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29-503: Kokubu Castle ( 国分城 , Kokubu-jō ) also called Maizuru Castle is the remains of a castle structure in Kirishima , Kagoshima Prefecture , Japan . The site is called a Kokubu castle , but it is a fortified residence rather than a castle. In 1604, Shimazu Yoshihiro built the castle and moved from Tomiguma Castle. Shimazu Yoshihisa lived a retired life in the castle, he died January 21 in 1611 Currently Kokubu elementary school

58-456: A sentō at an onsen , all guests are expected to wash and rinse themselves thoroughly before entering the hot water. Bathing stations are equipped with stools, faucets, wooden buckets, and toiletries such as soap and shampoo; nearly all onsen also provide removable shower heads for bathing convenience. Entering the onsen while still dirty or with traces of soap on the body is socially unacceptable. Guests are not allowed to wear swimsuits in

87-686: A depth of at least 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi), and contain specified amounts of minerals such as sulphur, sodium, iron, or magnesium. When onsen water contains distinctive minerals or chemicals, establishments often display what type of water it is, in part because the specific minerals found in the water have been thought to provide health benefits. Types include sulfur onsen ( 硫黄泉 , iō-sen ) , sodium chloride onsen ( ナトリウム泉 , natoriumu-sen ) , hydrogen carbonate onsen ( 炭酸泉 , tansan-sen ) , and iron onsen ( 鉄泉 , tetsu-sen ) . Exactly when humans first began bathing in onsen in Japan

116-430: A swimming suit in their mixed baths. Onsen guests generally bring a small towel with them to use as a wash cloth. The towel can also provide a modicum of modesty when walking between the washing area and the baths. Some onsen allow one to wear the towel into the baths, while others have posted signs prohibiting this, saying that it makes it harder to clean the bath. It is against the rules to immerse or dip towels in

145-562: Is 35.1 °C (95.2 °F), reached on 17 August 2020, and its record low is −8.6 °C (16.5 °F), reached on 25 January 2016. Per Japanese census data, the population of Kirishima is as shown below: The area of Kirishima has been inhabited since prehistoric times. The Uenohara site dates from the Jōmon period , and in the Kofun period the area was a stronghold of the Hayato people . In

174-480: Is a popular form of domestic tourism in Japan. During the bubble economy of the 1980s, there was a " onsen boom." Although the number of overnight guests at hot spring resorts has decreased slightly since the boom, travel to such onsen towns as a relaxing getaway is still popular among Japanese people. Traditionally, men and women bathed together at both onsen and sentō communal bathhouses, but gender separation has been enforced at most institutions since

203-897: Is also one private junior high and one private high school. The prefecture also operates one special education school for the handicapped. [REDACTED] JR Kyushu - Nippō Main Line [REDACTED] JR Kyushu - Hisatsu Line Onsen In Japan, onsen ( 温泉 ) are hot springs and the bathing facilities and traditional inns around them. There are approximately 25,000 hot spring sources throughout Japan, and approximately 3,000 onsen establishments use naturally hot water from these geothermally heated springs. Onsen may be either outdoor baths ( 露天風呂 or 野天風呂 , roten-buro / noten-buro ) or indoor baths ( 内湯 , uchiyu ) . Traditionally, onsen were located outdoors, although many inns have now built indoor bathing facilities as well. Nowadays, as most households have their baths,

232-432: Is believed to have unique benefits. Carbonated springs, for example, are believed to lead to smooth skin. Onsen facilities often advertise various health and beauty benefits they claim their water to provide. Water at some onsen facilities is drinkable. Onsen water should only be consumed if it is confirmed to be safe to drink by the prefecture. The water should be obtained from a designated drinking source that

261-574: Is on site, but stone walls, moats and gates still remain. Kirishima, Kagoshima Kirishima is located in central Kagoshima Prefecture, facing Kagoshima Bay to the south and bordered by the volcanic Kirishima Mountains to the east. Parts of the city are within the borders of the Kirishima-Yaku National Park . Miyazaki Prefecture Kirishima has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ) with hot summers and mild winters. Precipitation

