Future GPX Cyber Formula 2 arcs:
132-491: Future GPX Cyber Formula ( 新世紀GPX （ フューチャーグランプリ ） サイバーフォーミュラ , Fyūchā Guranpuri Saibā Fōmyura ) is a Japanese futuristic motorsports anime television series produced by the advertising agency Asatsu-DK , the Tokyo-based entertainment producer VAP (Video & Audio Project), and the animation studio Sunrise . The series originally aired between March 15 and December 20, 1991 on Nippon TV and
264-577: A "sub-Protoculture" race meant for preparing the Earth for a future Protoculture colonization. The genetic engineering crew, however, was immediately destroyed by anti-Interstellar Republic military ships. The final blow of the war happened because of the Protoculture lost control of the Zentradi; 475,000 years ago, the Protoculture was believed extinct. However it was discovered that 10,000 years ago,
396-426: A Takatoku Toys handheld electronic game distributed by Incoming Trading, a Banpresto arcade game licensed by Fabtek, and a Bandai Visual PlayStation game whose debuted North American localization was eventually cancelled probably due to copyrights issues involving Harmony Gold. See the list of Macross video games for all the official and crossover releases from the 1980s up to the 2010s. Harmony Gold purchased
528-494: A better, more fulfilling life. In 1913, Saint-Point further expressed her desire for women to have erotic freedom when writing the Futurist Manifesto of Lust . However, it has also been noted that both manifestos favored men, specifically those deemed heroic, contrasting with her ideas about shared human characteristics also present in the manifestos. In Russian Futurist and Cubo-Futurist circles, however, there
660-567: A choice-based adventure game for the PlayStation titled Future GPX Cyber Formula: New Challenger ( 新世紀GPX （ フューチャーグランプリ ） サイバーフォーミュラ 新たなる挑戦者 , Fyūchā Guranpuri Saibā Fōmyura Aratanaru Chōsensha ) ( VAP , March 18, 1999) where players take on the role of an original character, Seiichirō Shiba, a rookie driver, and enter a special race across the American continent called "Extreme Speed." The series has also been adapted into
792-401: A cycle of setbacks and triumphs present obstacles. The TV series, which aired in 1991, is set in 2015, and the sequel OVAs 11 (Double One) through SAGA is set in the years 2016–2020, mainly from the perspective of Sugo Asurada (later Sugo Grand Prix and Sugo Winners), one of the teams competing in the 10th-15th Cyber Formula World Grand Prix, with Hayato as the main character. The OVA SIN
924-515: A different category from Formula One , is gaining popularity. It features cars equipped with pollution -free engines such as hydrogen engines and room-temperature superconducting motors, and artificial intelligence for navigation . A young driver, Hayato Kazami, is accidentally registered as a driver of Asurada, a Cyber Formula machine developed by his father. He enters the Cyber Formula Grand Prix, and in seasons one and two,
1056-621: A diverse range of supporters. They tended to oppose Marinetti's artistic and political direction of the movement, and in 1924, the socialists, communists and anarchists walked out of the Milan Futurist Congress. The anti-Fascist voices in Futurism were not completely silenced until the annexation of Abyssinia and the Italo-German Pact of Steel in 1939. This association of Fascists, socialists and anarchists in
1188-412: A few Futurists or had movements inspired by Futurism. The Futurists practiced in every medium of art, including painting, sculpture, ceramics, graphic design, industrial design, interior design, urban design, theatre, film, fashion, textiles, literature, music, architecture, and even cooking . To some extent, Futurism influenced the art movements Art Deco , Constructivism , Surrealism , and Dada ; to
1320-478: A field of stippled dots and stripes, which had been adopted from Divisionism by Giovanni Segantini and others. Later, Severini, who lived in Paris, attributed their backwardness in style and method at this time to their distance from Paris, the centre of avant-garde art. Cubism contributed to the formation of Italian Futurism's artistic style. Severini was the first to come into contact with Cubism , and following
1452-593: A greater degree, Precisionism , Rayonism , and Vorticism . Passéism [ fr ] can represent an opposing trend or attitude. Futurism is an avant-garde movement founded in Milan in 1909 by the Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti . Marinetti launched the movement in his Manifesto of Futurism , which he published for the first time on 5 February 1909 in La gazzetta dell'Emilia , an article then reproduced in
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#17327904017911584-556: A kind of aeronautical documentarism that comes dizzyingly close to direct celebration of machinery (particularly in Crali , but also in Tato and Ambrosi)." Eventually there were over a hundred aeropainters. Major figures include Fortunato Depero , Marisa Mori , Enrico Prampolini , Gerardo Dottori , Mino Delle Site, and Crali. Crali continued to produce aeropittura up until the 1980s. Macross Macross ( マクロス , Makurosu )
1716-473: A new language free of syntax punctuation, and metrics that allowed for free expression. Theater also has an important place within the Futurist universe. Works in this genre have scenes that are few sentences long, have an emphasis on nonsensical humor, and attempt to discredit the deep rooted traditions via parody and other devaluation techniques. There are a number of examples of Futurist novels from both
1848-546: A portrait of himself painted by Carrà to her, the dedication declaring Casati as a Futurist being pasted on the canvas itself. Casati, affluent host of parties in support of the Futurist artists in Marinetti's circle, was thought to be the muse of several of them, including Bragaglia and Balla. Journalist Eugenio Giovanetti would also declare her the "spirit protector" of Futurist art in 1918, as she had become one of Italy's leading collectors. In 1912, only three years after
1980-449: A satin costume with a helmet; everything that the plane did had to be expressed by my body. It flew and, moreover, it gave the impression of these wings that trembled, of the apparatus that trembled, ... And the face had to express what the pilot felt." Futurism as a literary movement made its official debut with F. T. Marinetti's Manifesto of Futurism (1909), as it delineated the various ideals Futurist poetry should strive for. Poetry,
2112-493: A school. The pilot episode aired on December 23, 2007. The new series were finally set in the year 2059 AD and took place in a new Macross Colony Fleet called "Macross Frontier". The new show was produced by Satelight and its episodes began their regular broadcast on April 4, 2008, in MBS channel of Japan. The final episode aired on September 25, 2008, what brought the series to a total of 25 episodes. A Macross Frontier Movie Edition
2244-487: A space-fold transports a spacecraft in a very short amount of time by first swapping the location of the spacecraft with super dimension space or subspace, and then swapping the Super Dimension space with the space at the destination. According to U.N. Spacy First Lieutenant Hayase Misa during Space War I (2009–2012) an hour passes in super dimension space as approximately ten days passes in normal space. One of
2376-491: A split in the Republic. One of the factions' created "super-Zentradi" forces, which was later possessed by interdimensional beings—these forces are later called the "Protodeviln", which feeds on life energy of both Protoculture and Zentradi; some of both the Protoculture and Zentradi was later brainwashed into the "Supervision Army". The Supervision Army continued to battle both the Protoculture and Zentradi, which resulted in
