37-471: Kohukohu may refer to: Pittosporum tenuifolium , a small evergreen tree (Māori name) Kohukohu, New Zealand , a settlement in the Northland region of New Zealand Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Kohukohu . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
74-485: A pathogen of kōhūhū , causing foliar blight , rot, and eventually death. A recently discovered pathogen of kōhūhū that caused swelling of twigs, the fungus Elsinoe takoropuku , turned out to be a newly discovered species of fungi. The fungus was, so far, only found in association with kōhūhū . Kōhūhū is a popular garden plant in New Zealand and overseas, often used a hedge or as visual backdrop. It
111-453: A brew used to treat fever, bleeding and bruising . Validating its traditional uses as a medicine, a 2010 study indicated that kōhūhū does indeed possess some antimicrobial properties. The branches of kōhūhū have been used in Māori life ceremonies, such as baptisms , and for welcoming visitors to a marae . Two of its common names, tāwhiri ("to wave to") and rautāwhiri ("to wave
148-418: A cure for bad breath and sores in the mouth. Parts of the plants have been used as topical treatment for relief of the symptoms of skin diseases. Crushed leaves also have been used as a poultice for ulcers . The crushed bark has been soaked in water and the resulting mixture used to treat breast or chest ailments, and the remaining liquid taken orally. It has been used, together with flax root, to make
185-412: A honey scented fragrance in the evenings with the scent being more obvious in slightly damp conditions. This attracts moths and night flying insects, and it is believed these insects help with pollination. Fertilised flowers develop into small – around 1.2 cm in diameter – globe shaped fruits. The fruit is covered in a small layer of hairs during early maturation that is progressively discarded as
222-428: A leaf") reflect this. Southern Alps The Southern Alps ( Māori : Kā Tiritiri o te Moana ; officially Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana ) are a mountain range extending along much of the length of New Zealand's South Island , reaching its greatest elevations near the range's western side. The name "Southern Alps" generally refers to the entire range, although separate names are given to many of
259-439: A reference to the sticky fluid that encases the seeds and tenuifolium means thin – tenui – leaf – folium . Kōhūhū is a bush or small tree that grows up to around 8–10 metres tall. The trunk is slender (30–40 cm diameter) with a mottled dark grey bark color that progressively turns black towards the tips of the branches The leaf coverage is compact in kōhūhū ; the leaves are arranged alternately on
296-537: A spa near Lewis Pass , the town of Arthur's Pass , and Mount Cook Village . Major crossings of the Southern Alps in the New Zealand road network include Lewis Pass ( SH 7 ), Arthur's Pass ( SH 73 ), Haast Pass ( SH 6 ), and the road to Milford Sound ( SH 94 ). New Zealand has a humid maritime, temperate climate with the Southern Alps lying perpendicular to the prevailing westerly flow of air. Annual precipitation varies greatly across
333-566: Is a silvery green, darker on the upper side and lighter underneath. The midrib of the leaf and its smaller lateral veins are whiteish and quite visible on the upper side of the leaf. Kōhūhū has small – around 1 cm in diameter – dark coloured flowers. The colour ranges from dark-red to dark-purple turning almost black as the flowers age. On rare occasions, the colour can be red or yellow. The flowers develop from lateral buds , either individually or in clumps, and can be male or bisexual . The flowers are filled with nectar and exude
370-424: Is a small evergreen tree endemic to New Zealand – up to 10 m (33 ft) – commonly known as kōhūhū and black matipo , and by other Māori names kohukohu and tawhiwhi . Its small, very dark, reddish-purple flowers generally go unnoticed, and are scented only at night. The Latin tenuifolium means "slender-leaved" Pittosporum translates to tarry – pittos – seed – sporum ,
407-478: Is frequently visible in summer across Canterbury and North Otago . The 'Nor'wester' is a foehn wind similar to the Chinook of Canada, where mountain ranges in the path of prevailing moisture laden winds force air upwards, thus cooling the air and condensing the moisture to rain, producing hot dry winds in the descending air lee of the mountains. The Southern Alps lie along a geological plate boundary , part of
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#1732797702785444-462: Is often found at an earlier stage than its relative lemonwood (another endemic Pittosporum ), and usually inhabits less fertile soils. There are over 50 insect species listed in the Plant-SyNZ database that either feed on or parasitise kōhūhū , including wasps, sucking bugs, flies, moths , butterflies, thrips , mites and beetles . There are also more than a dozen beetles that feed on
481-434: Is shallow and spread out. These characteristics make it ideal – when used in conjunction with another plants – for use in stream stabilisation and erosion control . Flowering happens in late spring, from October to November, and the maturation of the fruit happens between mid-summer and autumn, from January to March. The seedlings of kōhūhū are unusual, as in some cases they have three or four seed leaves instead of
