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59-806: For the Misplaced Pages G3 criterion for speedy deletion, see Misplaced Pages:Criteria for speedy deletion § G3 . G3 , G03 , G.III , G.3 or G-3 may refer to: Politics [ edit ] G-3 (Europe) , the top three economies in the European Union G-3 (Latin America) , the grouping of Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela G-3, a trio of countries consisting of U.S., China and India, first proposed by chief of world economic forum, deeming these countries to be core economic and geopolitical players in this century. Military [ edit ] AEG G.III ,

118-483: A eutectic mixture, at 700–800 °C, of potassium , lithium , and scandium chlorides . Scandium exists in the same ores that yttrium had been discovered from, but is much rarer and probably for that reason had eluded discovery. The remaining component of Marignac's ytterbia also proved to be a composite. In 1907, French scientist Georges Urbain , Austrian mineralogist Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach , and American chemist Charles James all independently discovered

177-494: A 2014–present Chinese subcompact SUV Pontiac G3 , a 2008–2010 American subcompact car XPeng G3 , a 2018–present Chinese compact electric SUV Rail transportation [ edit ] Gaiemmae Station , station G-03 of the Tokyo Metro Ginza Line PRR G3 , an American PRR 4-6-0 locomotive WLWR Class G3 , a Waterford, Limerick and Western Railway Irish steam locomotive LNER Class G3 ,

236-677: A German World War I heavy bomber Albatros G.III , a 1916 German bomber aircraft Caudron G.3 , a 1913 French single-engined biplane Friedrichshafen G.III , a 1915 German medium bomber G-3 U. S. Army Operations (military staff) G3 battlecruiser , a post First World War design for the Royal Navy that was curtailed by the Washington Naval Treaty G3 (NATO) , the Assistant Chief Of Staff or senior staff officer on Operations and Plans at

295-590: A class of British steam locomotives Roads and routes [ edit ] G3 Beijing–Taipei Expressway , incomplete expressway intended to link mainland China and Taiwan Watercraft [ edit ] G3 boats, from Yamaha Motor Corporation Other [ edit ] Kamen Rider G3 , a fictional character featured in Kamen Rider Agito G3 (company) , or "Good Governance Group", British corporate security and intelligence company G3 Ministries , Christian organization G-3 visa ,

354-634: A digital camera made by Canon G3 power state, in computer ACPI power states G3, a fax encoding format G3, a PBX from the Avaya Definity range Gibson G3 , a 1975 bass guitar iAudio G3, an mp3 player from the Cowon iAudio range Panasonic Lumix DMC-G3 , a digital interchangeable lens camera made by Panasonic PowerPC G3 , a microprocessor branding used by Apple Computer LG G3 , an Android smartphone developed by LG Electronics G3 gaming laptops series from Dell iMac G3 ,

413-601: A heavy black rock near the Swedish village of Ytterby , Sweden (part of the Stockholm Archipelago ). Thinking that it was an unknown mineral containing the newly discovered element tungsten , he named it ytterbite . Finnish scientist Johan Gadolin identified a new oxide or " earth " in Arrhenius' sample in 1789, and published his completed analysis in 1794; in 1797, the new oxide was named yttria . In

472-399: A less rich coordination chemistry. Due to the effects of the lanthanide contraction , yttrium and lutetium are very similar in properties. Yttrium and lutetium have essentially the chemistry of the heavy lanthanides , but scandium shows several differences due to its small size. This is a similar pattern to those of the early transition metal groups, where the lightest element is distinct from

531-406: A minority of elements (only 20 out of 118), but they have also never been considered as relevant for positioning any other elements on the periodic table. In gaseous atoms, the d-shells complete their filling at copper (3d 4s ), palladium (4d 5s ), and gold (5d 6s ), but it is universally accepted by chemists that these configurations are exceptional and that the d-block really ends in accordance with

590-548: A new element within ytterbia. Welsbach proposed the name cassiopeium for his new element (after Cassiopeia ), whereas Urbain chose the name lutecium (from Latin Lutetia, for Paris). The dispute on the priority of the discovery is documented in two articles in which Urbain and von Welsbach accuse each other of publishing results influenced by the published research of the other. In 1909, the Commission on Atomic Mass, which

649-453: A single country, China (99%). Lutetium and scandium are also mostly obtained as oxides, and their annual production by 2001 was about 10 and 2 tonnes, respectively. Group 3 elements are mined only as a byproduct from the extraction of other elements. They are not often produced as the pure metals; the production of metallic yttrium is about a few tonnes, and that of scandium is in the order of 10 kg per year; production of lutetium