2508-520: A visit to Paris in 1911, the Futurist painters adopted the methods of the Cubists. Cubism offered them a means of analyzing energy in paintings and expressing dynamism. They often painted modern urban scenes. Carrà's Funeral of the Anarchist Galli (1910–11) is a large canvas representing events that the artist himself had been involved with in 1904. The action of a police attack and riot
2640-592: A world of absurd nonsense, childishly crude. His brother, Bruno Corra, wrote in Sam Dunn è morto (Sam Dunn is Dead) a masterpiece of Futurist fiction, in a genre he himself called "synthetic" characterized by compression, and precision; it is a sophisticated piece that rises above the other novels through the strength and pervasiveness of its irony. Science fiction novels play an important role in Futurist literature. Italian futurist cinema ( Italian : Cinema futurista , pronounced [ˈtʃiːnema futuˈrista] )
2772-602: Is a Japanese science fiction mecha anime media franchise / media mix , created by Studio Nue (most prominently mecha designer, writer and producer Shōji Kawamori ) and Artland in 1982. The franchise features a fictional history of Earth and the human race after the year 1999, as well as the history of humanoid civilization in the Milky Way . It consists of four TV series, four movies, six OVAs , one light novel , and five manga series, all sponsored by Big West [ ja ] , in addition to 40 video games set in
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#17327904017912904-519: Is a completely new project. Several sequel series and prequels have followed in Macross . The main Macross productions consists of (in fictional chronological timeline order): Macross video games are based on its universe, sometimes expanding it with original characters and sidestories; latest games often include newly created anime footage, and all of them were exclusively released in Japan; except
3036-414: Is a fan, Macross explored how individuals cope with warfare. Whereas Gundam is far more political and direct on the horrors of war, each Macross television series is unique for never depicting the antagonists as inherently evil and proved in the end that love, culture, and music can be used to resolve their conflicts. Several sequel series and one prequel have followed. Most use a chronology created by
3168-462: Is called "fold in". When arriving at the destination, the act of leaving Super Dimension space is called a "defold" or a "fold out". The metaplot of the franchise is centered on a purportedly extinct humanoid alien race called the Protoculture ( プロトカルチャー , Purotokaruchā ) . It was first conceptualized during the pre-production of The Super Dimension Fortress Macross when the creators were researching cultural studies to develop concepts used in
3300-408: Is part of the ongoing fictional time-line of the Macross franchise. The most recent series, Macross Delta , is set 59 years after the start of the war with the Zentradi. Its main plot is about the spread of a rage virus on a star system and the combined efforts of singing idols and valkyrie fighters to stop it spreading. Along with Gundam , a real robot mecha series of which Shoji Kawamori
3432-706: Is rendered energetically with diagonals and broken planes. His Leaving the Theatre (1910–11) uses a Divisionist technique to render isolated and faceless figures trudging home at night under street lights. Boccioni's The City Rises (1910) represents scenes of construction and manual labour with a huge, rearing red horse in the centre foreground, which workmen struggle to control. His States of Mind , in three large panels — The Farewell , Those who Go , and Those Who Stay — "made his first great statement of Futurist painting, bringing his interests in Bergson , Cubism and
3564-581: Is set in the 16th–17th Cyber Formula World Grand Prix in 2021–2022, and features Bleed Kaga (Jōtarō Kaga) as the main character in a fierce life-or-death struggle with Hayato, who has come to be known as the young emperor of the circuit. Although non-canon , the 18th (2023) Cyber Formula tournament can be played in the game Future GPX Cyber Formula: Road to the Infinity 2 for PlayStation 2, and in Future GPX Cyber Formula: Road to
3696-405: Is young, new, and trembling with life." The Futurists believed that art should be inspired by the modern marvels of their newly technological world. “Just as our forebears took the subject of art from the religious atmosphere that enveloped them, so we must draw inspiration from the tangible miracles of contemporary life." The founding manifesto did not contain a positive artistic programme, which
3828-519: The Manifesto of Futurism was published, Valentine de Saint-Point responded to Marinetti's claims in her Manifesto of the Futurist Woman (Response to F. T. Marinetti ). Marinetti even later referred to her as "the first futurist woman." Her manifesto begins with a misanthropic tone by presenting how men and women are equal and both deserve contempt. She instead suggests that rather than
3960-504: The Macross universe , two crossover games , and a wide variety of physical merchandise. Within the series, the term Macross is used to denote the main capital ship . This theme began in the original Macross , Super Dimension Fortress Macross . "Overtechnology" refers to the scientific advances discovered in an alien starship ASS-1 ( Alien Star Ship - One later renamed Super Dimension Fortress - One Macross ) that crashed on South Ataria island. Humans were able to reverse engineer
4092-682: The Road to the Infinity series of real-time racing games published by Sunrise Interactive for the PlayStation 2 , GameCube and PlayStation Portable between 2003-2008, and the Sin Cyber Grand Prix series of Sunrise-approved doujin PC games published by PROJECT YNP between 2003-2018. The TV series won the Animage Anime Grand Prix in 1991. Futurism Futurism ( Italian : Futurismo [futuˈrizmo] )
Future GPX Cyber Formula - Misplaced Pages Continue
4224-480: The Soviet establishment and the brief Agitprop movement of the 1920s; Popova died of a fever, Malevich would be briefly imprisoned and forced to paint in the new state-approved style, and Mayakovsky committed suicide on April 14, 1930. The Futurist architect Antonio Sant'Elia expressed his ideas of modernity in his drawings for La Città Nuova (The New City) (1912–1914). This project was never built and Sant'Elia
4356-733: The Star hub), with the exception of both the Super Dimension Fortress Macross and Do You Remember Love? that was currently available in Japan. Macross was the basis for the Robotech franchise in North America. Super Dimension Fortress Macross was adapted into the first saga of the Robotech television series (1985–1986), called The Macross Saga , which spawned the Robotech franchise. Robotech
4488-469: The Technical Manifesto of Futurist Sculpture. In 1915, Balla also turned to sculpture making abstract "reconstructions," which were created out of various materials, were apparently moveable, and even made noises. He said that, after making twenty pictures in which he had studied the velocity of automobiles, he understood that "the single plane of the canvas did not permit the suggestion of
