planned around freeway interchanges have
7540-589: The New Frontier by Joel Garreau , who established its current meaning while working as a reporter for The Washington Post . Garreau argues that the edge city has become the standard form of urban growth worldwide, representing a 20th-century urban form unlike that of the 19th-century central downtown . Other terms for these areas include suburban activity centers , megacenters , and suburban business districts . These districts have now developed in many countries. In 1991, Garreau established five rules for
7670-518: The PA ;23 and PA 363 interchanges was constructed in January 2009. The project was completed by squeezing three westbound lanes onto the existing Schuylkill River crossing, shortening the lanes to 11 ft (3.4 m) and narrowing the median guard. The PA 23 interchange was also restructured in this project. Despite the widening of the highway, congestion still lingered in the area, and
7800-463: The PA 29 interchange to the eastern terminus at US 202, and additional road improvements. The rail project, along with the improvements proposed, would be funded by tolling the highway. The tolls would be charged on a per-mile basis, and driving the entire segment between Pottstown and King of Prussia would cost $ 2. All tolls would be electronically collected via the E-ZPass system. The plan
7930-583: The Port of Timaru. Such spurs and spur roads leading from smaller urban thoroughfares to individual facilities are often referred to in New Zealand as "feeder roads". All national roads, local roads and county roads have spur routes. A good example is DN1 and DN1A . DN1A goes from Bucharest to Brașov via Buftea , and have an intersection with DN1 at Ploiești . After Ploiești , DN1A goes to Vălenii de Munte, Cheia, and then DN1A goes directly onto
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#17328022170818060-532: The Pottstown Expressway considerably shorted travel times for Pottstown area residents travelling to the King of Prussia and Philadelphia areas, and the completion of the expressway caused for multiple communities located along the US ;422 corridor to experience significant population growth beginning in the 1990s, with Limerick Township, Upper Providence Township, and the borough of Trappe seeing
8190-407: The Schuylkill River to the northeast and the Schuylkill River Trail and urbanized areas to the southwest. The freeway turns east and crosses the river into Cumru Township, where it passes through woodland and comes to a bridge over Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line. US 422 crosses the Schuylkill River again and reaches a trumpet interchange with the northern terminus of I-176 . The road crosses
8320-547: The Tulpehocken Creek into the borough of Womelsdorf . Here, US 422 turns into a four-lane divided highway and passes businesses as it comes to an intersection with PA 419 . The route continues southeast near residential areas before it leaves Womelsdorf for Heidelberg Township and passes to the north of the Conrad Weiser Homestead . US 422 heads east-southeast as West Penn Avenue,
8450-688: The US 422/SR 14 overlap, forming a concurrency with US 422 along Woodland Avenue. US 422 runs easterly along Woodland Avenue and Kinsman Road, through the Kinsman neighborhood. As it crosses Cleveland's city limits just west of Lee Road in Shaker Heights , the street name changes to Chagrin Boulevard, named for the Chagrin River and Chagrin Falls (the eastern terminus of
8580-835: The United States, compared to 45 downtowns of comparable size —and are large geographically because they are built at automobile scale. Garreau identified three distinct varieties of the edge city phenomenon: Additional terms are used to refer to edge cities, such as suburban business districts , major diversified centers , suburban cores , minicities , suburban activity centers , cities of realms , galactic cities , urban subcenters , pepperoni-pizza cities , superburbia , technoburbs , nucleations , disurbs , service cities , perimeter cities , peripheral centers , urban villages , and suburban downtowns . Spatially, edge cities primarily consist of mid-rise office towers (with some skyscrapers ) surrounded by massive surface parking lots and meticulously manicured lawns, almost reminiscent of
8710-567: The West Shore Bypass, a bypass route around Reading running along the west shore of the Schuylkill River from the PA 12 intersection to Exeter Township . Following its completion in 1965, the US 422 designation was moved onto the bypass, and the former routing through the city was designated as US 422 Bus. In 1967, the Pottstown Bypass was completed, an 8.4-mile-long (13.5 km) limited-access bypass route running from Douglassville to Sanatoga and bypassing Pottstown to
8840-523: The West Shore Bypass, and, straight ahead, PA 12 begins northeast along the Warren Street Bypass. Following this interchange, US 422 heads southeast along the West Shore Bypass, a four-lane freeway that runs between residential areas to the southwest and the Tulpehocken Creek to the northeast. The road passes under Norfolk Southern's Reading Line and comes to a diamond interchange with North Wyomissing Boulevard. The route follows
8970-479: The area continue to be made, the accessibility of the area is on the rise with many forms of transportation being formed. "The aims of the plan are for 75% of development to be within half a mile of metro stations, an urban center of 200,000 jobs and 100,000 residents, a jobs balance of 4.0 per household". Despite the lessons of the American experience, in rapidly developing countries such as China and India and
