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57-632: Human settlement in Koszalin dates back to prehistoric times. Various traces of human settlement of the Funnelbeaker , Globular Amphora and Lusatian cultures and from ancient Roman times and Early Middle Ages were discovered during archaeological excavations . The territory became part of the emerging Polish state under Mieszko I around 967. According to the Medieval Chronicle of Greater Poland ( Kronika Wielkopolska ) Koszalin

114-552: A dukedom were of such gravity and complexity that they resulted in the postponement of the burial of Bogislaw's body for almost 20 years. The succession to his lands was mainly between George William, Elector of Brandenburg , the heir under a pact between the two families in 1464, and his brother-in-law Gustavus Adolphus , King of Sweden , who had occupied much of Pomerania on entering the Thirty Years' War in 1629. According to Bogislaw' last will , in case of no succession with

171-427: A megalithic long barrow. This is the earliest known direct evidence for wheeled vehicles in the world (i.e. not models or images). Houses were centered on a monumental grave, a symbol of social cohesion. Burial practices were varied depending on region and changed over time. Inhumation seems to have been the rule. The oldest graves consisted of wooden chambered cairns inside long barrows, but were later made in

228-520: A migration of colonists from the Michelsberg culture of Central Europe . The Michelsberg culture is archaeologically and genetically strongly differentiated from the preceding post- Linear Pottery cultures of Central Europe, being distinguished by increased levels of hunter-gatherer ancestry. Its people were probably descended from farmers migrating into Central Europe out of Iberia and modern-day France, who in turn were descended from farmers of

285-643: A part of the Holy Roman Empire from 1227. In 1214, Bogislaw II , Duke of Pomerania , made a donation of a village known as Koszalice/Cossalitz by Chełmska Hill in Kołobrzeg Land to the Norbertine monastery in Białoboki near Trzebiatów . New, mostly German , settlers from outside of Pomerania were invited to settle the territory. In 1248, the eastern part of Kołobrzeg Land, including the village,

342-463: A stroke which left him partially paralyzed. In 1634 he abdicated without clear succession resulting in a constitutional power struggle between his relatives and the governing council. With the constitutional issues unresolved, no recognized male issue, and virtually all of Pomerania occupied by Swedish and imperial troops, Bogislaw died in 1637. The conflicts and issues surrounding the personal and constitutional succession and general future of Pomerania as

399-559: Is known to be the oldest festival of young cinema in Poland. Among the filmmakers who debuted with their films at the festival are Krzysztof Zanussi , Krzysztof Kieślowski , Agnieszka Holland , Filip Bajon and Barbara Sass . Koszalin is twinned with: Funnelbeaker culture The Funnel(-neck-)beaker culture , in short TRB or TBK ( German : Trichter(-rand-)becherkultur , Dutch : Trechterbekercultuur ; Danish : Tragtbægerkultur ; c.  4300–2800 BCE ),

456-550: Is located on the hill. At the entrance to the sanctuary there is a monument dedicated to the Polish November insurgents of 1831, who, imprisoned by Prussian authorities, built a road connecting Koszalin with nearby Sianów . Koszalin's most distinctive landmark is the Gothic St. Mary's Cathedral, dating from the early 14th century. Positioned in front of the cathedral is a monument commemorating John Paul II's visit to

513-786: The Cardial Ware cultures who had migrated westwards from the Balkans along the Mediterranean coast. Connections between the Funnelbeakers and these farmers of the Atlantic coast is supported by genetic evidence. After its establishment, the Funnelbeaker culture rapidly spread into southern Scandinavia and Poland, in what appears to have been a well-organized colonizing venture. In southern Scandinavia it replaced

570-462: The Corded Ware culture . In the past, a number of other archaeologists proposed that the Corded Ware culture was a purely local development of the Funnelbeaker culture, but genetic evidence has since demonstrated that this was not the case. Ancient DNA analysis has found the people who produced the Funnelbeaker culture to be genetically different from earlier hunter-gather inhabitants of

627-656: The Ertebølle culture , which had maintained a Mesolithic lifestyle for about 1500 years after farming arrived in Central Europe. The emergence of the Neolithic British Isles through maritime colonization by Michelsberg-related groups occurred almost at the same time as the expansion of the Funnelbeaker culture into Scandinavia, suggesting that these events may be connected. Although they were largely of Early European Farmer (EEF) descent, people of

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684-609: The Ertebølle-Ellerbek groups in the north. The TRB introduced farming and husbandry as major food sources to the pottery-using hunter-gatherers north of this line. The TRB techno-complex is divided into a northern group including northern Germany and southern Scandinavia (TRB-N, roughly the area that previously belonged to the Ertebølle-Ellerbek complex), a western group in the Netherlands between

