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40-488: The Koyana Dam situated near Koyananagar village. On river Koyana. The total capacity of the project is 1,960 MW . The project consists of four stages of power generation. All the generators are located in underground powerhouses excavated deep inside the mountains of the Western Ghats . A dam foot powerhouse also contributes to the electricity generation . Due to the project's electricity generating potential

80-558: A light bulb with a power rating of 100 W is turned on for one hour, the energy used is 100 watt hours (W·h), 0.1 kilowatt hour, or 360  kJ . This same amount of energy would light a 40-watt bulb for 2.5 hours, or a 50-watt bulb for 2 hours. Power stations are rated using units of power, typically megawatts or gigawatts (for example, the Three Gorges Dam in China is rated at approximately 22 gigawatts). This reflects

120-408: A beautiful park and naming it as "Nehru Memorial Park". This park is a major attraction for tourists. An upstream side view of dam is visible from this garden. There is an auditorium named 'Yashogatha' (meaning: story of success) which relives a small element of the tremendous efforts taken by the engineers and workers associated with project. Due to the large rainfall in the hilly region surrounding

160-586: A capacity of 80 MW each. The tail race water from these stages then flows through a channel and joins the Arabian Sea near Chiplun . The installed generating capacity of this stage is 320 MW. Later in the 1980s, the electricity demand of the Maharashtra increased tremendously resulting in inadequate power supply. The Planning Commission accorded approval to Stage IV with installation capacity of 4 × 250 MW . Thus, one more stage called Stage IV

200-492: A constant opposing force of one newton , the rate at which work is done is one watt. 1   W = 1   J / s = 1   N ⋅ m / s = 1   k g ⋅ m 2 ⋅ s − 3 . {\displaystyle \mathrm {1~W=1~J{/}s=1~N{\cdot }m{/}s=1~kg{\cdot }m^{2}{\cdot }s^{-3}} .} In terms of electromagnetism , one watt

240-401: A diverse variety of fauna including tigers and panthers; gaurs and sambars; barking and mouse deer; pythons and cobras; common langurs and Indian giant squirrels . Many species of birds are found in the sanctuary including brown capped woodpecker; Asian fairy bluebird ; and crested goshawk . Another attraction of the sanctuary is Vasota Fort which lies deep in the forest and is located at

280-562: A height of 1,120 m (3,675 ft) above sea level. The legend states that the fort was constructed by Malwa king Raja Bhoja in 1170. When the project work was nearing completion, on 10 April 1960, the then Prime Minister of India Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru visited the Koyna Project. To commemorate this event a tableau was unveiled at his gracious hands on the right flank hillock of Koyna Dam. This project came up with an idea of immortalizing this place and this event by constructing

320-401: A means of isolation of flows and regulate the flow of water while delivering it to waste management facilities or power plants. Penstocks are incorporated into the surface water management systems (drainage) of many landfill sites. Retention basins are constructed in order to store storm water, limiting the discharge from the site to its pre-development rate. Valved penstocks are installed at

360-542: A period of one year: equivalent to approximately 114 megawatts of constant power output. The watt-second is a unit of energy, equal to the joule . One kilowatt hour is 3,600,000 watt seconds. While a watt per hour is a unit of rate of change of power with time, it is not correct to refer to a watt (or watt-hour) as a watt per hour. Penstocks A penstock is a sluice or gate or intake structure that controls water flow, or an enclosed pipe that delivers water to hydro turbines and sewerage systems. The term

400-541: A turbine, which generates 648 MW e (i.e. electricity). Other SI prefixes are sometimes used, for example gigawatt electrical (GW e ). The International Bureau of Weights and Measures , which maintains the SI-standard, states that further information about a quantity should not be attached to the unit symbol but instead to the quantity symbol (e.g., P th = 270 W rather than P = 270 W th ) and so these unit symbols are non-SI. In compliance with SI,

440-495: A unit of time, namely 1 J/s. In this new definition, 1 absolute watt = 1.00019 international watts. Texts written before 1948 are likely to be using the international watt, which implies caution when comparing numerical values from this period with the post-1948 watt. In 1960, the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted the absolute watt into the International System of Units (SI) as

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480-419: Is also used in irrigation dams to refer to the channels leading to and from high-pressure sluice gates . Penstocks are also used in mine tailings dam construction. The penstock is usually situated fairly close to the center of the tailings dam and built up using penstock rings, short reinforced ring-like sections of pipe which nest one within the other when stacked and thereby control the water level, letting

520-733: Is named after the Scottish inventor James Watt . The unit name was proposed by C. William Siemens in August 1882 in his President's Address to the Fifty-Second Congress of the British Association for the Advancement of Science . Noting that units in the practical system of units were named after leading physicists, Siemens proposed that watt might be an appropriate name for a unit of power. Siemens defined