9100-433: The borough of Wernersville . Here, the route becomes two-lane West Penn Avenue and passes through residential areas with a few businesses. The road becomes East Penn Avenue in the commercial center of town and continues east past more homes. US 422 leaves Wernersville and once again follows the border between Lower Heidelberg Township to the north and South Heidelberg Township to the south along Penn Avenue. The road gains
9230-654: The boulevard) in Cleveland's eastern suburbs. Today, US 422 in Shaker Heights and Beachwood , where it now merges with I-271, is almost a linear edge city , with millions of square feet in office space centered on this corridor. It is one of the busiest streets in Cuyahoga County and Greater Cleveland . It serves as the primary commercial district for the wealthiest pocket of communities in Northeast Ohio . At Northfield Road, SR 8 turns to
9360-704: The bypass in New Castle is now part of the Interstate Highway System , as an extension of I-376 runs concurrent with US 422 for 3 miles (4.8 km). The eastern segment of US 422 was originally signed in 1927, running from US 22 in Reading to US 309 in the Chestnut Hill section of Philadelphia. The majority of the route from Pottstown to Philadelphia followed historic Ridge Pike and Germantown Pike (as of 2024,
9490-476: The case in Tysons and Century City ), but because their internal road networks are severely limited in capacity, densification is more difficult than in the traditional grid network that characterizes traditional CBDs and secondary downtowns. As a result, construction of medium- and high-density housing in edge cities ranges was perceived to be "difficult to impossible". Because most are built at automobile scale, it
9620-664: The city of Philadelphia . US 202 northbound provides access from US 422 to I-76 westbound and the Pennsylvania Turnpike at the western terminus of I-276 at the Valley Forge interchange along with the King of Prussia shopping mall. The western segment was first signed in 1926. Most of the highway in Ohio still runs along its original alignment. The section in Parkman Township , Geauga County
9750-418: The community of Hershey . The route heads into a mix of homes and businesses and turns east-northeast, where it narrows to a two-lane undivided road. At this point, West Chocolate Avenue becomes lined with street lamps that are shaped like Hershey's Kisses . US 422 continues along West Chocolate Avenue and comes to an intersection with PA 743 at Cocoa Avenue in the center of Hershey. At this point,
9880-399: The cost of the highway by $ 3 million. Because of this, as US 422 departs Oaks, instead of heading southeast towards the PA 363 interchange, the highway turns southwest then sharply curves due east to avoid Mill Grove and Fatland, before turning south to PA 363. This curve has been colloquially named the "Camiel Curve" in reference to Camiel, and also the "St. Gabe's Curve", due to
10010-662: The creation of the edge city in a particular way. There is usually a development commission or similar organization that operates in parallel to, and interact with standard city, county, and state government institutions. Some authors call such commissions private "proto-government" or "shadow governments". According to authors Phelps and Dear, these "shadow governments can tax, legislate for, and police their communities, but they are rarely accountable, are responsive primarily to wealth (as opposed to numbers of voters), and subject to few constitutional constraints”, as "edge cities have had substantial investments placed in them". In most cases
10140-570: The curve's proximity to St. Gabriel's Hall in Audubon. The final portion of the Pottstown Expressway from the Pottstown Bypass to Lewis Road in Linfield opened in 1985, completing a continuous freeway from Douglassville to King of Prussia. As a result, the US 422 alignment was moved entirely onto the freeway, and the eastern terminus of the eastern segment was truncated nearly 15 miles west from Philadelphia to King of Prussia. The completion of
10270-423: The designs of Le Corbusier . Instead of a traditional street grid, their street networks are hierarchical , consisting of winding parkways (often lacking sidewalks) that feed into arterial roads or freeway ramps. However, edge cities feature job density similar to that of secondary downtowns found in places such as Newark and Pasadena ; indeed, Garreau writes that edge cities' development proves that "density
10400-460: The development of communications (telephone, fax, email and other electronic communication) also enabled the trend. Despite early examples in the 1920s, it was not until car ownership surged in the 1950s, after four decades of fast, steady growth, that it was possible for edge cities to emerge on a large scale. Whereas virtually every American central business district (CBD) or secondary downtown that developed around non-motorized transportation or
10530-487: The east and industrial areas to the west, passing through a small exclave of Cumru Township and crossing over the Schuylkill River Trail . The road curves southeast and crosses Wyomissing Creek into the city of Reading , where it runs along the riverbank and comes to an interchange with US 222 Bus. that has left exits and entrances. From here, the route heads southeast between wooded areas near