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708-426: A suborbital tourist spaceflight on 8 September 2023 Air transportation [ edit ] City Connexion Airlines , a former Burundian airline, IATA designation G3 Gol Transportes Aéreos , a Brazilian economy airline, IATA designation G3 Gulfstream III , an American business jet, sometimes abbreviated GIII Automobiles [ edit ] BYD G3 , a 2009–2014 Chinese compact sedan Enranger G3 ,

767-570: A type of non-immigrant visa allowing travel to the United States G-III Apparel Group , a clothing manufacturing company G3 Canada , a Canadian grain company and successor to the Canadian Wheat Board See also [ edit ] 3G (disambiguation) GGG (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

826-470: Is known about lawrencium, but calculations suggest it continues the trend of its lighter congeners toward increasing density. Scandium, yttrium, and lutetium all crystallize in the hexagonal close-packed structure at room temperature, and lawrencium is expected to do the same. The stable members of the group are known to change structure at high temperature. In comparison with most metals, they are not very good conductors of heat and electricity because of

885-498: Is known to damage cell membranes of water animals, causing several negative influences on reproduction and on the functions of the nervous system. Yttrium tends to concentrate in the liver, kidney, spleen, lungs, and bones of humans. There is normally as little as 0.5 milligrams found within the entire human body; human breast milk contains 4 ppm. Yttrium can be found in edible plants in concentrations between 20 ppm and 100 ppm (fresh weight), with cabbage having

944-479: Is low enough in energy that no significant difference from the rest of the group is observed or expected. Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first three members of the group; chemical properties of lawrencium are not well-characterized, but what is known and predicted matches its position as a heavier homolog of lutetium. The remaining elements of the group (scandium, yttrium, lutetium) are quite electropositive. They are reactive metals, although this

1003-428: Is more basic still. Salts with strong acids of these metals are soluble, whereas those with weak acids (e.g. fluorides, phosphates, oxalates) are sparingly soluble or insoluble. The trends in group 3 follow those of the other early d-block groups and reflect the addition of a filled f-shell into the core in passing from the fifth to the sixth period. For example, scandium and yttrium are both soft metals. But because of

1062-404: Is not calculated, but it is certainly small. The elements, after purification from other rare-earth metals, are isolated as oxides; the oxides are converted to fluorides during reactions with hydrofluoric acid. The resulting fluorides are reduced with alkaline earth metals or alloys of the metals; metallic calcium is used most frequently. For example: Group 3 metals have low availability to

1121-433: Is not obvious due to the formation of a stable oxide layer which prevents further reactions. The metals burn easily to give the oxides, which are white high-melting solids. They are usually oxidized to the +3 oxidation state, in which they form mostly ionic compounds and have a mostly cationic aqueous chemistry. In this way they are similar to the lanthanides, although they lack the involvement of f orbitals that characterises

1180-512: Is only a secondary relationship between elements with the same number of valence electrons but different kinds of valence orbitals, such as that between chromium and uranium; whereas the relationship between yttrium and lutetium is primary, sharing both valence electron count and valence orbital type. The discovery of the group 3 elements is inextricably tied to that of the rare earths , with which they are universally associated in nature. In 1787, Swedish part-time chemist Carl Axel Arrhenius found

1239-407: Is strongly radioactive : it does not occur naturally and must be produced by artificial synthesis, but its observed and theoretically predicted properties are consistent with it being a heavier homologue of lutetium. None of the group 3 elements have any biological role. Historically, sometimes lanthanum (La) and actinium (Ac) were included in the group instead of lutetium and lawrencium, because

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1298-516: Is the only form that simultaneously allows for the preservation of the sequence of atomic number, avoids splitting the d-block into "two highly uneven portions", and gives the blocks the correct widths quantum mechanics demands (2, 6, 10, and 14). While arguments in favour of Sc-Y-La-Ac can still be found in the literature, many authors consider them to be logically inconsistent. For example, it has been argued that lanthanum and actinium cannot be f-block elements because their atoms have not begun to fill

1357-506: The IUPAC Trans-fermium Working Group named the nuclear physics teams at Dubna and Berkeley as the co-discoverers of element 103. When IUPAC made the final decision of the naming of the elements beyond 100 in 1997, it decided to keep the name "lawrencium" and symbol "Lr" for element 103 as it had been in use for a long time by that point. The name "rutherfordium" was assigned to the following element 104 , which