741-784: The Nazi Party took power in Germany in 1933, a Gestapo station was established in the city and mass arrests of Nazi opponents were carried out. After the Nazis had closed down Dietrich Bonhoeffer 's seminar in Finkenwalde (Zdroje, Szczecin) in 1937, Bonhoeffer chose the town as one of the sites where he illegally continued to educate vicars of the Confessing Church . During the Second World War Köslin

798-532: The Protestant Reformation . In 1534 the city became mostly Lutheran under the influence of Johannes Bugenhagen . In 1568, John Frederick, Duke of Pomerania and bishop of Cammin , started constructing a residence, finished by his successor Casimir VI of Pomerania in 1582. After the 1637 death of the last Pomeranian duke, Bogislaw XIV , the city passed to his cousin, Bishop Ernst Bogislaw von Croÿ of Kammin. Occupied by Swedish troops during

855-531: The Province of Pomerania . The Fürstenthum District was dissolved on 1 September 1872 and replaced with the Cöslin District on December 13. Between 1829 and 1845, a road connecting Cöslin (Koszalin) with Stettin (Szczecin) and Danzig (Gdańsk) was built. Part of this road, from Cöslin (Koszalin) to the nearby town of Sianów , was built in 1833 by around one hundred former Polish insurgents . In 1869,

912-652: The Thirty Years' War in 1637, some of the city's inhabitants sought refuge in nearby Poland. The city was granted to Brandenburg-Prussia after the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) and the Treaty of Stettin (1653) , and with all of Farther Pomerania became part of the Brandenburgian Pomerania . Now renamed Cöslin as part of the Kingdom of Prussia , the city was heavily damaged by a fire in 1718, but

969-463: The Thirty Years' War , Bogislaw in the Capitulation of Franzburg was forced to allow imperial troops commanded by Albrecht von Wallenstein to use his territories as a base in 1627. In turn, his lands became embroiled in the war, with all its disastrous consequences. In the 1630s, many of the local nobility tried to lessen his power, and this problem occupied Bogislaw in the early 1630s, causing

1026-667: The Zuiderzee and lower Elbe that originated in the Swifterbant culture , an eastern group centered on the Vistula catchment, roughly ranging from Oder to Bug , and south-central groups (TRB-MES, Altmark) around the middle and upper Elbe and Saale . Especially in the southern and eastern groups, local sequences of variants emerged. In the late 4th millennium BCE, the Globular Amphora culture (GAC) replaced most of

1083-598: The 19th-century Polish poets Cyprian Norwid and Adam Mickiewicz . Nearby cities: Nearby villages: The climate is oceanic ( Köppen : Cfb ) with some humid continental characteristics ( Dfb ), usually categorized if the 0 °C isotherm is used (for the same classification). Being in Western Pomerania and near the Baltic Sea , it has a much more moderate climate than the other large Polish cities . The summers are warm and practically never hot as in

1140-678: The Baltic Sea trade as a member of the Hanseatic League (from 1386), which led to several conflicts with the competing seaports of at Kołobrzeg and Darłowo . From 1356 until 1417/1422, the city was part of the Duchy of Pomerania-Wolgast . In 1446 Koszalin fought a victorious battle against the nearby rival city of Kołobrzeg . In 1475 a conflict between the city of Koszalin and the Pomeranian duke Bogislaw X broke out, resulting in

1197-753: The Elbe catchment area include the Tiefstich pottery group in northern Germany as well as the cultures of the Baalberge group (TRB-MES II and III; MES = Mittelelbe- Saale ), the Salzmünde and Walternienburg and Bernburg (all TRB-MES IV) whose centres were in Saxony-Anhalt . With the exception of some inland settlements such as the Alvastra pile-dwelling , the settlements are located near those of

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1254-743: The Funnelbeaker culture had a relatively high amount of hunter-gatherer admixture, particularly in Scandinavia, suggesting that hunter-gatherer populations were partially incorporated into it during its expansion into this region. People of the Funnelbeaker culture often had between 30% and 50% hunter-gatherer ancestry depending on the region. During later phases of the Neolithic, the Funnelbeaker culture re-expanded out of Scandinavia southwards into Central Europe, establishing several regional varieties. This expansion appears to have been accompanied by significant human migration. The southward expansion of

1311-507: The Funnelbeaker culture had been replaced by the Corded Ware culture. Genetic studies suggest that Funnelbeaker women were incorporated into the Corded Ware culture through intermixing with incoming Corded Ware males, and that people of the Corded Ware culture continued to use Funnelbeaker megaliths as burial grounds. Subsequent cultures of Late Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age Central Europe display strong maternal genetic affinity with