10660-690: The east of the Visitor Center at Valley Forge National Historical Park. From here, the route heads into the community of King of Prussia as a four-lane freeway and passes to the west of business parks and the Valley Forge Casino Resort , coming to an eastbound exit and entrance with First Avenue that serves the business parks and the casino. At this point, the road enters Tredyffrin Township in Chester County and runs
10790-441: The east. US 422 heads between the community of Sanatoga to the north and woodland to the south before it reaches a partial cloverleaf interchange with Evergreen Road that provides access to Sanatoga. This interchange marks the end of the Pottstown Bypass designation of the US 422 freeway. From here, the four-lane US 422 freeway continues southeast as the Pottstown Expressway into Limerick Township and passes between
10920-515: The eastern suburbs of Cleveland as a limited-access highway , exiting Cuyahoga County and entering Geauga County . In Auburn Township , US 422 returns to grade-level upon crossing the LaDue Reservoir . The route continues to the southeast, cutting through northeast Portage County and then entering Trumbull County , where US 422 runs through the center of Warren and Girard . The section from downtown Warren to SR 46
11050-495: The eastern part of Lebanon, with the eastbound direction passing north of WellSpan Good Samaritan Hospital. On the eastern border of Lebanon, the route comes to an intersection with the northern terminus of PA 897 . At this, westbound US 422 becomes the border between Lebanon to the north and South Lebanon Township to the south, briefly becoming a three-lane divided highway with two westbound lanes and one eastbound lane between PA 897 and North 5th Avenue before becoming
11180-408: The eastern terminus of US 422 Bus., at which point the freeway ends. From here, US 422 heads southeast as Perkiomen Avenue, a four-lane divided highway with occasional jughandles that is lined with businesses. The route passes north of the community of Lorane as it continues through suburban residential and commercial development, crossing Antietam Creek . The road runs southeast through
11310-556: The eastern terminus of the eastern segment is at an interchange with US 202 and I-76 near King of Prussia. US 422 is named the Benjamin Franklin Highway in Pennsylvania in honor of Benjamin Franklin . The segmented nature of US 422 violates American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) numbering conventions, representing the only gap in a U.S. route not involving
11440-479: The edge city and the surrounding areas. Through Garreau, the term edge city has provided information on how corporate players remain important to the strength of urban and regional subsets. Garreau describes that the edge city has a tendency to have a large service-oriented industry linked to the national economy. The edge city offers supplies to the local area in the form of retail facilities and consumer services. Progressively different services begin to move towards
11570-469: The edge city as the population of corporate businesses increase. The corporate offices fill in space in edge cities and provide connections to exterior locations if decisions are being made from those locales. Not only do corporate, service, and transportation based edge cities exist, but the innovation-driven edge cities will generate extra- metropolitan linkages. These innovative edge cities expand various corporate activities as hosts. Edge cities may create
11700-457: The issue of the age of the twin bridges began to arise, as they were built as part of the original County Line Expressway in the 1960s. As a result, in 2016, a $ 97 million project began to replace the bridges with a wider bridge, and to improve the PA 363 and PA 23 interchanges. The project was completed in October 2020, with the current bridge now including four mainline travel lanes and
11830-401: The longer US 22 from Reading to Ebensburg to create a continuous route; Pennsylvania assented to the two disconnected segments, and they were approved. The western section of US 422 begins at US 6 and US 20 at the center of Cleveland 's Public Square in the downtown district. US 422 and SR 14 , which shares its western terminus with that of US 422, form
11960-468: The longtime CEO of department store chain Boscov's . The Schuylkill River crossing near Valley Forge had been a frequent source of congestion on this segment of US 422. Following the closure of another bridge over the river that ran parallel to US 422 in 1993, drivers travelling between PA 363 and PA 23 were forced to enter US 422, merge on to cross the river, then immediately exit at
12090-663: The median narrows and it curves to the south. The freeway comes to a partial cloverleaf interchange with Egypt Road in the community of Oaks . From here, US 422 passes between a commercial area that includes the 422 Business Center office park (where the American Treasure Tour is located) and the Greater Philadelphia Expo Center to the west and the Lower Perkiomen Valley Park to the east. The road crosses
12220-471: The metropolitan areas around it. Also as a result of the rise of edge cities, more department stores, hotels, apartments, and office spaces are created . There are more edge cities than their downtown counterparts of the same size. Garreau states one reason for the rise of edge cities is that, "Today, we have moved our means of creating wealth, the essence of urbanism - our jobs - out to where most of us have lived and shopped for two generations. That has led to