4620-469: The secessionist scenographies, the liberty furniture, and the abstract and surreal moments contribute to create a strong formal syncretism (the amalgamation or attempted amalgamation of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought). Thaïs is the only surviving example of the 1910s Italian futurist cinema to date (35 minutes of the original 70). When interviewed about her favorite film of all times, famed movie critic Pauline Kael stated that
4752-471: The virtual band Fire Bomber who became a commercial success and spawned multiple CDs released in Japan. Macross set the template for later virtual idols in the early 21st century, such as Hatsune Miku and Kizuna Ai . Another innovative character concept in Macross was the role of Misa Hayase in Super Dimension Fortress Macross , who was one of the main commanders of the Macross battleship. She
4884-405: The 25th anniversary concert, a trailer was shown that revealed the new tentative title of Macross F (Frontier) . During the concert, Kawamori Shoji mentioned that the timeframe of Macross Frontier was about 2070 AD. Kawamori also announced that Yoko Kanno would be the music co-composer of the new Macross series. According to Newtype magazine, this new series were supposed to take place in
5016-467: The Bow (1912) similarly depicts the movements of a violinist's hand and instrument, rendered in rapid strokes within a triangular frame. The adoption of Cubism determined the style of much subsequent Futurist painting, which Boccioni and Severini in particular continued to render in the broken colors and short brush-strokes of divisionism. But Futurist painting differed in both subject matter and treatment from
5148-524: The French daily newspaper Le Figaro on Saturday 20 February 1909. He was soon joined by the painters Umberto Boccioni , Carlo Carrà , Giacomo Balla , Gino Severini and the composer Luigi Russolo . Marinetti expressed a passionate loathing of everything old, especially political and artistic tradition. "We want no part of it, the past," he wrote, "we the young and strong Futurists! " The Futurists admired speed , technology , youth and violence ,
5280-443: The Futurist movement in 1910 and wrote a Manifesto of Futurist Musicians in which he appealed to the young (as had Marinetti), because only they could understand what he had to say. According to Pratella, Italian music was inferior to music abroad. He praised the "sublime genius" of Wagner and saw some value in the work of other contemporary composers; Richard Strauss , Elgar , Mussorgsky , and Sibelius , for example. By contrast,
5412-502: The Futurist movement, which may seem odd today, can be understood in terms of the influence of Georges Sorel , whose ideas about the regenerative effect of political violence had adherents right across the political spectrum. Aeropainting ( aeropittura ) was a major expression of the second generation of Futurism beginning in 1926. The technology and excitement of flight, directly experienced by most aeropainters, offered aeroplanes and aerial landscape as new subject matter. Aeropainting
Future GPX Cyber Formula - Misplaced Pages Continue
5544-482: The Futurists attempted to create in their subsequent Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting (published in Italian as a leaflet by Poesia , Milan, 11 April 1910). This committed them to a "universal dynamism," which was to be directly represented in painting. Objects in reality were not separate from one another or from their surroundings: "The sixteen people around you in a rolling motor bus are in turn and at
5676-515: The Infinity 3 , in addition to the 18th tournament, the 19th (2024) tournament can be played in the Scenario Mode. Although the production staff of the original anime cooperated in the creation of these games, the publisher, Sunrise Interactive, has adopted the stance that these games are "non-canon sequels." Future GPX Cyber Formula was animated by Sunrise and produced by entertainment company VAP and advertising agency Asatsu-DK , and
5808-465: The Italian symphony was dominated by opera in an "absurd and anti-musical form." The conservatory was said to encourage backwardness and mediocrity. The publishers perpetuated mediocrity and the domination of music by the "rickety and vulgar" operas of Puccini and Umberto Giordano . The only Italian Pratella could praise was his teacher Pietro Mascagni , because he had rebelled against the publishers and attempted innovation in opera, but even Mascagni
5940-659: The Manifesto of the Futurist Painters (1910) by Umberto Boccioni, Luigi Russolo, Gino Severini, Giacomo Balla, and Carlo Carrà: "We want to fight implacably against the mindless, snobbish, and fanatical religion of the past, religion nurtured by the pernicious existence of the museums. We rebel against the spineless admiration for old canvases, old statues, and old objects, and against the enthusiasm for everything worm-eaten, grimy, or corroded by time; and we deem it unjust and criminal that people habitually disdain whatever
6072-417: The Protoculture remnants made contact with humans in "Mayan Island", genetically re-engineering the native inhabitants to utilize the artifacts left by them. This included the "Bird Human" bio-mecha, tasked to destroy humanity if they are still in war. The franchise also explores minor themes including culture shock , capitalism , coming of age and nostalgia . The new era following the end of Space War I
6204-535: The Russian Futurists were fascinated with dynamism, speed, and the restlessness of modern urban life; however, they were the complete opposite of them ideologically, as many embraced the political and social visions of the emerging communist movement in Russia. The Russian Futurists sought controversy by repudiating the art of the past, saying that Pushkin and Dostoevsky should be "heaved overboard from
6336-614: The Studio Nue creators, and those that followed their own chronologies were regarded as "parallel storylines" by the studio. Several different studios were involved with Studio Nue in the Macross franchise along the years, but since 2002's Macross Zero , production has been handled exclusively between Nue and Satelight , from which Shōji Kawamori is one of the main key members. The main of Macross production consists of (in chronological release order): A feature film, subtitled Do You Remember Love? (愛・おぼえていますか Ai Oboete Imasu ka ),
6468-498: The TV series were produced. The first OVA, Future GPX Cyber Formula 11 (Double One) , was released in 6-episode volumes between November 1, 1992 and June 1, 1993. The second, Future GPX Cyber Formula ZERO , was released in 8 volumes between April 1, 1994 and February 1, 1995. The third, Future GPX Cyber Formula SAGA , was released in 8 volumes between August 1, 1996 and July 2, 1997. The fourth and final OVA, Future GPX Cyber Formula SIN ,
6600-526: The TV series, as it was with Mashin Hero Wataru , and the company's Chōji Yoshikawa was responsible for directing the series structure handled by Hiroyuki Hoshiyama. According to Yoshikawa, the sponsor, Takara , wanted to show races on Friday's broadcast and release the winning car as a toy on Saturday. However, Yoshikawa decided to limit the number of races to one per month, as car racing required more artistic ability than an average robot anime, and thus
6732-489: The ability to carry out important work, especially in architecture . After the Second World War , many Futurist artists had difficulty in their careers because of their association with a defeated and discredited regime. Marinetti sought to make Futurism the official state art of Fascist Italy, but failed to do so. Mussolini chose to give patronage to numerous styles and movements in order to keep artists loyal to