290-523: Is part of the Kagoshima 4th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan . Kirishima has a mixed economy. Agriculture still plays a major role, with main specialty products: strawberries, tomatoes, burdock, green onions, buckwheat, leaf tobacco, mandarin oranges, tea, chestnuts, shiitake mushrooms, beef cattle, eel, etc. Local leaf tobacco production is said to have begun in 1606, shortly after tobacco

319-1212: Is separate from the water which is bathed in. The often mineral-rich onsen water is believed to have benefits such as treating iron-deficiency anemia or constipation . Article 18, paragraph 1 of the Japanese Hot Springs Act publishes guidance on contraindications and cautions for bathing in hot springs, and drinking their respective waters. Although millions of Japanese bathe in onsen every year with few noticeable side effects, there are still potential side effects to onsen usage, such as aggravating high blood pressure or heart disease. Legionella bacteria have been found in some onsen with poor sanitation. For example, 295 people were infected with Legionella and seven died at an onsen in Miyazaki Prefecture in 2002. Revelations of poor sanitary practices at some onsen have led to improved regulation by hot-spring communities to maintain their reputation. There have been reports of infectious disease found in hot bodies of water worldwide, such as various Naegleria species. While studies have found

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348-606: Is significant throughout the year, and is heavier in summer, especially the months of June and July. The average annual temperature in Kirishima is 15.4 °C (59.7 °F). The average annual rainfall is 2,830.7 mm (111.44 in) with June as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.2 °C (77.4 °F), and lowest in January, at around 5.3 °C (41.5 °F). Its record high

377-461: Is unknown, but historical records show it has a history of at least about 1,300 years. Many of the earliest records of onsen bathing document Japanese Emperors or members of the imperial family staying at onsen for long periods of time. At the time, onsen were thought to be sacred and to have healing properties. It is now believed those who traveled to onsen in these early records were seeking cures to disease or other ailments by bathing in

406-571: The Nara period , it became the center of ancient Ōsumi Province , and the location of the provincial capital and Provincial temple . The area largely became part of Shimazu shōen from the late Heian period , and continued to be ruled by the Shimazu clan throughout the Edo Period . The modern city of Kirishima was established on November 7, 2005, from the merger of the city of Kokubu , and

435-533: The onsen bath water, since this can be considered unclean. People normally set their towels off to the side of the water when enjoying the baths, or place their folded towels on top of their heads. By 2015, around half (56%) of onsen operators had banned bathers with tattoos from using their facilities. The original reason for the tattoo ban was to keep out yakuza and members of other crime gangs who traditionally have elaborate full-body decoration. However, tattoo-friendly onsen do exist. A 2015 study by

464-728: The onsen water. This ancient practice of bathing in onsen to cure illnesses, often for long periods such as a week, is referred to as tōji ( 湯治 ). Some of the oldest onsen in Japan are considered to be Dogo Onsen in Ehime Prefecture , Shirahama Onsen in Wakayama Prefecture , and Arima Onsen in Hyogo Prefecture . Until around the Edo period , onsen had close religious ties to Buddhism with temples often being built near onsen sources. During

493-456: The Edo period, however, onsen began to gain popularity among the general population thanks in part to depictions of the hot springs in ukiyo-e . It is also during this period that the use of onsen shifted from being primarily for religious and healing reasons to being used for bathing for cleanliness and socializing. In modern times, traveling to hot spring resort towns ( 温泉街 , onsen-gai )

522-601: The Japan National Tourism Organisation found that more than 30% of onsen operators at hotels and inns across the country will not turn someone with a tattoo away; another 13% said they would grant access to a tattooed guest under certain conditions, such as having the tattoo covered up. Some towns have many tattoo-friendly onsen that do not require guests to cover them up. Two such towns are Kinosaki Onsen in Hyōgo and Beppu Onsen in Ōita. With

551-417: The baths and must be completely nude. However, there are some onsen that allow both men and women to enter together but require swimsuits. Many of these mixed onsen resemble more of a pool or waterpark than the traditional idea of an onsen . In 2016, The Japan Times reported that guests were not normally allowed to wear swimsuits in the baths. However, some modern onsen required their guests to wear