12350-464: The metropolitan areas they surround. Edge cities arise from population decentralization from large major core cities and has been ongoing since the 1960s. Shifts in socioeconomics in metro areas (including rising real estate prices during periods of stagnant wages), location of metro industrial areas, and labor competition between edge cities and their more central neighbors have been attributed to their development and continued expansion. There has been
12480-422: The mode of urban politics in different places and in a single place over time". State interventions are essential to the politics in developing edge cities. Tysons, Virginia is an example that went through the process of development due to the county government's aggressive recruitment of businesses. Similar methods of development can be seen and applied to other edge cities as well. Tysons recruited businesses with
12610-574: The most growth. As a result of the population growth, in the first decade of the 2000s, this segment of US 422 saw traffic volume increase by 50%. Volume reached 45,000 vehicles per day in Pottstown, and 110,000 vehicles per day at the Schuylkill River crossing between the PA 23 and PA 363 interchanges. Attempting to relieve the growing congestion, the Schuylkill Valley Metro was proposed in 2000, which would have been
12740-733: The motorway network, not dissimilar to the US system – the road takes a three-digit number derived from that of the parent road. Examples include the M602 motorway (spur of the M60 and M62 motorways), M621 motorway (spur of the M62 and M1 motorways), and M271 motorway (spur of the M27 motorway ). There are anomalous spur numbers though, for instance the M898 motorway (spur of the M8 motorway ; number given to match with
12870-415: The next interchange, causing significant congestion in the area. Multiple proposals were made over the years to rebuild the former bridge, which was demolished in 1995. However, due to environmental concerns over the construction of the bridge, which would have been in close proximity to Valley Forge National Historical Park , no proposal ever moved forward. One fix was made when a third westbound lane between
13000-484: The north and North Cornwall Township to the south. The road becomes the boundary between North Lebanon Township to the north and North Cornwall Township to the south and the name changes to Cumberland Street. US 422 heads east past businesses and passes to the south of the Lebanon Valley Mall . The route runs along the border between West Lebanon Township to the north and North Cornwall Township to
13130-541: The north and South Annville Township to the south as West Main Street. The road heads through agricultural areas with some woods, homes, and businesses, crossing the Quittapahilla Creek into Annville Township . At this point, US 422 heads east as a two-lane road that is lined with homes. In the commercial center of Annville , the route crosses PA 934 and becomes East Main Street, heading south of
13260-468: The north of the Schuylkill River. US 422 enters West Pottsgrove Township in Montgomery County and comes to an interchange with Grosstown Road that provides access to the community of Stowe . The freeway curves northeast and continues to follow the Schuylkill River before it turns east and passes through a corner of the borough of Pottstown prior to crossing the river. At this point,
13390-499: The northern terminus of PA 117 . US 422 gains a center left-turn lane and continues past businesses, leaving Palmyra for North Londonderry Township and becoming Benjamin Franklin Parkway. The route bends east and passes between businesses to the north and residential development to the south before it heads into farmland and crosses Killinger Creek, where it becomes the border between North Annville Township to
13520-584: The original Highway 102), and this may have stood for "Diversion", as it was along the first completed divided highway in Canada at the time ( Cootes Drive in Hamilton ). The Indian National Highway system designates spur routes of the main National Highways with letter suffixes. For example, National Highway 1 has four spur routes: NH 1A , NH 1B , NH 1C , and NH 1D , the shortest of which
13650-451: The original Pottstown Bypass segment of US 422 has been ongoing. The project has been divided into seven smaller projects, which includes repairing aging bridges, reconstructing interchanges, realigning US 422 near the Stowe interchange, and other improvements to the highway. In 2013, a $ 16.8 million project began to make the partial interchange with PA 363, which was originally
13780-627: The overpass of Ridge Pike over the Pennsylvania Turnpike (I-276) is still labeled with a designation of "U.S. 422"). In 1932, the western terminus was extended from Reading to Market Street in downtown Harrisburg. By 1950, the eastern terminus of the segment was extended to the Tacony–Palmyra Bridge in Tacony, Philadelphia , but was moved back to US 1 / US 13 in Hunting Park by 1960. In 1958, plans were made to construct