518-481: Is sometimes grown under the cultivar name 'Nigricans', so called because of its black stems. In horticulture it is valued for its coloured foliage (cultivated variations include purple, "silver" and variegated leaves), and for its tolerance of some horticulturally difficult growing conditions, including dry soils and shade (although in northwest Europe, cold and exposed situations do not suit it). Several hybrids and cultivars have been developed and five varieties won
555-650: The Pacific Ring of Fire , with the Pacific Plate to the southeast pushing westward and colliding with the northward-moving Indo-Australian Plate to the northwest. Over the last 45 million years, the collision has pushed up a 20 km thickness of rocks on the Pacific Plate to form the Alps, although much of this has been eroded away. Uplift has been most rapid during the last 5 million years, and
592-663: The Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit due to their ability to cope in the growing conditions of the United Kingdom: Kōhūhū has the potential to be used as the host of the threatened root parasite plant wood rose ( Dactylanthus taylorii ). Wood rose was recently successfully translocated and sown in the wild from seed, showing the largest success rate when planted in association with kōhūhū. There are several recorded uses of kōhūhū by Māori . The resin and oils extracted from
629-479: The great spotted kiwi (Apteryx haastii) , the South Island kākā (Nestor meridionalis meridionalis) , and the orange-fronted kākāriki (Cyanoramphus malherbi) . The kea can be found in the forested foothills as well as higher, colder elevations. It is the world's only alpine parrot , and was once hunted as a pest. The mountains are inaccessible and retain their natural vegetation. A large proportion of
666-405: The stem and the petiole is short. The leaves themselves are usually small – 2–4 cm long by 1–2 cm wide – but can grow up to 7 cm long. The edges are undulated and the leaf shape can range from oval to almost circular. Young leaves are covered in a layer of fine hairs that gets shed as the leaves grow. Adult leaves have a smooth, glossy texture. The colouration of the foliage
703-579: The Alpine Fault to dip-slip motion at these subduction zones to the north creates the Marlborough Fault System , which has resulted in significant uplift in the region. In 2017 a large international team of scientists reported they had discovered beneath Whataroa , a small township on the Alpine Fault, "extreme" hydrothermal activity which "could be commercially very significant". The mountains are rich in flora with about 25% of
740-575: The Australian green shield bug ( Glaucias amyoti ), native to New Zealand despite its name also parasitise the Pittosporum species, but have a more varied range of hosts. All attach themselves to a suitable part of the plant and feed on its sap. New Zealand flower thrips ( Thrips obscuratus ) feeds on leaves, flowers and young fruit of kōhūhū , by piercing plant cells and sucking their contents. Pythium irregulare has been recorded as
777-416: The capsule ripens. In the ripening process the capsule shrinks, hardens up and turns almost black, splitting into two or three segments when ripened. Inside are black seeds, encased in a very sticky substance. The stickiness of the seeds is likely to help with seed dispersal. Common names include: Kōhūhū is endemic to New Zealand. Kōhūhū is well spread all over New Zealand, being absent only to
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#1732797702785814-468: The conifer snow totara (Podocarpus nivalis) and Carex sedge grasses. Wildlife of the mountains includes the endemic rock wren (Xenicus gilviventris) . There are also a number of endemic insects adapted to these high altitudes, like flies, moths, beetles, bees, and the mountain stone wētā , which can freeze solid over winter to survive the alpine conditions. The beech forests of the lower elevations are important habitat for several birds, such as
851-586: The country's plant species being found above the treeline in alpine plant habitats and grassland with mountain beech forest at lower elevations (of the eastern side but not in Westland ). The cold windswept slopes above the treeline are covered with areas of fellfield . To the east, the Alps descend to the Canterbury-Otago tussock grasslands . Plants adapted to the alpine conditions include woody shrubs like Hebe , Dracophyllum , and Coprosma ,
888-401: The dead plant material. Below are some species of interest, organised by feeding habits: Pittosporum flower weevil ( Aneuma rubricale ), a native insect, lays its eggs on the flower of kōhūhū ; interestingly, only kōhūhū is chosen for this, even if the weevil feeds on other types of Pittosporum . As soon as the weevil's larvae hatch, they start feeding on the stamens and ovaries of
925-562: The eastern side including Lake Coleridge in the north and Lake Wakatipu in Otago in the south. According to an inventory conducted in the late 1970s, the Southern Alps contained over 3,000 glaciers larger than one hectare, the longest of which – the Tasman Glacier – is 23.5 kilometres (14.6 mi) in length which has retreated from a recent maximum of 29 kilometres (18 mi) in the 1960s. Settlements include Maruia Springs,