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#17327904017916864-484: The alien ships in the series, it is a relatively small gun destroyer) and the distance they must cross. The following are themes commonly seen and established among the various series in the Macross franchise. The U.N. Spacy ( 統合宇宙軍 , Tōgō Uchūgun ) is a fictional space military arm of the Earth Unified Government ( 地球統合政府 , Chikyū Tōgō Seifu ) . It was established by the successor to
6996-448: The artist seeks by intuition to link sympathies between the exterior scene and interior emotion. Boccioni's intentions in art were strongly influenced by the ideas of Bergson, including the idea of intuition , which Bergson defined as a simple, indivisible experience of sympathy through which one is moved into the inner being of an object to grasp what is unique and ineffable within it. The Futurists aimed through their art thus to enable
7128-540: The audience while Marinetti waved an Italian flag. When Italy entered the First World War in 1915, many Futurists enlisted. The experience of the war marked several Futurists — particularly Marinetti, who fought in the mountains of Trentino at the border of Italy and Austria-Hungary — actively engaging in propaganda. Italian futurists included "visual poetry in futurist periodicals” to promote their cause or campaign, thus swaying public opinion in their favor after
7260-407: The binary being limited to men and women, it should be replaced with "femininity and masculinity;" ample cultures and individuals should possess elements of both. Yet, she still embraces the core values of Futurism, especially its focus on "virility" and "brutality." Saint-Point uses this as a segue into her antifeminist argument—giving women equal rights destroys their innate "potency" to strive for
7392-489: The car, the airplane and the industrial city, all that represented the technological triumph of humanity over nature , and they were passionate nationalists. They repudiated the cult of the past and all imitation, praised originality "however daring, however violent," bore proudly "the smear of madness," dismissed art critics as useless, rebelled against harmony and good taste, swept away all the themes and subjects of all previous art, and glorified science. Publishing manifestos
7524-422: The cast. The winner of the contest as well of the rest of the cast and characters were revealed in a special event held on October 29, 2015. A new Macross anime television series was to premiere in 2018, but still hasn't released (as of September 2024). A new Macross series was announced in 2023 to be animated by Bandai Namco Filmworks . It is unknown if this is the previously announced 2018 anime or if this
7656-485: The chauvinistic nature of the Italian Futurist program, many serious professional female artists adopted the style, especially so after the end of the first World War. Notably among these female futurists is F.T Marinetti 's own wife Benedetta Cappa Marinetti , whom he had met in 1918 and exchanged a series of letters discussing each of their respective work in Futurism. Letters continued to be exchanged between
7788-401: The concept of dance. Indeed, dancing was interpreted as an alternative way of expressing man's ultimate fusion with the machine. The altitude of a flying plane, the power of a car's motor, and the roaring loud sounds of complex machinery were all signs of man's intelligence and excellence which the art of dance had to emphasize and praise. This type of dance is considered Futuristic as it disrupts
7920-576: The depiction of some details. A sequel covering the second half of the OVA was supposed to be written, but it was never completed. The series has been adapted into several video games, including an eponymous sugoroku game for the Game Boy (Barrier, February 28, 1992), an eponymous top-down racing game for the Super Famicom ( Takara , March 19, 1992, released in North America as Cyber Spin ), and
8052-420: The director Dimitri Kirsanoff , in his silent experimental film Ménilmontant , "developed a technique that suggests the movement known in painting as Futurism." Within F. T. Marinetti's The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism , two of his tenets briefly highlight his hatred for women under the pretense that it fuels the Futurist movement's visceral nature: 9. We intend to glorify war—the only hygiene of
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#17327904017918184-567: The dominance of Marinetti and Boccioni, whom they accused of trying to establish "an immobile church with an infallible creed," and each group dismissed the other as passéiste. Futurism had, from the outset, admired violence and was intensely patriotic. The Futurist Manifesto had declared: "We will glorify war—the world's only hygiene—militarism, patriotism, the destructive gesture of freedom-bringers, beautiful ideas worth dying for, and scorn for woman." Although it owed much of its character and some of its ideas to radical political movements, it
8316-537: The dwindling of Protoculture population; they revoked the prime directive that banned Zentradi to attack the Supervision Army. This, however, made the war even more intense, and the Protoculture population sharply decreased; to avoid extinction, they seeded uninhabited planets by means of pantropy and avoided any conflict as much as possible. This action included the genetic engineering of homo sapiens on Earth by combining Protoculture genes with native genes;
8448-576: The dynamic volume of speed in depth ... I felt the need to construct the first dynamic plastic complex with iron wires, cardboard planes, cloth and tissue paper, etc." In 1914, personal quarrels and artistic differences between the Milan group around Marinetti, Boccioni, and Balla, and the Florence group around Carrà, Ardengo Soffici (1879–1964) and Giovanni Papini (1881–1956), created a rift in Italian Futurism. The Florence group resented
8580-577: The essential lines of forms unprecedented from their simplicity. In the new city, every aspect of life was to be rationalized and centralized into one great powerhouse of energy. The city was not meant to last, and each subsequent generation was expected to build their own city rather than inheriting the architecture of the past. Futurist architects were sometimes at odds with the Fascist state's tendency towards Roman imperial -classical aesthetic patterns. Nevertheless, several Futurist buildings were built in
8712-438: The feet of the woman walking it—have been multiplied to a blur of movement. It illustrates the precepts of the Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting that, "on account of the persistency of an image upon the retina, moving objects constantly multiply themselves; their form changes like rapid vibrations, in their mad career. Thus a running horse has not four legs, but twenty, and their movements are triangular." His Rhythm of
8844-543: The first members of the National Fascist Party . He opposed Fascism's later exaltation of existing institutions, calling them "reactionary," and walked out of the 1920 Fascist party congress in disgust, withdrawing from politics for three years; but he supported Italian Fascism until his death in 1944. The Futurists' association with Fascism after its triumph in 1922 brought them official acceptance in Italy and
8976-502: The futuristic-themed films of this period have been lost, but critics cite Thaïs (1917) by Anton Giulio Bragaglia as one of the most influential, serving as the main inspiration for German Expressionist cinema in the following decade. Thaïs was born on the basis of the aesthetic treatise Fotodinamismo futurista (1911), written by the same author. The film, built around a melodramatic and decadent story, actually reveals multiple artistic influences different from Marinett's futurism;