13910-561: The part of the route between Oaks and the County Line Expressway was planned to run near the historic properties of Mill Grove and Fatland in Audubon. At the time, the Fatland property was owned by politician Peter Camiel , who was also a member of the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission . In order to avoid potential conflict with Camiel, this stretch of the highway was built around the Fatland property, raising
14040-491: The promise of growth in the future. More businesses coming in allowed for the city to grow which led to the businesses growing as well. A chain reaction was created which crafted the modern-day Tysons. This community was also an example of politics playing a role in developing an edge city. It could be traced to a special commission established at the request of the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors that examined
14170-440: The remaining links, however, were halted due to funding issues and delays as PennDOT experienced budget cuts in the late 1970s. Despite this, after the proposed I-895 freeway was cancelled in 1981, some of the funds were able to be used to complete the Pottstown Expressway. The section from PA 29 to the County Line Expressway was completed in 1984. Construction of this specific section experienced challenges in its routing, as
14300-440: The rise of Edge City." In comparison with urban centers edge cities offer global corporations many advantages: cheaper land, security, efficient land communications, advanced technological installations, and a high quality of life for their employees and executives. The appeal of edge cities attract large corporations as well, boosting the already growing city. This concept has showcased the impact that national economies have on
14430-434: The river a third time and enters Exeter Township , passing over Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line #2 and running between residential areas to the north and industrial areas to the south before reaching an eastbound exit and westbound entrance with Neversink Road that provides access to the borough of Mount Penn . From here, US 422 passes near more development before it comes to a westbound exit and eastbound entrance with
14560-434: The road becomes three lanes with a center turn lane and continues through residential and commercial areas, leaving Sinking Spring for Spring Township , where it passes through the community of Springmont . The route continues east through developed areas and heads through the community of West Lawn . US 422 enters the borough of Wyomissing and widens to a four-lane divided highway. Here, it comes to an interchange with
14690-482: The route becomes East Chocolate Avenue, a three-lane divided with two eastbound lanes and one westbound lane that passes southeast of the site of the original Hershey Chocolate factory. The road becomes undivided, still with two eastbound lanes and one westbound lane, and passes near a few residences and businesses as it heads between the Hershey Country Club to the north and Spring Creek Golf Course to
14820-484: The route comes to a trumpet interchange connecting to PA 724 to the south in the community of Kenilworth . From here, the road turns northeast and crosses the Schuylkill River into Lower Pottsgrove Township in Montgomery County, reaching a diamond interchange with Armand Hammer Boulevard in an industrial area. The freeway passes over Norfolk Southern's Pottstown Industrial Track and Harrisburg Line before running near residential and commercial development and turning to
14950-629: The route enters North Coventry Township in Chester County and runs between woods to the north and farm fields to the south before passing near development and coming to a cloverleaf interchange with PA 100 . Past this interchange, the road heads through the community of South Pottstown , which is across the river from the borough of Pottstown, and comes to a westbound exit and eastbound entrance with South Hanover Street. US 422 passes through woodland and reaches an eastbound exit and westbound entrance at Keim Street. A short distance later,
15080-462: The route spurs off to bypass New Castle running along with I-376 . I-376 spurs off and becomes a toll road , while US 422 continues onward to where it becomes a two-lane road with a center lane three miles southwest of New Castle. The route continues to the east where it meets with US 19 and adjacent I-79 . The road becomes an expressway again after its intersection with I-79 through Moraine State Park . The expressway ends just north of Prospect by
15210-659: The south as it continues through commercial areas with a few homes. US 422 enters the city of Lebanon at the 16th Street intersection, where it becomes a four-lane undivided road that passes commercial development and encounters an abandoned railroad line at the north end of the Lebanon Valley Rail Trail . At 12th Street, the route crosses Quittapahilla Creek and splits into a one-way pair following Cumberland Street westbound and Walnut Street eastbound, with each street carrying two lanes of traffic. US 422 continues east past urban rowhouses along with
15340-514: The south, leaving US 422 to continue east along Chagrin Boulevard. Two miles east of SR 8 in Beachwood, US 422 intersects SR 87 and SR 175 , running concurrent with the former for two blocks to I-271 exit 29. Here, US 422 departs SR 87 and Chagrin Boulevard at the southbound ramp to I-271 and joins the expressway southward for 2.5 miles (4.0 km). At Exit 27, US 422 splits from I-271 and proceeds through