1368-501: The Funnelbeaker culture was accompanied by a substantial increase in hunter-gatherer lineages in Central Europe. The Funnelbeaker communities in Central Europe which emerged were probably quite genetically and ethnically mixed, and archaeological evidence suggests that they were relatively violent. From the middle of the 4th millennium BCE, the Funnelbeaker culture was gradually replaced by the Globular Amphora culture on its southeastern fringes, and began to decline in Scandinavia. In

1425-802: The Funnelbeaker culture. The TRB ranges from the Elbe catchment in Germany and Bohemia with a western extension into the Netherlands , to southern Scandinavia ( Denmark up to Uppland in Sweden and the Oslofjord in Norway ) in the north, and to the Vistula catchment in Poland and the area between Dnister and Western Bug headwaters in Ukraine in the east. Variants of the Funnelbeaker culture in or near

1482-516: The House of Pomerania, his lands were to pass to Sweden , not to Brandenburg-Prussia . Both, Sweden and Brandenburg, exploited not only their position as superior military and occupying powers but also the succession conflicts within the House of Pomerania itself. Therefore, when the allocation of territory was decided at the Peace of Westphalia which concluded the war in 1648, Pomerania was carved up and

1539-672: The Saint Joseph church was built by local Poles . The town became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the unification of Germany . The railroad from Stettin through Cöslin and Stolp (Słupsk) to Danzig was constructed from 1858 to 1878. A military cadet school created by Frederick the Great in 1776 was moved from Kulm (Chełmno) to the city in 1890. The Kösliner Zeitung was as a local newspaper published in Köslin. After

1596-513: The Soviets . As early as March 1945 a Polish police unit was established, consisting of former forced labourers and prisoners of war , however, the Soviets, still present in the city, plundered local industrial factories in April. From May 1945, life in the destroyed city was being organized, the first post-war schools, shops and service premises were established. In 1946, the first public library

1653-410: The administration of the diocese was done from Koszalin. In 1278 a Cistercian monastery was established, which took care of the local parish church and St. Mary chapel on Chełmska Hill. The city obtained direct access to the Baltic Sea when it gained the village of Jamno (1331), parts of Lake Jamno , a spit between the lake and the sea and the castle of Unieście in 1353. Thence, it participated in

1710-587: The city, including a subcamp of the Stalag II-B POW camp . Polish forced labourers constituted up to 10% of the city's population during the war. Germany also operated a prison in the city, with forced labour subcamps in the region. After crushing the Warsaw Uprising , the Germans brought several transports of Poles from Warsaw to the city, mainly women and children. On 4 March 1945, the city

1767-635: The city. Other city landmarks include the Park of the Dukes of Pomerania ( Park Książąt Pomorskich ), the Koszalin Museum, the main post office, the 16th-century Wedding Palace and the Culture Centre 105 ( Centrum Kultury 105 ). The city also has monuments dedicated to Polish national heroes: Józef Piłsudski , Władysław Anders , Kazimierz Pułaski , Władysław Sikorski , as well monuments of

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1824-564: The context of the Kurgan hypothesis (or steppe hypothesis), the culture is seen as non-Indo-European, representing a culture of Neolithic origin, as opposed to the Indo-European-language-speaking peoples (see Yamna culture ) who later intruded from the east. Marija Gimbutas postulated that the political relationship between the aboriginal and intrusive cultures resulted in quick and smooth cultural morphosis into

1881-618: The country. The city has organised an annual film festival since 1973 titled Koszalin Festival of Film Debuts "The Youth and Film" ( Polish : Koszaliński Festiwal Debiutów Filmowych "Młodzi i Film" ) with the aim to promote young filmmakers. Since 2007, the festival has been a competition review of Polish debuts ( feature and short films , documentaries and animations ). Besides the competition, there are retrospectives, workshops, and discussions about young cinema entitled "Honesty to Honesty" (Polish: Szczerość za szczerość ). The festival

1938-472: The early 3rd millennium BCE, the Corded Ware culture appeared in Northern Europe. Its peoples were of marked steppe-related ancestry and traced their origins in cultures further east. This period is distinguished by the construction of numerous defensive palisades in Funnelbeaker territory, which may be a sign of violent conflict between the Funnelbeakers, Corded Ware, and Pitted Ware. By 2650 BCE,