560-414: Is of Scots origin, and was inherited from the earlier technology of mill ponds and watermills , with penstocks diverting pond waters to drive the mills. Penstocks for hydroelectric installations are normally equipped with a gate system and a surge tank . They can be a combination of many components such as anchor block, drain valve, air bleed valve, and support piers depending on the application. Flow

600-528: Is proposed for the intake system. The impounded water of the Koyna Dam though has submerged a significant amount of rain forest of the Western Ghats , it has helped a lot to the surrounding forest by supplying water all round the year. Hence a wide biodiversity of plants and animals is observed in the evergreen forest surrounding the reservoir area. Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary has dense forests with three major sections, Vasota, Maharkhor and Indavli Met, and

640-401: Is regulated to suit turbine operation and is cut off when turbines are not in service. Penstocks, particularly where used in polluted water systems, need to be maintained by hot water washing, manual cleaning, antifouling coatings, allowing waters to go anoxic , and desiccation used to dry fouling out so that it may slough off or become easier to remove through manual processes. The term

680-402: Is taken through an intake structure known as Navja tower near village of Navja into the head race tunnel. Then it travels towards the surge tank . It is further divided into four pressure shafts which run vertically downward delivering water to the turbines. Then the water is discharged into the tail race tunnel. A dam foot powerhouse was also constructed which is used to generate electricity by

720-523: Is the rate at which electrical work is performed when a current of one ampere (A) flows across an electrical potential difference of one volt (V), meaning the watt is equivalent to the volt-ampere (the latter unit, however, is used for a different quantity from the real power of an electrical circuit). 1   W = 1   V ⋅ A . {\displaystyle \mathrm {1~W=1~V{\cdot }A} .} Two additional unit conversions for watt can be found using

760-472: Is used in the underground powerhouse of this stage. The installed capacity of this stage alone is 01000 Mw. This stage is mostly used to cater for the peak hour demands of the electric grid . To utilise more water from the Shivasagar reservoir, another dam foot powerhouse is being constructed on the left bank of the dam. This powerhouse will employ a pumped storage scheme. Also lake tapping

800-530: Is used to quantify the rate of energy transfer . The watt is named in honor of James Watt (1736–1819), an 18th-century Scottish inventor , mechanical engineer , and chemist who improved the Newcomen engine with his own steam engine in 1776. Watt's invention was fundamental for the Industrial Revolution . When an object's velocity is held constant at one meter per second against

840-539: The slimes settle out of the water. This water is then piped under the tailings dam back to the plant via a penstock pipeline. Inlet valves on the downstream end of penstocks are often used at mill sites to control the flow of water through the mill wheel, or to pen water into a mill pool. Similar structures which are not enclosed are head races or leats (non elevated), and flumes (elevated). Penstocks are commonly used in water management systems such as surface water drainage and foul water sewers. Penstocks provide

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880-572: The 3rd stage and then discharged to the Arabian Sea. The electricity generated in all the stages is delivered to the main electrical grid . The project is run by the Maharashtra State Electricity Board . Besides this dam foot powerhouse part of power plant also produces 40 MW through two generating units of 20 MW each, totalling 1960 MW. Details of each stage are given below. The first stage of

920-541: The Koyna Dam and is used in the 1st, 2nd and 4th stages. This water is drawn from head race tunnels situated below the reservoir. Then it travels through vertical pressure shafts to the underground powerhouses . The discharged water from these stages is collected and stored in Kolkewadi Dam situated near village of Alore . The water is drawn from the penstocks of Kolkewadi Dam to an underground power station in

960-683: The Koyna River is considered as the life line of Maharashtra. The project takes advantage of the height of Western Ghats. Thus a very large hydraulic head is available over a very short distance. In the early 20th century, there was a survey of the Koyna River as a potential hydro-electric source. After the First World War , a hydro-electric project on the Koyna river was investigated by the Tata Group . The 1928 financial crisis caused

1000-470: The above equation and Ohm's law . 1   W = 1   V 2 / Ω = 1   A 2 ⋅ Ω , {\displaystyle \mathrm {1~W=1~V^{2}/\Omega =1~A^{2}{\cdot }\Omega } ,} where ohm ( Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } ) is the SI derived unit of electrical resistance . The watt

1040-515: The energy company Ørsted A/S uses the unit megawatt for produced electrical power and the equivalent unit megajoule per second for delivered heating power in a combined heat and power station such as Avedøre Power Station . When describing alternating current (AC) electricity, another distinction is made between the watt and the volt-ampere . While these units are equivalent for simple resistive circuits , they differ when loads exhibit electrical reactance . Radio stations usually report