15470-589: The south, narrowing to two lanes. US 422 runs past more residential and commercial development, leaving Hershey and heading through the community of Palmdale . US 422 enters the borough of Palmyra in Lebanon County and becomes West Main Street, running past homes and a few businesses. The route heads into the downtown area and the name changes to East Main Street at the Railroad Street intersection. The road runs past residences before it passes through commercial areas and comes to an intersection with
15600-403: The south. The US 422 designation was subsequently moved off of High Street in Pottstown and onto the new bypass. In the same year, the County Line Expressway was completed, a 2.5-mile-long (4.0 km) freeway running from Trooper Road (PA 363) in Audubon to US 202 near King of Prussia. Although the County Line Expressway was originally signed as PA 363, the Pottstown Expressway
15730-427: The spur route numbering system, thus the general rules above do not always apply (e.g. U.S. Route 400 —there is no parent "route 0"). Edge city An edge city is a concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional downtown or central business district , in what had previously been a suburban, residential or rural area. The term was popularized by the 1991 book Edge City: Life on
15860-526: The start. The first edge city was Detroit's New Center , developed in the 1920s, three miles (5 km) north of downtown, as a new downtown for Detroit. New Center and the Miracle Mile section of Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles are considered the earliest automobile-oriented urban forms. However the two were built with radically different purposes in mind (New Center as an office park,
15990-480: The west bank of the Schuylkill River as it continues southeast and passes under Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line #2, crossing into the borough of West Reading . US 422 runs between the river to the northeast and Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line #1 to the southwest before reaching a cloverleaf interchange with US 422 Bus. Following this, the freeway heads south between the Schuylkill River to
16120-553: The widening of all intersecting roadways, including US 422. On US 422, one specific cause of congestion was due to the fact that drivers travelling from US 422 eastbound to I-76 eastbound had to briefly enter onto US 202 before immediately exiting to I-76 westbound. This was the same issue for drivers travelling from I-76 eastbound to US 422 westbound. As a result, new collector-distributor ramps from US 422 eastbound to I-76 westbound, and from I-76 eastbound to US 422 westbound were constructed, allowing for
16250-516: Was built in the early 1960s. Previously, the road ran through downtown Butler. The section that runs through Moraine State Park near Butler was upgraded to expressway standards in 1969. In the 1970s, bypasses were built around the cities of New Castle, Kittanning, and Indiana. Sections of the Indiana bypass remained incomplete until 1995 and the Kittanning bypasses were completed in 2000. Part of
16380-527: Was debated in local municipalities in 2010, with many supporting the sustainability portions of the plan while strongly objecting to the charging of tolls. On October 5, 2011, after increasing pressure and opposition, the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission cancelled the tolling proposal and announced they would seek other means of funding the proposed projects. Since 2012, a major reconstruction project of
16510-423: Was felt that "mass transit frequently could not serve them well". Pedestrian access to and circulation within an edge city was perceived to be impractical if not impossible, even if residences are nearby. Revitalization of edge cities was seen to be "the major urban renewal project of the 21st century". Today, many edge cities have plans for densification, sometimes around a walkable downtown-style core, often with
16640-555: Was planned to connect the Pottstown Bypass with the County Line Expressway and create a continuous freeway alignment of US 422 from Douglassville to King of Prussia. This freeway was at the time considered an extension of the Schuylkill Expressway , which ends in King of Prussia. Construction on the Pottstown Expressway link began in sections in the early 1970s, with the first section between Lewis Road in Linfield and PA 29 being completed in 1978. Construction on
16770-661: Was rerouted along I-271 and the former US 422 Alternate. The new freeway made US 422 a popular route for truckers and commuters and made the remaining two-lane portion in Geauga County particularly dangerous. The state has added traffic lights , rumble strips and extra width to the road to try to alleviate some of the danger. Prior to the realignment, US 422 originally ran along Chagrin Boulevard (formerly Kinsman Road) and Washington Street through Woodmere , Pepper Pike , Moreland Hills , Chagrin Falls , and Bainbridge Township. The expressway bypass of Butler
16900-525: Was twinned during World War II . The four-lane divided highway was extended to Warren by 1950. In 1971, an expressway bypass around downtown Youngstown opened. The divided highway portion of US 422 connecting downtown Solon to I-271 and I-480 was originally signed as US 422 Alternate. In December 1992, the freeway was extended eastward through Bainbridge Township across the LaDue Reservoir to SR 44 in Auburn Center , and US 422
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