9108-616: The hope of modernizing a country divided between the industrialising north and the rural, archaic South. Like the Fascists, the Futurists were Italian nationalists, laborers, disgruntled war veterans, radicals , admirers of violence, and opposed to parliamentary democracy. Marinetti founded the Futurist Political Party ( Partito Politico Futurista ) in early 1918, which was absorbed into Benito Mussolini 's Fasci Italiani di Combattimento in 1919, making Marinetti one of
9240-497: The imagery of Futurist writings, and were writers themselves. Poets and painters collaborated on theatre production such as the Futurist opera Victory Over the Sun , with texts by Kruchenykh, music by Mikhail Matyushin , and sets by Malevich. The main style of painting was Cubo-Futurism , extant during the 1910s. Cubo-Futurism combines the forms of Cubism with the Futurist representation of movement; like their Italian contemporaries,
9372-504: The individual's complex experience of the modern world together in what has been described as one of the 'minor masterpieces' of early twentieth century painting." The work attempts to convey feelings and sensations experienced in time, using new means of expression, including "lines of force," which intend to convey the directional tendencies of objects through space; "simultaneity," which combines memories, present impressions and anticipation of future events; and "emotional ambience" in which
9504-465: The initial period of Futurism and the neo-Futurist period, from Marinetti himself to a number of lesser known Futurists, such as Primo Conti, Ardengo Soffici and Bruno Giordano Sanzin ( Zig Zag, Il Romanzo Futurista edited by Alessandro Masi, 1995). They are very diverse in style, with very little recourse to the characteristics of Futurist Poetry, such as parole in libertà. Arnaldo Ginna's Le 'locomotive con le calze (Trains with socks on) plunges into
9636-476: The international distribution rights for the Macross series and between 1999 and 2003 filed trademarks on the distribution of Macross merchandise and media outside of Japan. Harmony Gold's international distribution rights are under dispute however as they bought the rights from the Japanese company, Tatsunoko Production, which in a court ruling against companies, Studio Nue and Big West, was ruled to have only
9768-569: The latest Macross TV series, Macross Frontier , further expands on that concept by introducing fold faults or dislocations, which further retard fold travel and interfere with fold communications. Also explained in Macross Frontier are the limitations of space folding, such as the geometric increase in energy requirement with the mass of the object to be folded, which prevents very large objects from being folded with ease across vast distances. The act of entering Super Dimension space
9900-546: The mid-1980s, with Macross: Do You Remember Love? (1984) and Zeta Gundam (1985) in Japan, and with Robotech and Transformers in the West. Transformers went on to influence the Hollywood movie industry. In contrast to earlier mecha anime which focused on combatants, Macross portrayed mecha conflict from the perspective of non-combatant civilians, such as the singer Lynn Minmay . Voiced by Mari Iijima , Minmay
10032-542: The modern United Nations in order to defend Earth from a possible attack by hostile aliens , and was involved in Space War I against an extraterrestrial race called the Zentradi . Later operations of the U.N. Spacy expanded into interstellar colonization and general peacekeeping of off-world Earth settlements. The term "Spacy" is a portmanteau of the terms Space and Army or Navy . Some Japanese sources also use
10164-483: The musical score is twice the length of the film and now stands alone. The score calls for a percussion ensemble consisting of three xylophones , four bass drums, a tam-tam, three airplane propellers, seven electric bells, a siren, two "live pianists," and sixteen synchronized player pianos. Antheil's piece was the first to synchronize machines with human players and to exploit the difference between what machines and humans can play. The Futuristic movement also influenced
10296-409: The number of races was limited to 10 per year. Who would win where, and the final standings were created first. Jun'ichi Kanemaru was chosen to play the role of Hayato, the main character of the TV series, in his first starring role, but at the time of the audition, few animes had male voice actors playing 14-year-old boys, and since Mayumi Tanaka had played the role of Wataru, the main character in
10428-707: The performer to create and control the dynamics and pitch of several different types of noises. Russolo and Marinetti gave the first concert of Futurist music, complete with intonarumori , in 1914. However, they were prevented from performing in many major European cities by the outbreak of war. Futurism was one of several 20th-century movements in art and music that paid homage to, included, or imitated machines. Ferruccio Busoni has been seen as anticipating some Futurist ideas, though he remained wed to tradition. Russolo's intonarumori influenced Stravinsky , Arthur Honegger , George Antheil , Edgar Varèse , Stockhausen and John Cage . In Pacific 231 , Honegger imitated
10560-520: The plot. According to official sources, the Protoculture was the first advanced humanoid race in the universe—advanced Protoculture civilization started 500,000 years ago—and is the creator of the Zentradi and homo sapiens . Phases of colonization resulted in the establishment of an "Interstellar Republic", (similar to a galactic empire ) which covers much of the Milky Way galaxy 2800 years after Protoculture civilization started (498,000 years ago). A civil war happened sixty years later, resulting in
10692-400: The predominant medium of Futurist literature, can be characterized by its unexpected combinations of images and hyper-conciseness (not to be confused with the actual length of the poem). The Futurists called their style of poetry parole in libertà (word autonomy), in which all ideas of meter were rejected and the word became the main unit of concern. In this way, the Futurists managed to create
10824-529: The previous show, Mashin Hero Wataru , it was assumed that Shinobu Adachi , another female voice actor, would also play the role of Hayato. However, there was a suggestion from within Sunrise to have Kanemaru, a male voice actor, participate in the tape audition, and although there were initial objections within the company, Kanemaru was ultimately selected through the audition. Four sequel OVAs based on
10956-627: The quiet and static Cubism of Picasso , Braque and Gris . As the art critic Robert Hughes observed: "In Futurism, the eye is fixed and the object moves, but it is still the basic vocabulary of Cubism—fragmented and overlapping planes." Futurist art tended to disdain traditional subjects, specifically those of photographically realistic portraits and landscapes. Futurists thought of "imitation" art that copied from life to be lazy, unimaginative, cowardly, and boring. While there were Futurist portraits — Carrà's Woman with Absinthe (1911), Severini's Self-Portrait (1912), and Boccioni's Matter (1912) — it
11088-501: The races in the TV series were described as a triathlon of motor sports, as they were not only on circuits and city courses, but also on gravel surfaces and ice. However, the F1 boom led to a change to a full-fledged racing series. The futuristic car designs were done by Shōji Kawamori , known for his Valkyrie designs in the Macross series. Red Company was involved in the production of