1416-695: The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ) at the University of California in Berkeley, California , United States . The first atoms of lawrencium were produced by bombarding a three-milligram target consisting of three isotopes of the element californium with boron -10 and boron-11 nuclei from the Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator (HILAC). The nuclide 103 was originally reported. The team at

1475-533: The electron configurations of many of the rare earths were initially measured wrongly. This version of group 3 is still commonly found in textbooks, but most authors focusing on the subject are against it. Some authors attempt to compromise between the two formats by leaving the spaces below yttrium blank, but this contradicts quantum mechanics as it results in an f-block that is 15 elements wide rather than 14 (the maximum occupancy of an f-subshell). Physical, chemical, and electronic evidence overwhelmingly shows that

1534-439: The lanthanide contraction , the expected increase in atomic radius from yttrium to lutetium is reversed; lutetium atoms are slightly smaller than yttrium atoms, but are heavier and have a higher nuclear charge. This makes the metal more dense, and also harder because the extraction of the electrons from the atom to form metallic bonding becomes more difficult. All three metals have similar melting and boiling points. Very little

1593-459: The rare-earth elements . It contains the four elements scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), lutetium (Lu), and lawrencium (Lr). The group is also called the scandium group or scandium family after its lightest member. The chemistry of the group 3 elements is typical for early transition metals: they all essentially have only the group oxidation state of +3 as a major one, and like the preceding main-group metals are quite electropositive and have

1652-424: The "15th entry of the f-block represents the first slot of the d-block which is left vacant to indicate the place of the f-block inserts", which would imply that this form still has Lu and Lr (the 15th entries in question) as d-block elements under Sc and Y. Indeed, when IUPAC publications expand the table to 32 columns, they make this clear and place Lu and Lr under Y. As noted by the 2021 IUPAC report, Sc-Y-Lu-Lr

1711-582: The 2021 IUPAC report noted that 15-element-wide f-blocks are supported by some practitioners of a specialised branch of relativistic quantum mechanics focusing on the properties of superheavy elements , the project's opinion was that such interest-dependent concerns should not have any bearing on how the periodic table is presented to "the general chemical and scientific community". In fact, relativistic quantum-mechanical calculations of Lu and Lr compounds found no valence f-orbitals in either element. Other authors focusing on superheavy elements since clarified that

1770-474: The Berkeley team had proposed it for. Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns in their electron configurations, especially the outermost shells, resulting in trends in chemical behavior. Due to relativistic effects that become important for high atomic numbers, lawrencium's configuration has an irregular 7p occupancy instead of the expected 6d, but the regular [Rn]5f 6d 7s configuration

1829-475: The First World War General characteristics Performance Armament Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era K = Kampfflugzeug (battleplane), renamed as G-class, L = bomber midway between K/G and R-classes Group 3 element Legend Group 3 is the first group of transition metals in the periodic table . This group is closely related to

G3 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1888-456: The Madelung rule at zinc (3d 4s ), cadmium (4d 5s ), and mercury (5d 6s ). The relevant fact for placement is that lanthanum and actinium (like thorium) have valence f-orbitals that can become occupied in chemical environments, whereas lutetium and lawrencium do not: their f-shells are in the core, and cannot be used for chemical reactions. Thus the relationship between yttrium and lanthanum

1947-559: The University of California suggested the name lawrencium (after Ernest O. Lawrence , the inventor of cyclotron particle accelerator) and the symbol "Lw", for the new element; IUPAC accepted their discovery, but changed the symbol to "Lr". In 1965, nuclear-physics researchers in Dubna , Soviet Union (now Russia ) reported 103, in 1967, they reported that they were not able to confirm American scientists' data on 103, and proposed

2006-409: The abundance of scandium is 16 ppm, while that of lutetium is about 0.5 ppm. For comparison, the abundance of copper is 50 ppm, that of chromium is 160 ppm, and that of molybdenum is 1.5 ppm. Scandium is distributed sparsely and occurs in trace amounts in many minerals . Rare minerals from Scandinavia and Madagascar such as gadolinite , euxenite , and thortveitite are

2065-404: The biosphere. Scandium, yttrium, and lutetium have no documented biological role in living organisms. The high radioactivity of lawrencium would make it highly toxic to living cells, causing radiation poisoning. Scandium concentrates in the liver and is a threat to it; some of its compounds are possibly carcinogenic , even though in general scandium is not toxic. Scandium is known to have reached

