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57-596: Fukuyama may refer to: People [ edit ] Francis Fukuyama , Japanese-American philosopher and political economist Fukuyama (surname) , other people with the name Places [ edit ] Fukuyama, Hiroshima , city in Japan Fukuyama, Kagoshima , former town in Japan, now part of Kirishima city Other uses [ edit ] Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy ( FCMD ) Topics referred to by

114-408: A Foreign Affairs article: Liberalism, with its universalist pretensions, may sit uneasily alongside seemingly parochial nationalism, but the two can be reconciled. The goals of liberalism are entirely compatible with a world divided into nation-states. . . . Liberal rights are meaningless if they cannot be enforced by a state . . . The territorial jurisdiction of a state necessarily corresponds to

171-598: A 2009 conference, Fukuyama outlined his belief that inequality within Latin American nations impedes growth. He stated that an unequal distribution of wealth leads to social upheaval, resulting in stunted growth. In 2018, in Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment , Fukuyama enlists Plato’s notion of thymos to understand the politics of grievance and resentment . At

228-605: A better understanding of what happens in other countries. The best instruments are setting a good example and providing education and, in many cases, money. The secret of development, be it political or economic, is that it never comes from outsiders, but always from people in the country itself. One thing the US proved to have excelled in during the aftermath of World War II was the formation of international institutions. A return to support for these structures would combine American power with international legitimacy, but such measures require

285-687: A good friend) since. Fukuyama declared he would not be voting for Bush, and that the Bush administration had made three mistakes: Fukuyama believes the US has a right to promote its own values in the world, but more along the lines of what he calls "realistic Wilsonianism ", with military intervention only as a last resort and only in addition to other measures. A latent military force is more likely to have an effect than actual deployment. The US spends 43% of global military spending , but Iraq shows there are limits to its effectiveness. The US should instead stimulate political and economic development and gain

342-567: A local bank he founded in Herndon (and on whose board of directors he served for two decades) later merged with the Arlington Trust Company, and then into Wachovia Bank . A "Roosevelt Democrat", Hirst was active in local politics, and Fairfax County's transition from a rural form of government to a county executive system. In 1953, he and John C. Webb were elected to represent Falls Church and Fairfax in northern Virginia in

399-582: A lot of patience. This is the central thesis of his 2006 work America at the Crossroads . In a 2006 essay in The New York Times Magazine strongly critical of the invasion, he identified neoconservatism with Leninism . He wrote that neoconservatives "believed that history can be pushed along with the right application of power and will. Leninism was a tragedy in its Bolshevik version, and it has returned as farce when practiced by

456-628: A more disastrous presidency than that of George W. Bush. It was bad enough that he launched an unnecessary war and undermined the standing of the United States throughout the world in his first term. But in the waning days of his administration, he is presiding over a collapse of the American financial system and broader economy that will have consequences for years to come. As a general rule, democracies don't work well if voters do not hold political parties accountable for failure. While John McCain

513-649: A number of other books, among them Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity and Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution . In the latter, he qualified his original " end of history " thesis, arguing that since biotechnology increasingly allows humans to control their own evolution , it may allow humans to alter human nature , thereby putting liberal democracy at risk. One possible outcome could be that an altered human nature could end in radical inequality. He

570-733: A professor and director of the International Development program at the School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University . He had also been the Omer L. and Nancy Hirst Professor of Public Policy at the School of Public Policy at George Mason University . He is a council member of the International Forum for Democratic Studies founded by the National Endowment for Democracy and

627-429: A relevant and cited public intellectual , which led American communitarian Amitai Etzioni to declare him "one of the few enduring public intellectuals. They are often media stars who are eaten up and spat out after their 15 minutes. But he has lasted." Bernard Crick in his book titled Democracy spoke of Fukayama's principle of "the end of the world" as being a poor misreading of the historical processes involved in

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684-415: A state stable, using comparative political history to develop a theory of the stability of a political system . According to Fukuyama, an ideal political order needs a modern and effective state, the rule of law governing the state, and accountability. The 2014 book is his second book on political order, following the 2011 book The Origins of Political Order . In this book, Fukuyama covers events since