1080-460: The maximum power output it can achieve at any point in time. A power station's annual energy output, however, would be recorded using units of energy (not power), typically gigawatt hours. Major energy production or consumption is often expressed as terawatt hours for a given period; often a calendar year or financial year. One terawatt hour of energy is equal to a sustained power delivery of one terawatt for one hour, or approximately 114 megawatts for

1120-488: The power of their transmitters in units of watts, referring to the effective radiated power . This refers to the power that a half-wave dipole antenna would need to radiate to match the intensity of the transmitter's main lobe . The terms power and energy are closely related but distinct physical quantities. Power is the rate at which energy is generated or consumed and hence is measured in units (e.g. watts) that represent energy per unit time . For example, when

1160-433: The power requirements, the two stages should be merged and both the stages should be constructed simultaneously. Hence, it was accepted that the two stages have to be executed as one. The 1st and 2nd stages share same powerhouse with total eight Pelton turbine units. Each of the two stages has four turbines having capacity of 65 MW each for 1st stage and 75 MW each for 2nd stage. The water from Shivasagar reservoir

1200-411: The project to be shelved. In 1951 Koyna Dam division started to look into the project. The project was approved in 1953 and work commenced in early 1954. The second stage of the project was made using a World Bank loan (Project loan number 24-IN. The project is composed of four dams with the major contributors being the Koyna Dam and Kolkewadi Dam . The water from Shivasagar reservoir was formed by

1240-443: The project was approved in late 1953 and construction began in early 1954. Initially a two-stage construction was conceived. But the total generation capacity of the two stages was too large for load forecasts of that time. So a time lag of more than 10 years was proposed between the two stages. Within two years thereafter, it came to be noticed that the 10 years time tag between these two stages will not be affordable and to cope up with

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1280-476: The reservoir, some beautiful falls are generated in the monsoon season . The largest of them is the Ozarda falls near Navaja village 10 km from Koyna. This is also a major attraction for tourists visiting in monsoon season. Megawatt The watt (symbol: W ) is the unit of power or radiant flux in the International System of Units (SI), equal to 1 joule per second or 1 kg⋅m ⋅s . It

1320-527: The sanctuary is endowed with natural protective boundaries – Shivasagar Lake on one side, and the slopes of the Western Ghats on both the sides. This protective cover has enabled the emergence of a diverse variety of flora and fauna in the sanctuary. Some of the endangered species of trees found in the sanctuary are Dhup ( Boswellia serrata ), Euphorbia longan , and Elaeocarpus spp., apart from many other species of trees. The sanctuary has

1360-569: The unit of power. In the electric power industry , megawatt electrical ( MWe or MW e ) refers by convention to the electric power produced by a generator, while megawatt thermal or thermal megawatt (MWt, MW t , or MWth, MW th ) refers to thermal power produced by the plant. For example, the Embalse nuclear power plant in Argentina uses a fission reactor to generate 2,109 MW t (i.e. heat), which creates steam to drive

1400-570: The unit within the existing system of practical units as "the power conveyed by a current of an Ampère through the difference of potential of a Volt". In October 1908, at the International Conference on Electric Units and Standards in London, so-called international definitions were established for practical electrical units. Siemens' definition was adopted as the international watt. (Also used: 1 A × 1 Ω.) The watt

1440-426: The water which is discharged from the Koyna Dam for irrigation purpose. It has two Francis turbine units of 20 MW each. This powerhouse is run according to the irrigation requirements of the downstream areas. The combined installed capacity of the two stages and the dam foot powerhouse is 600 MW. Initially a weir was proposed to divert the water coming out of tail race tunnel of Stage I and II. But it

1480-485: Was added to power system of Stages I and II, thus converting the Koyna Power Station into a peaking power station complex with load factor of about 18.7%. This scheme also draws water from the existing Shivasagar reservoir same as Stages I and II. A nonconventional intake system was created by piercing the lake from the bottom by blasting the rock plug using dynamite . This double lake tapping process

1520-420: Was defined as equal to 10 units of power in the practical system of units. The "international units" were dominant from 1909 until 1948. After the 9th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1948, the international watt was redefined from practical units to absolute units (i.e., using only length, mass, and time). Concretely, this meant that 1 watt was defined as the quantity of energy transferred in

1560-399: Was later observed that the water still had a hydraulic head of about 120 m which could be used. To use this head, the Kolkewadi Dam was constructed at this location. It forms a balancing reservoir and maintains the head. This dam impounds the tail race water from Stage I and II. This water is drawn through penstocks and electricity is generated by four Francis turbine units with

1600-476: Was the first of its kind in Asia . The water in head race tunnel is directly drawn from the reservoir and delivered to the head surge tank . Then four pressure shafts take the water downward vertically. The four huge Francis turbine units of 250 MW each generate electricity and tail race water is taken into the Kolkewadi Dam reservoir through tail race tunnel. A revolutionary gas insulated switchgear system

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