11220-574: The reality traditionally constituted by a terrestrial perspective," and that "painting from this new reality requires a profound contempt for detail and a need to synthesise and transfigure everything." Crispolti identifies three main "positions" in aeropainting: "a vision of cosmic projection, at its most typical in Prampolini's 'cosmic idealism' ... ; a 'reverie' of aerial fantasies sometimes verging on fairy-tale (for example in Dottori ...); and
11352-412: The referential system of traditional, classical dance and introduces a different style, new to the sophisticated bourgeois audience. The dancer no longer performs a story with clear content that can be read according to the rules of ballet. One of the most notable Futuristic dancers is Italian artist Giannina Censi . She was inspired by the arial themes in the second wave of Futurism and sought to put in on
11484-576: The regime, becoming less radical and avant-garde with each. He moved from Milan to Rome to be nearer the centre of things. He became an academician despite his condemnation of academies, married despite his condemnation of marriage, promoted religious art after the Lateran Treaty of 1929, and even reconciled himself to the Catholic Church, declaring that Jesus was a Futurist. Although Futurism mostly became identified with Fascism, it had
11616-496: The regime. Opening the exhibition of art by the Novecento Italiano group in 1923, he said, "I declare that it is far from my idea to encourage anything like a state art. Art belongs to the domain of the individual. The state has only one duty: not to undermine art, to provide humane conditions for artists, to encourage them from the artistic and national point of view." Mussolini's mistress, Margherita Sarfatti , who
11748-587: The relationship between the object and its environment, which was central to his theory of "dynamism." The sculpture represents a striding figure, cast in bronze posthumously and exhibited in the Tate Modern (it now appears on the national side of Italian 20 eurocent coins ). He explored the theme further in Synthesis of Human Dynamism (1912), Speeding Muscles (1913), and Spiral Expansion of Speeding Muscles (1913); his ideas on sculpture were published in
11880-880: The rights to the international distribution of The Super Dimension Fortress Macross and no legal claim to the rest of the franchise; those belonging to the latter companies. Harmony Gold claims that the case does not apply to them since it occurred in Japan and does not apply to the international distribution rights. Harmony Gold continued to re-affirm their claim to the international distribution through cease and desist letters, resulting in later Macross series not being distributed outside of Japan. On March 1, 2021, Big West, Studio Nue, and Harmony Gold came to an agreement. Harmony Gold would no longer hinder Big West's distribution of Macross properties outside Japan and Harmony Gold would be allowed to release their upcoming Robotech film in Japan. On March 18, 2024, Macross would be available via Disney+ for streaming worldwide (via
12012-411: The same time one, ten four three; they are motionless and they change places. ... The motor bus rushes into the houses which it passes, and in their turn the houses throw themselves upon the motor bus and are blended with it." The Futurist painters were slow to develop a distinctive style and subject matter. In 1910 and 1911, they used the techniques of Divisionism , breaking light and color down into
12144-445: The series and the spacecraft to be named Macbeth ( マクベス , Makubesu ) . A compromise was made with the title Macross ( マクロス , Makurosu ) due to its similar pronunciation to Macbeth in Japanese and because it still contained connotations to the original title. The word Macross comes from a wordplay combination of the prefix "macro" in reference to its massive size in comparison to human vehicles (though when compared with
12276-555: The series has aired in the Philippines by ABS-CBN for Hero TV , and in Italy on Italia 1 . An English-subtitled DVD boxset of the TV series has also been released by Bandai in 2003. Medialink licensed the full series across Asia-Pacific in 2021. Future GPX Cyber Formula anime series currently aired on Albanian Çufo TV and dubbed in Albanian since 2022. Some time in the near future, Cyber Formula , an automobile race in
12408-559: The sound of a steam locomotive. There are also Futurist elements in Prokofiev 's The Steel Step as well as his Second Symphony. Most notable in this respect, however, is American artist George Antheil . His fascination with machinery is evident in his Airplane Sonata , Death of the Machines , and the 30-minute Ballet Mécanique . The Ballet Mécanique was originally intended to accompany an experimental film by Fernand Léger , but
12540-434: The stage. Trained as a classical ballerina, she is known for her "Aerodanze" and continued to earn her living by performing in classical and popular productions. She describes this innovative form of dance as the result of a deep collaboration with Marinetti and his poetry: "I launched this idea of the aerial-futurist poetry with Marinetti, he himself declaiming the poetry. A small stage of a few square meters;... I made myself
12672-413: The steamship of modernity." They acknowledged no authority and professed not to owe anything even to Marinetti, as they abhorred his commitment to fascism, and most of them obstructed him when he came to Russia to proselytize in 1914. The movement began to decline after the revolution of 1917 . The Futurists either stayed, were persecuted, or left the country. Popova, Mayakovsky and Malevich became part of
12804-413: The technology to create the mecha ( variable fighters and destroids), faster-than-light space fold drive for starships and other advanced technologies that the series features. The series title comes from the name of the main human spacecraft (which is usually shortened from Super Dimension Fortress Macross to "SDF-1" or The Macross as it is the first). The original name for the Macross project
12936-515: The term Space Army and some English-language sources use the term Space Navy , suggesting that the term is a contraction. The valkyrie fighter is one of a series of transformable aerospace fighters , primarily designed by franchise creator Shōji Kawamori and Kazutaka Miyatake . They are generally able to transform into jet/space fighters, Battroid (a humanoid robot) and a hybrid of the two modes, called Gerwalk (Ground Effective Reinforcement of Winged Armament with Locomotive Knee-joint). The VF-1
13068-464: The two depictions of Space War I: "The real Macross is out there, somewhere. If I tell the story in the length of a TV series, it looks one way, and if I tell it as a movie-length story, it's organized another way." (An edited, English-dubbed version of the feature was also released to video as Clash of the Bionoids .) Macross II , the only animated project without Studio Nue's direct involvement,
13200-415: The two with F. T. Marinetti often complimenting Benedetta – the single name she was best known as – on her genius. In a letter dated August 16, 1919, Marinetti wrote to Benedetta: "Do not forget your promise to work. You must carry your genius to its ultimate splendor. Every day." Although many of Benedetta's paintings were exhibited in major Italian exhibitions — the 1930-1936 Venice Biennales (in which she
