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36-656: The Kolong River or Kailang is an anabranch of the Brahmaputra River , which diverts out from the Brahamputra river in Hatimura region of Jakhalabandha ( Nagaon district , Assam , India ), and meets the same at Kolongpar near Guwahati . The tributary is about 250 kilometres (160 mi) long and flows through the districts of Nagaon, Morigaon and Kamrup . On the way, several smaller streams ( Diju , Missa River and others) meet it. The river flows through

72-435: A piezometer . Aquifers are also described in terms of hydraulic conductivity, storativity and transmissivity. There are a number of geophysical methods for characterizing aquifers. There are also problems in characterizing the vadose zone (unsaturated zone). Infiltration is the process by which water enters the soil. Some of the water is absorbed, and the rest percolates down to the water table . The infiltration capacity,

108-590: A battle that took place there with the Mughals. Swargadeo Jayadhwaj Singha built two bridges over it as a part of war preparation against the Mughal In the colonial period, though, the river was known to be widely used for passenger and goods transport, specially because the road and rail network was undeveloped or underdeveloped during that period. That is why the British colonial administration almost established

144-568: A large numbers of well planned villages on it both banks and founded the stations for the frontier Governors like- Roha Choki, Jagi Choki and Kajali Choki in different places of its banks. And since 17th century it served as a main channel of communication between the Ahom-Kachari and Ahom-Jayantia territories. There was an army station of the Ahoms with 300 boats at the mouth of the Kalang and

180-402: A more global approach to the understanding of the behavior of hydrologic systems to make better predictions and to face the major challenges in water resources management. Water movement is a significant means by which other materials, such as soil, gravel, boulders or pollutants, are transported from place to place. Initial input to receiving waters may arise from a point source discharge or

216-451: A prediction in practical applications. Ground water is water beneath Earth's surface, often pumped for drinking water. Groundwater hydrology ( hydrogeology ) considers quantifying groundwater flow and solute transport. Problems in describing the saturated zone include the characterization of aquifers in terms of flow direction, groundwater pressure and, by inference, groundwater depth (see: aquifer test ). Measurements here can be made using

252-402: Is affected by the interaction of dissolved oxygen with organic material and various chemical transformations that may take place. Measurements of water quality may involve either in-situ methods, in which analyses take place on-site, often automatically, and laboratory-based analyses and may include microbiological analysis . Observations of hydrologic processes are used to make predictions of

288-410: Is almost dry now and is hardly seen flowing in the dry season. Several organizations including North East Centre for Environmental Research and Development (NE-CERD) advocate the re-opening of the river-mouth for its revival. NE-CERD is said to have performed a feasibility study recently regarding such a project on their website. A committee has been formed under the leadership of Homen Borgohain to revive

324-769: Is an important part of the water cycle. It is partly affected by humidity, which can be measured by a sling psychrometer . It is also affected by the presence of snow, hail, and ice and can relate to dew, mist and fog. Hydrology considers evaporation of various forms: from water surfaces; as transpiration from plant surfaces in natural and agronomic ecosystems. Direct measurement of evaporation can be obtained using Simon's evaporation pan . Detailed studies of evaporation involve boundary layer considerations as well as momentum, heat flux, and energy budgets. Remote sensing of hydrologic processes can provide information on locations where in situ sensors may be unavailable or sparse. It also enables observations over large spatial extents. Many of

360-489: Is only one of many important aspects within those fields. Hydrological research can inform environmental engineering, policy , and planning . Hydrology has been subject to investigation and engineering for millennia. Ancient Egyptians were one of the first to employ hydrology in their engineering and agriculture, inventing a form of water management known as basin irrigation. Mesopotamian towns were protected from flooding with high earthen walls. Aqueducts were built by

396-916: Is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle , water resources , and drainage basin sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is called a hydrologist . Hydrologists are scientists studying earth or environmental science , civil or environmental engineering , and physical geography . Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation , natural disasters , and water management . Hydrology subdivides into surface water hydrology, groundwater hydrology ( hydrogeology ), and marine hydrology. Domains of hydrology include hydrometeorology , surface hydrology , hydrogeology , drainage-basin management, and water quality . Oceanography and meteorology are not included because water

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432-580: Is thought of as starting at the land-atmosphere boundary and so it is important to have adequate knowledge of both precipitation and evaporation. Precipitation can be measured in various ways: disdrometer for precipitation characteristics at a fine time scale; radar for cloud properties, rain rate estimation, hail and snow detection; rain gauge for routine accurate measurements of rain and snowfall; satellite for rainy area identification, rain rate estimation, land-cover/land-use, and soil moisture, snow cover or snow water equivalent for example. Evaporation