741-618: A struggle between ideologies was largely at an end, with the world settling on liberal democracy after the end of the Cold War and the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. The book was an expansion on ideas expressed in an earlier article, "The End of History?" published in The National Interest . In the article, Fukuyama predicted the coming global triumph of political and economic liberalism : What we may be witnessing

798-473: Is a fierce enemy of transhumanism , an intellectual movement asserting that posthumanity is a desirable goal. In another work, The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstruction of Social Order , Fukuyama explores the origins of social norms and analyzes current disruptions in the fabric of human moral traditions. He considers these disruptions to arise from a shift from the manufacturing to

855-863: Is also associated with the rise of the neoconservative movement , from which he has since distanced himself. Fukuyama has been a senior fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies since July 2010 and the Mosbacher Director of the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law at Stanford University . In August 2019, he was named director of the Ford Dorsey Master's in International Policy at Stanford. Before that, he served as

912-491: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Francis Fukuyama Francis Yoshihiro Fukuyama ( / ˌ f uː k uː ˈ j ɑː m ə / ; born October 27, 1952) is an American political scientist , political economist , international relations scholar, and writer. Fukuyama is best known for his book The End of History and the Last Man (1992), which argues that

969-512: Is not just the end of the Cold War, or the passing of a particular period of postwar history, but the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government. Authors like Ralf Dahrendorf argued in 1990 that the essay gave Fukuyama his 15 minutes of fame , which a slide into obscurity would soon follow. However, Fukuyama remained

1026-482: Is not; it is a scarce resource that is necessarily applied in a territorially delimited way. In a 2022 interview with El País , Fukuyama expressed support for social democratic policies: "In Germany, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, you've had social democratic parties in power for a long time. [They've] done a lot of redistribution – you don't get this kind of polarized politics and you have an alternation between

1083-477: Is now Olivier Nomellini Senior Fellow and resident in the Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies at Stanford University , and director of the Ford Dorsey Master's in International Policy at Stanford. Fukuyama is best known as the author of The End of History and the Last Man , in which he argued that the progression of human history as

1140-555: Is the grand bargain". In 2009 he described Iran as "not quite a tyranny, petty or grand" but also not a liberal democracy and added that "Iran could evolve towards a genuine rule-of-law democracy within the broad parameters of the 1979 constitution ". In a 2018 interview with New Statesman , when asked about his views on the resurgence of socialist politics in the United States and the United Kingdom, he responded: It all depends on what you mean by socialism. Ownership of

1197-601: Is trying desperately to pretend that he never had anything to do with the Republican Party, I think it would be a travesty to reward the Republicans for failure on such a grand scale. In 2007 Fukuyama criticized the American government's attitude to Iran, "If the only thing we're putting on the table is that we'll talk to you, it isn't going to work..What the Iranians have really wanted over a long period of time

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1254-591: The 2020 presidential election as the result of the Western system's ability to correct mistakes. A few weeks after the beginning of Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Fukuyama made several prognoses in the magazine American Purpose : Fukuyama has also put emphasis on the importance of national identity for a sound defense of liberal values—and thus the need to reconcile the nation-state with liberal universalism, even if they seem at odds at first—in

1311-622: The French Revolution and sheds light on political institutions and their development in different regions. After tracing how a modern and effective government was developed in the U.S., Fukuyama asserts that the country is experiencing political decay . Fukuyama believes that political decay can be seen in the deterioration of bureaucracies, special interest groups capturing the legislature, and inevitable but cumbersome judicial processes challenging all types of government action. Chemical Neurological Fukuyama has written

1368-592: The Information Age . This shift is, he thinks, normal and will prove self-correcting, given the intrinsic human need for social norms and rules. In 2006, in America at the Crossroads , Fukuyama discusses the history of neoconservatism , with particular focus on its major tenets and political implications. He outlines his rationale for supporting the Bush Administration and where he believed it