1995-739: The eastern and subsequently also the southern TRB groups, reducing the TRB area to modern northern Germany and southern Scandinavia. The younger TRB in these areas was superseded by the Single Grave culture (EGK) at about 2800 BCE. The north-central European megaliths were built primarily during the TRB era. The Funnelbeaker culture is named for its characteristic ceramics, beakers and amphorae with funnel-shaped tops, which were found in dolmen burials. The Funnelbeaker culture emerged in northern modern-day Germany c.  4100 BCE . Archaeological evidence strongly suggests that it originated through

2052-497: The family. Flint-axes and vessels were also deposited in streams and lakes near the farmlands, and virtually all of Sweden's 10,000 flint axes that have been found from this culture were probably sacrificed in water. They also constructed large cult centres surrounded by pales, earthworks and moats. The largest one is found at Sarup on Fyn . It comprises 85,000 m and is estimated to have taken 8000 workdays. Another cult centre at Stävie near Lund comprises 30,000 m . In

2109-657: The fastest growing city in Poland. In years 1975-98 it was the capital of the smaller Koszalin Voivodeship . As a result of the Local Government Reorganization Act (1998) Koszalin became part of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship (effective 1 January 1999) regardless of an earlier proposal for a new Middle Pomeranian Voivodeship covering approximately the area of former Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–75). In 1991, Koszalin

2166-680: The form of passage graves and dolmens . Originally, the structures were probably covered with a mound of earth and the entrance was blocked by a stone. The Funnelbeaker culture marks the appearance of megalithic tombs at the coasts of the Baltic and of the North sea, an example of which are the Sieben Steinhäuser in northern Germany . The megalithic structures of Ireland, France and Portugal are somewhat older and have been connected to earlier archeological cultures of those areas. At graves,

2223-437: The kidnapping and temporary imprisonment of the duke in Koszalin. As a result of German colonization , the town became mostly German-speaking, putting indigenous Slavic speakers at disadvantage. In 1516 local Germans enforced a ban on buying goods from Slavic speakers. It was also forbidden to accept native Slavs to craft guilds, which indicates ethnic discrimination. In 1531 riots took place between supporters and opponents of

2280-539: The north. A total of 62 males from sites attributed to the Funnelbeaker culture in Scandinavia and Germany have been sequenced for ancient DNA. Most belonged to haplogroup I2 while a smaller number belonged to R1b-V88, Q-FTF30 and G2a. MtDNA haplogroups included U, H, T, R and K. West Asia (6000–3500 BC) Europe (5500–2200 BC) Central Asia (3700–1700 BC) South Asia (4300–1800 BC) China (5000–2900 BC) Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania Bogislaw XIV (31 March 1580 – 10 March 1637)

2337-630: The northern edge of the Beskidy Mountains (northern Carpathian ring), which is indirectly dated to the time span from 3636 to 3373 BCE and is the oldest evidence for covered carriages in Central Europe. They were drawn by cattle, presumably oxen whose remains were found with the pot. Today it is housed in the Archaeological Museum of Cracow ( Muzeum Archeologiczne w Krakowie ), Poland. At Flintbek in northern Germany cart tracks dating from c. 3400 BCE were discovered underneath

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2394-493: The people sacrificed ceramic vessels that contained food along with amber jewelry and flint-axes. Genetic analysis of several dozen individuals found in the Funnelbeaker passage grave Frälsegården in Sweden suggest that these burials were based on a patrilineal social organisation, with the vast majority of males being ultimately descended from a single male ancestor while the women were mostly unrelated who presumably married into

2451-407: The previous Ertebølle culture on the coast. It was characterized by single-family daubed houses c. 12 m x 6 m. The Funnelbeaker culture was dominated by animal husbandry of sheep , cattle , pigs and goats , but there was also hunting and fishing. Primitive wheat and barley was grown on small patches that were fast depleted, due to which the population frequently moved small distances. There

2508-518: The region, and are instead closely related to other European Neolithic farmers , who ultimately traced most of their ancestry from early farmers in Anatolia , with some admixture from European hunter-gatherer groups. Genetic analysis suggests that there was some minor gene flow between the producers of the Funnelbeaker culture and those of the hunter-gatherer Pitted Ware culture (which descended from earlier Scandinavian hunter-gather groups) to

2565-464: The south and the winters are often more moderate than the northeast and east, although still cold, yet it is not as mild as Western Europe . Daily averages below freezing point can be found in January and February, while in the summer they are between 15 and 16 °C, relatively cool. The average annual precipitation is 704 mm, distributed during the year. Koszalin is one of the sunniest cities in