468-547: Is used more frequently in Australia than in the rest of the English-speaking world. The term anabranching river describes a river with many anabranches, whilst an anastomosing river is an organic-rich subset of this river type. The term braided river describes watercourses which are divided by small islands into multiple channel threads within a single main channel, but the term does not describe

504-513: Is utilized to formulate operating rules for large dams forming part of systems which include agricultural, industrial and residential demands. Hydrological models are simplified, conceptual representations of a part of the hydrologic cycle. They are primarily used for hydrological prediction and for understanding hydrological processes, within the general field of scientific modeling . Two major types of hydrological models can be distinguished: Recent research in hydrological modeling tries to have

540-637: The Greeks and Romans , while history shows that the Chinese built irrigation and flood control works. The ancient Sinhalese used hydrology to build complex irrigation works in Sri Lanka , also known for the invention of the Valve Pit which allowed construction of large reservoirs, anicuts and canals which still function. Marcus Vitruvius , in the first century BC, described a philosophical theory of

576-399: The return period of such events. Other quantities of interest include the average flow in a river, in a year or by season. These estimates are important for engineers and economists so that proper risk analysis can be performed to influence investment decisions in future infrastructure and to determine the yield reliability characteristics of water supply systems. Statistical information

612-455: The 20th century, while governmental agencies began their own hydrological research programs. Of particular importance were Leroy Sherman's unit hydrograph , the infiltration theory of Robert E. Horton , and C.V. Theis' aquifer test/equation describing well hydraulics. Since the 1950s, hydrology has been approached with a more theoretical basis than in the past, facilitated by advances in the physical understanding of hydrological processes and by

648-628: The Kolong River as one of 71 most polluted rivers in India. The primary reason for pollution was sewage and organic discharges from towns and communities situated along the river. The main contributors were Misa river, Diju river and Nagaon town. Two tributaries of Kolong, Haria and Gerua rivers, helped reduce contamination. 25°57′11″N 92°46′46″E  /  25.95306°N 92.77944°E  / 25.95306; 92.77944 Anabranch The term anabranch , in its hydrological meaning,

684-564: The advent of computers and especially geographic information systems (GIS). (See also GIS and hydrology ) The central theme of hydrology is that water circulates throughout the Earth through different pathways and at different rates. The most vivid image of this is in the evaporation of water from the ocean, which forms clouds. These clouds drift over the land and produce rain. The rainwater flows into lakes, rivers, or aquifers. The water in lakes, rivers, and aquifers then either evaporates back to

720-530: The atmosphere or eventually flows back to the ocean, completing a cycle. Water changes its state of being several times throughout this cycle. The areas of research within hydrology concern the movement of water between its various states, or within a given state, or simply quantifying the amounts in these states in a given region. Parts of hydrology concern developing methods for directly measuring these flows or amounts of water, while others concern modeling these processes either for scientific knowledge or for making

756-519: The district headquarters in Puranigudam, on the bank of the river. Until the colonial period, the Kolong river and smaller streams feeding the river were the main sources of potable water. Most of the villages were settled along their banks. People became heartily attached to the river, and as one folk tale says, it was just "Kolong" for them, they refused to say it was even a river. In those days,

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792-692: The future behavior of hydrologic systems (water flow, water quality). One of the major current concerns in hydrologic research is "Prediction in Ungauged Basins" (PUB), i.e. in basins where no or only very few data exist. The aims of Statistical hydrology is to provide appropriate statistical methods for analyzing and modeling various parts of the hydrological cycle. By analyzing the statistical properties of hydrologic records, such as rainfall or river flow, hydrologists can estimate future hydrologic phenomena. When making assessments of how often relatively rare events will occur, analyses are made in terms of

828-566: The heart of the Nagaon urban area, dividing the town into Nagaon and Haiborgaon. Bhuyan settlement in the Kalang valley is there since 13th-14th century as suggested by some religious literature. There had been also Kachari people settled. Since the reign of Swargadeo Suhungmung Dihingia roja when the Ahom kingdom extended much westward, it gained strategic, political and also commercial and economic importance. Swargadeo Pratap Singha established

864-465: The hydrologic cycle, in which precipitation falling in the mountains infiltrated the Earth's surface and led to streams and springs in the lowlands. With the adoption of a more scientific approach, Leonardo da Vinci and Bernard Palissy independently reached an accurate representation of the hydrologic cycle. It was not until the 17th century that hydrologic variables began to be quantified. Pioneers of