1425-698: The Iraq War and called for Donald Rumsfeld 's resignation as Secretary of Defense . At an annual dinner of the American Enterprise Institute in February 2004, Dick Cheney and Charles Krauthammer declared the beginning of a unipolar era under American hegemony . "All of these people around me were cheering wildly," Fukuyama remembers. He believes that the Iraq War was being blundered. "All of my friends had taken leave of reality." He has not spoken to Paul Wolfowitz (previously

1482-668: The Russo-Japanese War in 1905 and started a shop on the west coast before being incarcerated in the Second World War. His father, Yoshio Fukuyama , a second-generation Japanese American , was trained as a minister in the Congregational Church , received a doctorate in sociology from the University of Chicago , and taught religious studies. His mother, Toshiko Kawata Fukuyama ( 河田敏子 ),

1539-744: The Virginia General Assembly , a part-time position. They replaced Edwin Lynch , who was the only delegate elected to represent fast-growing Fairfax County between 1946 and 1951. Both often criticized the Byrd Organization , which considered them "Young Turks" for actions such as Hirst's attempt to repeal the poll tax. He and Webb were soon embroiled in the Massive Resistance crisis whereby U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd fought desegregation of Virginia's schools despite

1596-470: The Fairfax Chamber of Commerce put him on a committee to develop a county mapping system and update land records. As a smart and reserved real estate investor in residential, industrial and commercial property, Hirst became rich. His companies, Omer L. Hirst Inc., and O.C. Builders Inc. developed Landmark Shopping Center, the first three-department-store shopping mall in the area. First American Bank,

1653-610: The Middle East. In 1979, he joined the global policy think tank RAND Corporation . Fukuyama lived at the Telluride House and has been affiliated with the Telluride Association since his undergraduate years at Cornell. Telluride is an education enterprise that has been home to other significant leaders and intellectuals, including Steven Weinberg , Paul Wolfowitz and Kathleen Sullivan . Fukuyama

1710-749: The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education . After both the Virginia Supreme Court and a three judge federal panel on January 19, 1959, massive resistance became more passive, but Hirst declined to seek re-election. Fellow real estate broker Dorothy S. McDiarmid , who ran against the Byrd Organization's school closing strategy, won the Democratic primary and was elected in November, 1959. In 1963, Hirst ran for

1767-453: The United States. Neoconservatism, as both a political symbol and a body of thought, has evolved into something I can no longer support." Fukuyama announced the end of the neoconservative moment and argued for the demilitarization of the War on Terrorism : [W]ar is the wrong metaphor for the broader struggle, since wars are fought at full intensity and have clear beginnings and endings. Meeting

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1824-897: The Virginia state senate seat. He was elected, and re-elected in 1965, 1967, 1971, and 1975. By the time he retired, Hirst had become the third most senior state senator, and chairman of the Privileges and Elections Committee. Although Hirst had not joined Webb and John A. K. Donovan ) as named plaintiffs in the reapportionment case ultimately decided (in Northern Virginia's favor) by the U.S. Supreme Court in Davis v. Mann (1963), he later worked on reapportionments in its aftermath, as well as subsequent censuses. Two of his legislative priorities were education and roads. Hirst helped create George Mason University Law School as well as enable

1881-430: The area occupied by the group of individuals who signed on to the social contract. People living outside that jurisdiction must have their rights respected, but not necessarily enforced, by that state. . . . The need for international cooperation in addressing issues such as global warming and pandemics has never been more evident. But it remains the case that one particular form of power, the ability to enforce rules through

1938-489: The benefits of unregulated markets took hold, in many ways it's had a disastrous effect. At this juncture, it seems to me that certain things Karl Marx said are turning out to be true. He talked about the crisis of overproduction… that workers would be impoverished and there would be insufficient demand. In a review for The Washington Post , Fukuyama discussed Ezra Klein 's 2020 book Why We're Polarized regarding US politics , and outlined Klein's central conclusion about

1995-642: The center-left and center-right, which I think is much healthier." However, Fukuyama also said that he "was never opposed to social democracy. I think that it really depends on the historical period and the degree of state intervention. By the 1960s, many social democratic societies had become mired in low growth [and] high inflation. At that point, I think it was important to roll some of that back. That is, in fact, what happened in Scandinavia. Most of those countries reduced tax rates, reduced levels of regulation and therefore became more productive. But I think that in