2124-439: The chemistry of the 4f elements lanthanum through ytterbium. The stable group 3 elements are thus often grouped with the 4f elements as the so-called rare earths . Typical transition-metal properties are mostly absent from this group, as they are for the heavier elements of groups 4 and 5: there is only one typical oxidation state and the coordination chemistry is not very rich (though high coordination numbers are common due to

2183-513: The correct elements in group 3 are scandium, yttrium, lutetium, and lawrencium: this is the classification adopted by most chemists and physicists who have considered the matter. It was supported by IUPAC in a 1988 report and reaffirmed in 2021. Many textbooks however show group 3 as containing scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium, a format based on historically wrongly measured electron configurations: Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz already considered it to be "incorrect" in 1948, but

2242-467: The decades after French scientist Antoine Lavoisier developed the first modern definition of chemical elements , it was believed that earths could be reduced to their elements, meaning that the discovery of a new earth was equivalent to the discovery of the element within, which in this case would have been yttrium . Until the early 1920s, the chemical symbol "Yt" was used for the element, after which "Y" came into common use. Yttrium metal, albeit impure,

2301-424: The division level and higher Gotha G.III , a 1916 German heavy bomber Heckler & Koch G3 , a battle rifle produced by Heckler & Koch Soko G-3, improved variant of Soko G-2 airplane USS  G-3  (SS-31) , an early U.S. Navy submarine Group of Three, a group dispatched to Lebanon in 1958, shortly before the 1958 Lebanon crisis Electronics [ edit ] Canon PowerShot G3 ,

2360-421: The element. The main mining areas are China , United States , Brazil , India , Sri Lanka and Australia . Pure lutetium metal is one of the rarest and most expensive of the rare-earth metals with the price about US$ 10,000/kg, or about one-fourth that of gold . The most available element in group 3 is yttrium, with annual production of 8,900  tonnes in 2010. Yttrium is mostly produced as oxide , by

2419-604: The f-subshells. But the same is true of thorium which is never disputed as an f-block element, and this argument overlooks the problem on the other end: that the f-shells complete filling at ytterbium and nobelium (matching the Sc-Y-Lu-Lr form), not at lutetium and lawrencium (as in Sc-Y-La-Ac). Lanthanum, actinium, and thorium are simply examples of exceptions to the Madelung rule ; not only do those exceptions represent

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2478-533: The first product in Apple's iMac line Media [ edit ] g3 (British magazine) , a UK magazine aimed at lesbian and bisexual women G3 (tour) , a live music show and guitar tour organized by Joe Satriani and Steve Vai G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics , a scientific journal in the discipline of genetics, published by the Genetics Society of America GIII , the alternative title for

2537-463: The food chain, but in trace amounts only; a typical human takes in less than 0.1 micrograms per day. Once released into the environment, scandium gradually accumulates in soils, which leads to increased concentrations in soil particles, animals and humans. Scandium is mostly dangerous in the working environment, due to the fact that damps and gases can be inhaled with air. This can cause lung embolisms, especially during long-term exposure. The element

2596-477: The issue was brought to a wide debate only in 1982 by William B. Jensen . The spaces below yttrium are sometimes left blank as a third option, but there is confusion in the literature on whether this format implies that group 3 contains only scandium and yttrium, or if it also contains all the lanthanides and actinides; either way, this format contradicts quantum physics by creating a 15-element-wide f-block when only 14 electrons can fit in an f-subshell. While

2655-432: The large size of the M ions). This said, low-oxidation state compounds may be prepared and some cyclopentadienyl chemistry is known. The chemistries of group 3 elements are thus mostly distinguished by their atomic radii: yttrium and lutetium are very similar, but scandium stands out as the least basic and the best complexing agent, approaching aluminium in some properties. They naturally take their places together with

2714-440: The largest amount. With up to 700 ppm, the seeds of woody plants have the highest known concentrations. Lutetium concentrates in bones, and to a lesser extent in the liver and kidneys. Lutetium salts are known to cause metabolism and they occur together with other lanthanide salts in nature; the element is the least abundant in the human body of all lanthanides. Human diets have not been monitored for lutetium content, so it