900-430: The important areas of hydrology is the interchange between rivers and aquifers. Groundwater/surface water interactions in streams and aquifers can be complex and the direction of net water flux (into surface water or into the aquifer) may vary spatially along a stream channel and over time at any particular location, depending on the relationship between stream stage and groundwater levels. In some considerations, hydrology

936-403: The maximum rate at which the soil can absorb water, depends on several factors. The layer that is already saturated provides a resistance that is proportional to its thickness, while that plus the depth of water above the soil provides the driving force ( hydraulic head ). Dry soil can allow rapid infiltration by capillary action ; this force diminishes as the soil becomes wet. Compaction reduces

972-523: The modern science of hydrology include Pierre Perrault , Edme Mariotte and Edmund Halley . By measuring rainfall, runoff, and drainage area, Perrault showed that rainfall was sufficient to account for the flow of the Seine. Mariotte combined velocity and river cross-section measurements to obtain a discharge value, again in the Seine. Halley showed that the evaporation from the Mediterranean Sea

1008-552: The multiple channels of an anabranching river. A distributary is a branch of a river that does not rejoin the main channel; these are common on and near river deltas . A bayou is often an anabranch. An anabranch that gets cut off from the main channel becomes an oxbow lake , known in Australia as a billabong . Hydrological Hydrology (from Ancient Greek ὕδωρ ( húdōr )  'water' and -λογία ( -logía )  'study of')

1044-461: The porosity and the pore sizes. Surface cover increases capacity by retarding runoff, reducing compaction and other processes. Higher temperatures reduce viscosity , increasing infiltration. Soil moisture can be measured in various ways; by capacitance probe , time domain reflectometer or tensiometer . Other methods include solute sampling and geophysical methods. Hydrology considers quantifying surface water flow and solute transport, although

1080-452: The river and several other water bodies. Numerous fictional and non-fictional, famous and not-so-famous articles, and poems have been written taking the river as a main subject or character. Assamese poet and novelist Nabakanta Barua wrote a famous novel Kokadeutar Had: The Bone of (my) Grandfather , fictionalizing the river and its history. Several bihugeets (songs sung during Bihu ) and modern Assamese songs mention Kolong. The river

1116-439: The river created havoc by flooding the lowland areas in the present Nagaon and Morigaon districts during the rainy season, as it received water not only from the smaller streams, but also from the overflowing Brahmaputra. In the 1960s, a major flood threatened the existence of the Nagaon town itself, which lies in a lowland area. The mouth of the river, in Hatimura region of Jakhalabandha, was permanently closed subsequently, allowing

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1152-463: The river so that transportation and irrigation projects along the river valley can be started. It has been decided that a sluice gate must be installed at the mouth of the River at Hatimora, so that the flow of the river can be controlled easily. The state government of Assam has initiated a rejuvenation program to address this issue. In 2013, a Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) report identified

1188-457: The river to carry the water only from the smaller streams to Brahmaputra. Following this, the threat of flood disappeared. However, due to lack of enough water, especially during the dry winter, the river dried almost halfway. In several places, the river presently looks like a closed pond, covered with water hyacinth . Due to the lack of current, many sand-sores were formed in and around the river. The population of flora and fauna also diminished on

1224-440: The treatment of flows in large rivers is sometimes considered as a distinct topic of hydraulics or hydrodynamics. Surface water flow can include flow both in recognizable river channels and otherwise. Methods for measuring flow once the water has reached a river include the stream gauge (see: discharge ), and tracer techniques. Other topics include chemical transport as part of surface water, sediment transport and erosion. One of

1260-604: The variables constituting the terrestrial water balance, for example surface water storage, soil moisture , precipitation , evapotranspiration , and snow and ice , are measurable using remote sensing at various spatial-temporal resolutions and accuracies. Sources of remote sensing include land-based sensors, airborne sensors and satellite sensors which can capture microwave , thermal and near-infrared data or use lidar , for example. In hydrology, studies of water quality concern organic and inorganic compounds, and both dissolved and sediment material. In addition, water quality

1296-618: Was sufficient to account for the outflow of rivers flowing into the sea. Advances in the 18th century included the Bernoulli piezometer and Bernoulli's equation , by Daniel Bernoulli , and the Pitot tube , by Henri Pitot . The 19th century saw development in groundwater hydrology, including Darcy's law , the Dupuit-Thiem well formula, and Hagen- Poiseuille 's capillary flow equation. Rational analyses began to replace empiricism in

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