962-536: The flowers, switching to the leaves once they reach adulthood. An arrival from Australia, pittosporum shield bug ( Monteithiella humeralis ) as well as the endemic pittosporum psyllid Trioza vitreoradiata feed only on Pittosporum species, by attaching themselves to a suitable part of the plant and feeding on its sap . The psyllid leaves a trail of characteristic "beads" behind. Cottony cushion scale ( Icerya purchasi ), an Australian bug, soft wax scale ( Ceroplastes destructor ), an import from overseas and
999-562: The leaves have been used for their scent and often mixed with ingredients sourced from other native trees in order to produce an oil of variable composition. The resin is obtained by making cuts in the bark of the tree and the leaves crushed and mixed with other oils. The oil is used to scent little pouches or a dead bird skin, often worn around the neck. The oil is also used to scent houses and mats of people of high rank. In addition, kōhūhū has been used for medicinal purposes by Māori. The resin has been mixed with other gums and chewed as
1036-398: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kohukohu&oldid=849781537 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Pittosporum tenuifolium Pittosporum tenuifolium
1073-630: The mountains continue to be raised today by tectonic pressure, causing earthquakes on the Alpine Fault and other nearby faults. Despite the substantial uplift, most of the relative motion along the Alpine Fault is transverse , not vertical . However, significant dip-slip occurs on the plate boundary to the north and east of the North Island, in the Hikurangi Trough and Kermadec Trench . The transfer of motion from strike-slip on
1110-505: The official name of the range was updated to Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana . The Southern Alps run approximately 500 km northeast to southwest. Its tallest peak is Aoraki / Mount Cook , the highest point in New Zealand at 3,724 metres (12,218 ft). The Southern Alps include sixteen other points that exceed 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) in height (see NZ mountains by height ). The mountain ranges are bisected by glacial valleys, many of which are infilled with glacial lakes on
1147-459: The plants in the genus Pittosporum are easily propagated from seed, but germination may be slow. In horticultural production, the sticky substance coating the seeds is removed before sowing, as it acts as a germination inhibitor. The seeds are treated to simulate natural conditions for six weeks in order to improve germination rates. Kōhūhū is a relatively fast growing plant growing from 0.5 metres to 3 metres within five years. The root system
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1184-481: The prevailing westerly winds, the range creates excellent wave soaring conditions for glider pilots. The town of Omarama , in the lee of the mountains, has gained an international reputation for its gliding conditions. The prevailing westerlies also create a weather pattern known as the Nor'west arch , in which moist air is pushed up over the mountains, forming an arch of cloud in an otherwise blue sky. This weather pattern
1221-609: The range is Kā Tiritiri o te Moana , meaning "the Mirage of the Ocean". The English explorer James Cook bestowed the name Southern Alps on 23 March 1770, admiring their "prodigious height". They had previously been noted by Abel Tasman in 1642, whose description of the South Island's west coast is often translated as "a land uplifted high". Following the passage of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 ,
1258-597: The range, from 3,000 millimetres (120 in) at the West Coast , 15,000 millimetres (590 in) close to the Main Divide, to 1,000 millimetres (39 in) 30 kilometres (19 mi) east of the Main Divide. This high precipitation aids the growth of glaciers above the snow line . Large glaciers and snowfields can be found west of or on the Main Divide, with smaller glaciers farther east (See Glaciers of New Zealand ). Because of its orientation perpendicular to
1295-595: The smaller ranges that form part of it. The range includes the South Island's Main Divide , which separates the water catchments of the more heavily populated eastern side of the island from those on the west coast. Politically, the Main Divide forms the boundary between the Marlborough , Canterbury and Otago regions to the southeast and the Tasman and West Coast regions to the northwest. The Māori name of
1332-426: The usual two. Kōhūhū is a hardy plant that can cope with poor conditions – poor soils, droughts and windy environments. It is, however, a light-demanding plant and prefers soils with good drainage in humid climates. Planting it in damp conditions can cause winter leaf drop, which likely explains why kōhūhū is not found growing on the West Coast of New Zealand. In its role in ecological succession , kōhūhū
1369-521: The west of the Southern Alps and Stewart Island . Kōhūhū is found growing wild in coastal and lower mountain forest areas up to an altitude of 900 m. Kōhūhū grows particularly quickly at forest edges located at the bottom of high terraces , and can also be found growing in riverbeds . It grows readily in forested areas that have been disturbed or in reverting farmland, playing an important role in ecological succession . Most of
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