2052-403: The current period, we need more social democracy, especially in the United States." Fukuyama is a part-time photographer. He also has an interest in early American furniture , which he reproduces by hand. Another hobby of Fukuyama's is sound recording and reproduction . He explained, "These days I seem to spend as much time thinking about gear as I do analyzing politics for my day job." Since

2109-438: The development of modern democracy. According to Fukuyama, one of the main critiques of The End of History was of his aggressive stance toward postmodernism . In Fukuyama's opinion, postmodern philosophy undermined the ideology behind liberal democracy, leaving the Western world in a potentially weaker position. The fact that Marxism and fascism had proven untenable for practical use while liberal democracy still thrived

2166-625: The formulation of the Reagan Doctrine , Fukuyama is an important figure in the rise of neoconservatism , although his works came out years after Irving Kristol 's 1972 book crystallized neoconservatism. Fukuyama was active in the Project for the New American Century think tank starting in 1997, and as a member co-signed the organization's 1998 letter recommending that President Bill Clinton support Iraqi insurgencies in

2223-592: The importance of race and white identity to Donald Trump voters and Republicans. In 2020, Fukuyama became the chair of the editorial board for American Purpose, a magazine established in 2020 to promote three central ideas. Firstly, it wants to promote liberal democracy in the United States. Secondly, it seeks to understand and opine on the challenges to liberal democracy in other countries. Thirdly, it wants to "offer criticism and commentary on history and biography, high art and pop culture, science and technology." Fukuyama has also perceived Joe Biden 's victory in

2280-412: The jihadist challenge is more of a "long, twilight struggle" [quoting John F. Kennedy's inaugural address ] whose core is not a military campaign but a political contest for the hearts and minds of ordinary Muslims around the world. Fukuyama endorsed Barack Obama in the 2008 US presidential election . He states: I'm voting for Barack Obama this November for a very simple reason. It is hard to imagine

2337-424: The means of production – except in areas where it's clearly called for, like public utilities – I don't think that's going to work. If you mean redistributive programmes that try to redress this big imbalance in both incomes and wealth that has emerged then, yes, I think not only can it come back, it ought to come back. This extended period, which started with Reagan and Thatcher , in which a certain set of ideas about

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2394-553: The mid-1990s, Fukuyama has been building his own personal computers. Omer L. Hirst Omer Hirst was born in Annandale, Virginia , to Thomson Mason Hirst III and Edna Mae Bennett. His father farmed chickens, long before the area became a suburb of nearby Washington, D.C. He graduated in 1930 from Lee-Jackson High School in Alexandria, and received a B.S. degree in commerce in 1936 from Washington and Lee University , and

2451-487: The neoconservative belief in the universality of human rights, but without its illusions about the efficacy of American power and hegemony to bring these ends about." Fukuyama began to distance himself from the neoconservative agenda of the Bush administration , citing its excessive militarism and embrace of unilateral armed intervention, particularly in the Middle East. By mid-2004, Fukuyama had voiced his growing opposition to

2508-403: The ongoing Iraq War, stated: "What American foreign policy needs is not a return to a narrow and cynical realism, but rather the formulation of a 'realistic Wilsonianism' that better matches means to ends." In regard to neoconservatism, he went on to say: "What is needed now are new ideas, neither neoconservative nor realist, for how America is to relate to the rest of the world – ideas that retain

2565-651: The overthrow of then-President of Iraq Saddam Hussein . He was also among forty co-signers of William Kristol's September 20, 2001 letter to President George W. Bush after the September 11, 2001 attacks that suggested the U.S. not only "capture or kill Osama bin Laden ", but also embark upon "a determined effort to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq". As a supporter of the Iraq War Fukuyama defended

2622-452: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Fukuyama . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fukuyama&oldid=1184781327 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

2679-481: The start of the following decade, he published some reflections on his work in the form of conversations under the title After the End of History . In 2022, Fukuyama published the book Liberalism and Its Discontents , in which he defended liberalism from critics on the populist right and the progressive left . He also criticized neoliberalism and identity politics . As a key Reagan Administration contributor to