2773-514: The low number of electrons available for metallic bonding. Scandium, yttrium, and lutetium tend to occur together with the other lanthanides (except short-lived promethium ) in the Earth's crust, and are often harder to extract from their ores. The abundance of elements in Earth's crust for group 3 is quite low—all the elements in the group are uncommon, the most abundant being yttrium with abundance of approximately 30  parts per million (ppm);

2832-513: The name "rutherfordium" for the new element. The Dubna group criticised the IUPAC approval of the Berkeley group's discovery as having been hasty. In 1971, the Berkeley group did a whole series of experiments aimed at measuring the nuclear decay properties of element 103 isotopes, in which all previous results from Berkeley and Dubna were confirmed, except that the initial 103 isotope reported at Berkeley in 1961 turned out to have been 103. In 1992,

2891-483: The name of Ytterby just as yttria had been split); and then in 1878 when Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac split terbia and erbia themselves into more earths. Among these was ytterbia (a component of the old erbia), which Swedish chemist Lars Fredrik Nilson successfully split in 1879 to reveal yet another new element. He named it scandium, from the Latin Scandia meaning "Scandinavia". Nilson

2950-400: The new element 71, and that it was only von Welsbach's cassiopeium that was pure element 71. For this reason many German scientists continued to use the name cassiopeium for the element until the 1950s. Ironically, Charles James, who had modestly stayed out of the argument as to priority, worked on a much larger scale than the others, and undoubtedly possessed the largest supply of lutetium at

3009-529: The only known concentrated sources of this element, the latter containing up to 45% of scandium in the form of scandium(III) oxide . Yttrium has the same trend in occurrence places; it is found in lunar rock samples collected during the American Apollo Project in a relatively high content as well. The principal commercially viable ore of lutetium is the rare-earth phosphate mineral monazite , (Ce,La,etc.)PO 4 , which contains 0.003% of

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3068-441: The rare earths in a series of trivalent elements: yttrium acts as a rare earth intermediate between dysprosium and holmium in basicity; lutetium as less basic than the 4f elements and the least basic of the lanthanides; and scandium as a rare earth less basic than even lutetium. Scandium oxide is amphoteric ; lutetium oxide is more basic (although it can with difficulty be made to display some acidic properties), and yttrium oxide

3127-529: The same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G3&oldid=1259356545 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages AEG G.III Data from German Aircraft of

3186-611: The third and final film in the Gamera heisei trilogy. Science [ edit ] ATC code G03 Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system , subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System G3 star, a subclass of G-class stars in stellar classification Group 3 element of the periodic table G3 medium in embryo culture Transportation [ edit ] Galactic 03 (G03),

3245-509: The time. Lutetium was the last of the stable rare earths to be discovered. Over a century of research had split the original yttrium of Gadolin into yttrium, scandium, lutetium, and seven other new elements. Lawrencium is the only element of the group that does not occur naturally. It was probably first synthesized by Albert Ghiorso and his team on February 14, 1961, at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (now called

3304-442: The very similar next two. All the group 3 elements are rather soft, silvery-white metals, although their hardness increases with atomic number. They quickly tarnish in air and react with water, though their reactivity is masked by the formation of an oxide layer. The first three of them occur naturally, and especially yttrium and lutetium are almost invariably associated with the lanthanides due to their similar chemistry. Lawrencium

3363-438: Was apparently unaware of Mendeleev's prediction, but Per Teodor Cleve recognized the correspondence and notified Mendeleev. Chemical experiments on scandium proved that Mendeleev's suggestions were correct; along with discovery and characterization of gallium and germanium this proved the correctness of the whole periodic table and periodic law . Metallic scandium was produced for the first time in 1937 by electrolysis of

3422-724: Was first prepared in 1828 when Friedrich Wöhler heated anhydrous yttrium(III) chloride with potassium to form metallic yttrium and potassium chloride . In fact, Gadolin's yttria proved to be a mixture of many metal oxides, that started the history of the discovery of the rare earths. In 1869, Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev published his periodic table, which had an empty space for an element above yttrium. Mendeleev made several predictions on this hypothetical element, which he called eka-boron . By then, Gadolin's yttria had already been split several times; first by Swedish chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander , who in 1843 had split out two more earths which he called terbia and erbia (splitting

3481-431: Was responsible for the attribution of the names for the new elements, granted priority to Urbain and adopting his names as official ones. An obvious problem with this decision was that Urbain was one of the four members of the commission. In 1949, the spelling of element 71 was changed to lutetium. Later work connected with Urbain's attempts to further split his lutecium however revealed that it had only contained traces of

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