13332-420: The viewer to apprehend the inner being of what they depicted. Boccioni developed these ideas at length in his book, Pittura scultura Futuriste: Dinamismo plastico ( Futurist Painting Sculpture: Plastic Dynamism ) (1914). Balla's Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash (1912) exemplifies the Futurists' insistence that the perceived world is in constant movement. The painting depicts a dog whose legs, tail and leash—and
13464-470: The war; the combat experience also influenced Futurist music. The outbreak of war disguised the fact that Italian Futurism had come to an end. The Florence group had formally acknowledged their withdrawal from the movement by the end of 1914. Boccioni produced only one war picture and was killed in 1916. Severini painted some significant war pictures in 1915 (e.g. War , Armored Train , and Red Cross Train ), but in Paris turned towards Cubism; post-war, he
13596-520: The weight of its past." Important Futurist works included Marinetti's 1909 Manifesto of Futurism , Boccioni's 1913 sculpture Unique Forms of Continuity in Space , Balla's 1913–1914 painting Abstract Speed + Sound , and Russolo's The Art of Noises (1913). Although Futurism was largely an Italian phenomenon, parallel movements emerged in Russia, where some Russian Futurists would later go on to found groups of their own; other countries either had
13728-409: The world—militarism, patriotism, the destructive gesture of anarchists, beautiful ideas worth dying for, and contempt for woman. 10. We intend to destroy museums, libraries, academics of every sort and to fight against moralism, feminism, and every utilitarian opportunistic cowardice. Marinetti would begin to contradict himself when, in 1911, he called Luisa, Marchesa Casati a Futurist; he dedicated
13860-829: The years 1920–1940, including public buildings such as railway stations, maritime resorts, and post offices . Examples of Futurist buildings still in use today are Trento railway station built by Angiolo Mazzoni and the Santa Maria Novella station in Florence . The Florence station was designed in 1932 by the Gruppo Toscano (Tuscan Group) of architects, which included Giovanni Michelucci and Italo Gamberini , with contributions by Mazzoni. Futurist music rejected tradition and introduced experimental sounds inspired by machinery, and would influence several 20th-century composers. Francesco Balilla Pratella joined
13992-428: Was Battle City Megarōdo (or Battle City Megaroad , as the Japanese transliteration to either "L" or "R" gives the title a double meaning in reference to the story line: Megaload , referring to the spacecraft containing an entire city of people; and Megaroad , referring to the long journey through space back to Earth); however, one of the sponsors of the project, Big West Advertising, was a fan of Shakespeare and wanted
14124-442: Was a feature of Futurism, and the Futurists (usually led or prompted by Marinetti) wrote them on many topics, including painting, architecture, music, literature, theatre, cinema, photography, religion, women, fashion, and cuisine. In their manifestos, Futurists described their beliefs and appreciations of various methods. They also detailed their disdain for traditional Italian Renaissance works of art and their subjects. According to
14256-470: Was a higher percentage of women participants than in Italy from the start; Natalia Goncharova , Aleksandra Ekster , and Lyubov Popova are some examples of major female Futurists. Although Marinetti expressed his approval of Olga Rozanova 's paintings during his 1914 lecture tour of Russia, it is possible that the women painters' negative reaction to the said tour may have largely been due to his misogyny, as well as his explicit support for fascism. Despite
14388-585: Was a movement of literature and the visual arts, involving various Futurist groups. The Russian Association of Proletarian Writers were associated with Russian Futurists during the 1920s in relation to the Futurists theory "Literature of Fact," in which Soviet art can be expressed through literacy evolution. The poet Vladimir Mayakovsky was a prominent member of the movement, as were Velimir Khlebnikov and Aleksei Kruchyonykh ; visual artists such as David Burliuk , Mikhail Larionov , Natalia Goncharova , Lyubov Popova , and Kazimir Malevich found inspiration in
14520-421: Was aired on early Friday mornings from March 15 to December 20, 1991 on Nippon TV . The series was Mitsuo Fukuda 's directorial debut. When the project was first planned, it was largely intended for children, and the style was that cars with artificial intelligence would run through strange places in an obstacle race-like manner, clashing with each other along the way. It was planned to be like Speed Racer , and
14652-487: Was also one of the first to paint in Aeropittura , an abstract and futurist art style of landscape from the view of an airplane. Giannina Censi was the first exponent of Aerodanze. Similar to Aeropittura, this was a second wave Futurist dance style based in the fascination with aviation (in 1931 Censi was accompanied by F.T. Marinetti in a dance tour entitled Simultanina ). Many Italian Futurists supported Fascism in
14784-595: Was an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy , and to a lesser extent in other countries, in the early 20th century. It emphasized dynamism, speed, technology, youth, violence, and objects such as the car, the airplane, and the industrial city. Its key figures included Italian artists Filippo Tommaso Marinetti , Umberto Boccioni , Carlo Carrà , Fortunato Depero , Gino Severini , Giacomo Balla , and Luigi Russolo . Italian Futurism glorified modernity and, according to its doctrine, "aimed to liberate Italy from
14916-425: Was announced just after the ending of the new TV animated series. The Kanto area rerun of the Macross Frontier anime television series during early 2014 in Japan ended with a teaser announcement that a new Macross TV series is in the works, and later in the year was tentatively titled Macross Δ (Delta) . Just like for Macross Frontier , a casting call was held for the series' main singer who also became part of
15048-553: Was announced to be released by the same publisher in November 1992, but was cancelled due to Tairiku Shobo going bankrupt. A novelization of the Saga arc of the OVA sequel series, written by Fukuda and illustrated by series original character designer Mutsumi Inomata , was published by Shogakukan on April 1, 1998. The novelization covers the first half of the story up to episode 4 of the 8-episode OVA, although there are differences in
15180-440: Was as able a cultural entrepreneur as Marinetti, successfully promoted the rival Novecento group, and even persuaded Marinetti to sit on its board. Although in the early years of Italian Fascism modern art was tolerated and even embraced, towards the end of the 1930s, right-wing Fascists introduced the concept of " degenerate art " from Germany to Italy and condemned Futurism. Marinetti made numerous moves to ingratiate himself with
15312-470: Was associated with the Return to Order . After the war, Marinetti revived the movement. This revival was called il secondo Futurismo (Second Futurism) by writers in the 1960s. The art historian Giovanni Lista groups Futurism into three distinct decades according to characteristics of each: "Plastic Dynamism" of the 1910s, "Mechanical Art" of the 1920s, and "Aeroaesthetics" of the 1930s. Russian Futurism