580-907: The baths daily. These precautions as well as proper onsen usage (i.e. not placing the head underwater, washing thoroughly before entering the bath) greatly reduce any overall risk to bathers. Voyeurism is reported at some onsen . In 2016, The Japan Times reported that this was mitigated in some prefectures of Japan where nude mixed bathing is not permitted, and that visitors must wear swimsuits . In 2021, several people were arrested in connection with an organized group accused of taking photos of women in open-air baths. In addition to typical large public baths ( 大浴場 , daiyokujō ) and outdoor baths ( 露天風呂 , roten-buro ), there are various other methods of experiencing onsen that can be found at various facilities throughout Japan. Examples include: Saunas are also sometimes located at onsen bathing facilities. A relatively cold bath called mizu-buro (水風呂)

609-440: The increase in foreign customers due to growing tourism, some onsen that previously banned tattoos are loosening their rules to allow guests with small tattoos to enter, provided they cover their tattoos with a patch or sticking plaster. There are various health benefits attributed to bathing in onsen . Onsen are particularly renowned for their relaxing and therapeutic effects . These effects are due to properties such as

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638-409: The number of traditional public baths has decreased, but the number and popularity of hot spring resort towns ( 温泉街 , onsen-gai ) have increased since the end of Second World War . Baths may be either publicly run by a municipality or privately, often connecting to a lodging establishment such as a hotel, ryokan , or minshuku . The presence of an onsen is often indicated on signs and maps by

667-622: The opening of Japan to the West during the Meiji Restoration . Mixed bathing ( 混浴 , kon'yoku ) is currently banned in Japanese public baths. Depending on the prefecture and local ordinances, children seven years old and younger may be exempt from this ban. Private onsen called "family baths" ( 家族風呂 , kazokuburo ) can be found in many locations throughout Japan. These can be reserved and used for mixed bathing. As at

696-488: The other hand, Kirishima is also a tourist destination, noted for its volcanoes, hot springs and historic sites. Japan Air Commuter has its headquarters in Kirishima. Kirishima has 35 public elementary high schools, 12 public junior high school and one public high school operated by the city government, and four public high schools operated by the Kagoshima Prefectural Board of Education. There

725-677: The presence of Naegleria in hot spring waters, Naegleria fowleri , responsible for numerous fatal cases of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis around the world, has not been found to be present in the water at onsen . Nevertheless, fewer than five cases have been seen historically in Japan, although not conclusively linked to onsen exposure. Many onsen display notices reminding anyone with open cuts, sores, or lesions not to bathe. Additionally, in recent years onsen are increasingly adding chlorine to their waters to prevent infection, although many onsen purists seek natural, unchlorinated onsen that do not recycle their water but instead clean

754-573: The symbol ♨, the kanji 湯 ( yu , meaning "hot water"), or the simpler phonetic hiragana character ゆ ( yu ). According to the Japanese Hot Springs Act ( 温泉法 , Onsen Hō ) , onsen is defined as "hot water, mineral water, and water vapor or other gas (excluding natural gas of which the principal component is hydrocarbon ) gushing from underground". The law states that mineralized hot spring water that feeds an onsen must be at least 25 °C (77 °F) originating at

783-845: The temperature, pressure, and mineral composition of the water. A 2014 study conducted in Beppu , a city famous for its onsen , found that regular bathing in onsen has various health benefits such as lowering blood pressure , improving circulation and cardiovascular health, reducing chronic pain and fatigue, and lowering the rate of depression . A survey conducted in Atami , another city famous for its onsen , found that individuals with onsen in their homes were less likely to take blood pressure medication than those without onsen . There are various types of onsen including carbonated springs, iron -containing springs, acidic springs, strong-smelling sulfur springs, among others. Each type of onsen

812-487: The towns of Fukuyama , Hayato , Kirishima (former), Makizono , Mizobe and Yokogawa (all from Aira District ). Kirishima has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 25 members. Kirishima, collectively with the town of Yūsui, contributes four members to the Kagoshima Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city

841-473: Was introduced to Japan. Since then, it has continued to be one of the leading production areas in Japan, but in recent years it has been steadily shrinking. Taking advantage of the geographical conditions resulting from the opening of Kagoshima Airport and the Kyushu Expressway, the city has encouraged high-tech industries such as Sony and Kyocera to build large scale production plants in the area. On

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