2736-426: The threat or the actual use of force, remains under the control of nation-states. . . . Ultimate power, in other words, continues to be the province of nation-states, which means that the control of power at this level remains critical. . . . There is thus no necessary contradiction between liberal universalism and the need for nation-states. Although the normative value of human rights may be universal, enforcement power

2793-612: The university to award graduate degrees, and served on its board of directors for 13 years. His wife also served on the university's board of visitors from 1983 to 1991 and later on the College of Arts and Sciences Advisory Board. Hirst also extended Interstate 66 inside the Capital Beltway and helped create the Dulles Toll Road , which officially is named after him and fellow legislator Adelard Brault . Hirst chaired

2850-402: The war against critics who accused the US of unilateralism and violating international law, saying "Americans are right to insist that there is no such thing as an ' international community ' in the abstract, and that nation-states must ultimately look out for themselves when it comes to critical matters of security". In a New York Times article from February 2006, Fukuyama, in considering

2907-557: The worldwide spread of liberal democracies and free-market capitalism of the West and its lifestyle may signal the end point of humanity's sociocultural evolution and political struggle and become the final form of human government, an assessment meeting with numerous and substantial criticisms. In his subsequent book Trust: Social Virtues and Creation of Prosperity (1995), he modified his earlier position to acknowledge that culture cannot be cleanly separated from economics. Fukuyama

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2964-838: Was a member of the Political Science Department of the RAND Corporation . He is also one of the 25 leading figures on the Information and Democracy Commission launched by Reporters Without Borders . In 2024, he received the Riggs Award for Lifetime Achievement in International and Comparative Public Administration . Francis Fukuyama was born in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, United States. His paternal grandfather fled

3021-1195: Was born in Kyoto , Japan, and was the daughter of Shiro Kawata  [ ja ] , founder of the Economics Department of Kyoto University and first president of Osaka City University . Francis, whose Japanese name is Yoshihiro , grew up in Manhattan as an only child, had little contact with Japanese culture , and did not learn Japanese. His family moved to State College, Pennsylvania , in 1967. Fukuyama received his Bachelor of Arts degree in classics from Cornell University , where he studied political philosophy under Allan Bloom . He initially pursued graduate studies in comparative literature at Yale University , going to Paris for six months to study under Roland Barthes and Jacques Derrida but became disillusioned and switched to political science at Harvard University . There, he studied with Samuel P. Huntington and Harvey Mansfield , among others. He earned his Ph.D. in political science at Harvard for his thesis on Soviet threats to intervene in

3078-556: Was going wrong at the time. In 2008, Fukuyama published the book Falling Behind: Explaining the Development Gap Between Latin America and the United States , which resulted from research and a conference funded by Grupo Mayan to gain an understanding of why Latin America, once far wealthier than North America, fell behind in terms of development in only a matter of centuries. Discussing this book at

3135-853: Was invited to join the Phi Beta Kappa society. He married Ann Palmer, and they had three children but later divorced. He married Nancy Hand in 1972, and she survived him. He served as a lieutenant in the U.S. Marines during World War II , and upon returning to Virginia was active in his Methodist Church, as well as the Lions, American Legion , Marine Corps League , Fairfax Historical Society, Boy Scouts, Fairfax High School Parent Teacher Association and various business and community associations in his native Annandale. After graduating from college, Hirst reluctantly joined his father's real estate business, and later came to live in McLean, Virginia . In 1938,

3192-485: Was reason enough to embrace the hopeful attitude of the Progressive Era , as this hope for the future was what made a society worth struggling to maintain. Postmodernism, which, by this time, had become embedded in the cultural consciousness , offered no hope and nothing to sustain a necessary sense of community, instead relying only on lofty intellectual premises. In the 2011 book, Fukuyama describes what makes

3249-407: Was the Omer L. and Nancy Hirst Professor of Public Policy in the School of Public Policy at George Mason University from 1996 to 2000. Until July 10, 2010, he was the Bernard L. Schwartz Professor of International Political Economy and Director of the International Development Program at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University in Washington, D.C. He

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