15444-407: Was declared by Studio Nue to be a parallel-world story. In March 2007, Studio Victor placed a casting call for a voice actress to play the heroine Ranka Lee , in a then untitled new Macross series. Eighteen-year-old Megumi Nakajima selected in the nationwide singing and acting audition for the role of Ranka Lee in Japan. The project was given the tentative title of Macross 25 . Later, as part of
15576-567: Was influential in the Western world, helping to introduce the anime medium to North America. Macross popularized the concept of transforming mecha , which can transform between a standard vehicle (such as a fighter plane or transport truck) and a fighting mecha robot. Shōji Kawamori introduced the concept with Diaclone in 1980 and then popularized it with Macross . Kawamori then went on to design transforming mecha for Transformers (1986). The transforming mecha concept became popular in
15708-552: Was killed in the First World War, but his ideas influenced later generations of architects and artists. The city was a backdrop onto which the dynamism of Futurist life was projected. The city had replaced the landscape as the setting for the exciting modern life. Sant'Elia aimed to create a city as an efficient, fast-paced machine. He manipulated light and shape to emphasize the sculptural quality of his projects. Baroque curves and encrustations had been stripped away to reveal
15840-413: Was later followed by four OVA (Original Video Animation) series respectively titled: Double One , Zero , Saga , and Sin . These OVAs are collectively known as Future GPX Cyber Formula 2 ( 新世紀GPX （ フューチャーグランプリ ） サイバーフォーミュラ2 , Fyūchā Guranpuri Saibā Fōmyura Tsū ) . The series has also been adapted into multiple games, art-books, toys, audio dramas, and novels. Outside of Japan,
15972-579: Was not much involved in politics until the autumn of 1913. Then, fearing the re-election of Giolitti , Marinetti published a political manifesto. In 1914, the Futurists began to campaign actively against the Austro-Hungarian empire , which still controlled some Italian territories, and Italian neutrality between the major powers. In September, Boccioni, seated in the balcony of the Teatro dal Verme in Milan, tore up an Austrian flag and threw it into
16104-609: Was published by Tairiku Shobo on July 1, 1992, written by the screenwriter of the TV series Toshirō Ōyama and illustrated by series character designer Takahiro Yoshimatsu. The novel depicts what happened after the first half of the TV series regarding Smith's plot against Asurada. A novel depicting Bleed Kaga's past, including the reason for the scar on his forehead, titled Future GPX Cyber Formula: Jaguar's Emblem ( 新世紀GPX （ フューチャーグランプリ ） サイバーフォーミュラ 黒豹 （ ジャガー ） のエンブレム , Fyūchā Guranpuri Saibā Fōmyura Jagā no Enburemu ) and written by series director Mitsuo Fukuda,
16236-415: Was released in 1984, with a condensed version of the storyline and cutting-edge animation. This movie was later described as a "historical drama" movie within the Macross universe (similar to World War II films in the real world). In Macross Plus and Macross 7 , it is revealed that there was a movie produced after Space War I (the original Earth-Zentradi conflict). Kawamori described the relation between
16368-488: Was released in 5 volumes between December 21, 1998 and March 17, 2000. An additional two-episode OVA, Future GPX Cyber Formula EARLYDAYS RENEWAL , was released between April and June 1996. The OVA recaps the events of the TV series with new scenes and voice acting, as well as some story changes. A spinoff novel titled Future GPX Cyber Formula 1: Black Asurada ( 新世紀GPX （ フューチャーグランプリ ） サイバーフォーミュラ1 ブラックアスラーダ , Fyūchā Guranpuri Saibā Fōmyura 1 Burakku Asurāda )
16500-517: Was specifically named "Valkyrie", but all of the jet fighter craft have generically been referred to as such in the series since then. Music is integral part to almost every Macross title by having significances in a series' antagonists behavior towards it. Music idols also play a central role to various Macross stories. Often, the protagonist will be involved in a love triangle with a series' music idol; most notably, Lynn Minmay . Space folding permits nearly-instantaneous ultra-long distance travel:
16632-486: Was the boss and commanding officer of the fighter pilot protagonist Hikaru Ichijyo , and later his love interest. This was a scenario Kawamori came up with which he had not seen in any Hollywood movies before. A similar scenario, however, later appeared in the Hollywood movie Top Gun (1986). According to Kawamori, "Many people pointed out that later films like Top Gun copied that idea and setting, as well as including
16764-557: Was the first fictional idol singer to garner major real-world success, with the theme song "Do You Remember Love?" (from the film Macross: Do You Remember Love? ) reaching number seven on the Oricon music charts in Japan. This was later further explored in Macross Plus with the virtual idol Sharon Apple , an artificial intelligence (AI) computer program who takes the form of an intergalactic pop star , and in Macross 7 with
16896-415: Was the first woman to have her art displayed since the exhibition's founding in 1895 ), the 1935 Rome Quadriennale , and several other futurist exhibitions — she was often overshadowed in her work by her husband. The first introduction of Benedetta's feminist convictions regarding futurism is in the form of a public dialogue in 1925 (with an L. R. Cannonieri) concerning the role of women in society. Benedetta
17028-518: Was the oldest movement of European avant-garde cinema. Italian futurism, an artistic and social movement , impacted the Italian film industry from 1916-1919. It influenced Russian Futurist cinema and German Expressionist cinema . Its cultural importance was considerable and influenced all subsequent avant-gardes, as well as some authors of narrative cinema; its echo expands to the dreamlike visions of some films by Alfred Hitchcock . Most of
17160-810: Was the urban scene and vehicles in motion that typified Futurist painting; Boccioni's The Street Enters the House (1911), Severini's Dynamic Hieroglyph of the Bal Tabarin (1912), and Russolo's Automobile at Speed (1913) for example. The Futurists held their first exhibition outside of Italy in 1912 at the Bernheim-Jeune gallery, Paris, which included works by Umberto Boccioni, Gino Severini, Carlo Carrà, Luigi Russolo and Giacomo Balla. In 1912 and 1913, Boccioni turned to sculpture to translate into three dimensions his Futurist ideas. In Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (1913), he attempted to realize
17292-503: Was too traditional for Pratella's tastes. In the face of this mediocrity and conservatism, Pratella unfurled "the red flag of Futurism, calling to its flaming symbol such young composers as have hearts to love and fight, minds to conceive, and brows free of cowardice." Luigi Russolo (1885–1947) wrote The Art of Noises (1913), an influential text in 20th-century musical aesthetics. Russolo used instruments he called intonarumori , which were acoustic noise generators that permitted
17424-609: Was varied in subject matter and treatment, including realism (especially in works of propaganda), abstraction, dynamism, quiet Umbrian landscapes, portraits of Mussolini (e.g. Dottori's Portrait of il Duce ), devotional religious paintings, decorative art, and pictures of planes. Aeropainting was launched in a manifesto of 1929, Perspectives of Flight , signed by Cappa , Depero , Dottori , Fillìa , Marinetti, Prampolini , Somenzi and Tato (Guglielmo Sansoni) . The artists stated that "the changing perspectives of flight constitute an absolutely new reality that has nothing in common with
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