2622-554: Was also mining (in the Malmö region) and collection of flintstone ( Świętokrzyskie Mountains ), which was traded into regions lacking the stone, such as the Scandinavian hinterland. The culture used copper from Silesia , especially daggers and axes . The Funnelbeaker Culture preserves the oldest dated evidence of wheeled vehicles in middle Europe. One example is the engraving on a ceramic tureen from Bronocice in Poland on

2679-403: Was an archaeological culture in north-central Europe . It developed as a technological merger of local neolithic and mesolithic techno-complexes between the lower Elbe and middle Vistula rivers. These predecessors were the ( Danubian ) Lengyel -influenced Stroke-ornamented ware culture (STK) groups/Late Lengyel and Baden-Boleráz in the southeast, Rössen groups in the southwest and

2736-644: Was captured by the Red Army . Under the border changes forced by the Soviet Union in the post-war Potsdam Agreement , Koszalin became part of Poland as part of the so-called Recovered Territories . The city's German population that had not yet fled was expelled to the remainder of post-war Germany in accordance to the Potsdam Agreement. The city was resettled by Poles and Kashubians , many of whom had been expelled from Polish territory annexed by

2793-491: Was incorporated into the Duchy of Stettin, which he inherited on the death of his elder brother Francis . Early in 1625 he became ruler of all West Pomerania on the death of the last Duke of Wolgast , Philipp Julius , and on 19 February he was married to Elisabeth (24 September 1580 – 21 December 1653), fifth daughter of John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg , by his first wife, Elisabeth of Brunswick-Grubenhagen . Despite his attempts to avoid becoming embroiled in

2850-421: Was one of the Pomeranian cities captured and subjugated by Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland in 1107 (other towns included Kołobrzeg , Kamień and Wolin ). Afterwards, in the 12th century the area became part of the Griffin -ruled Duchy of Pomerania , a vassal state of Poland , which separated from Poland after the fragmentation of Poland into smaller duchies, and became a vassal of Denmark in 1185 and

2907-402: Was opened, whose director was later Maria Pilecka, the sister of Polish national hero Witold Pilecki . In March 1946, the anti-communist Home Army 5th Wilno Brigade was active in Koszalin. In July 1947, the last units of the Soviet Army left Koszalin, and from that time only Polish troops were stationed in the city. In 1953 a local radio station was founded in Koszalin. Initially, Koszalin

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2964-422: Was rebuilt in the following years. In 1764 on the Chełmska Hill, now located within the city limits, a Pole Jan Gelczewski founded a paper mill that supplied numerous city offices. The city was occupied by French troops in 1807 after the War of the Fourth Coalition . Following the Napoleonic wars , it became the capital of Fürstenthum District ( county ) and Regierungsbezirk Cöslin ( government region ) within

3021-439: Was the first post-war regional capital of Polish Western Pomerania, before the administration finally moved to Szczecin in February 1946, after which the region was named the Szczecin Voivodeship . In 1950 this voivodeship was divided into a truncated Szczecin Voivodeship and Koszalin Voivodeship . In years 1950-75 Koszalin was the capital of the enlarged Koszalin Voivodeship sometimes called Middle Pomerania due to becoming

3078-471: Was the last Duke of Pomerania . He was also the Lutheran administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Cammin . Bogislaw was born in Barth as a member of the House of Griffin . He was the third son of Duke Bogislaw XIII by his first wife Clara of Brunswick-Lüneburg . On the death of his father in 1606, he and his younger brother George II became joint dukes of Rügenwalde (Darłowo). George II died in 1617, and Bogislaw became sole ruler. In 1620 his domain

3135-463: Was the site of the first school for the "rocket troops" created on orders of Walter Dornberger , the Wehrmacht 's head of the V-2 design and development program. The Polish resistance conducted espionage of German activity and distributed Polish underground press in the city. The Nazis brought many prisoners of war and forced labourers to the city, mainly Poles, but also Italians and French . The Germans operated several forced labour camps in

3192-399: Was transferred by Duke Barnim I to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin . On 23 May 1266, Kammin bishop Hermann von Gleichen granted a charter to the village, granting it Lübeck law , local government, autonomy and multiple privileges to attract German settlers from the west. When in 1276 the bishops became the sovereign in neighboring Kołobrzeg , they moved their residence there, while

3249-411: Was visited by Pope John Paul II . On the fifth anniversary of his visit, his monument was unveiled in the city center. The city borders on Chełmska Hill ( Polish : Góra Chełmska ), a site of pagan worship in prehistory, and upon which is now built the tower "sanctuary of the covenant", which was consecrated by Pope John Paul II in 1991, and is currently a pilgrimage site. Also an observation tower

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